筑坝扩容下高原湿地拉市海植物群落分布格局及其变化

基于遥感与地理信息系统技术、结合实地调查与验证,对高原湿地拉市海筑坝扩容13a来湿地植物群落类型、物种组成、空间分布格局进行研究,对比分析筑坝扩容前后植物群落变化特征。结果表明,拉市海当前分布有水葱 (Scirpus tabernaemontani)、两栖蓼 (Polygonum amphibium) 等2个挺水植物群落,鸭子草 (Potamogeton tepperi)、菱 (Trapa bispinosa)等2个浮叶植物群落,穗状狐尾藻 (Myriophyllum spicatum)、篦齿眼子菜 (Potamogeton pectinatus)、菹草 (Potamogeton crispus)、穿叶眼子草 (Potamogeton perfoliatus)、小叶眼子菜 (Potamogeton pusillns)等5个沉水植物群落,草甸植被分布于湖周。湿地植物物种共计61种,隶属于25科、48属,物种丰富度随沉水→浮叶→挺水→草甸逐渐增加。沉水植物群落分布面积最大(615.08 hm²),其次是草甸(214.60 hm²)、浮叶植物群落(140.01 hm²),挺水植物群落分布面积最小 (9.34 hm²),群落垂直层次随沉水→浮叶→挺水呈复杂化的趋势。筑坝13a来,拉市海植物群落类型从单一的沉水型植物群落发展成为由沉水、浮叶、挺水型组成的、水平空间多样化配置的湿地植被系统,其中穗状狐尾藻、篦齿眼子菜、小眼子菜等植物群落在筑坝蓄水13a后没有发生演替得以保留,而扇叶水毛茛(Butrachium bungei)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和轮藻(Chara spp.)群落发生演替而消失。研究掌握了筑坝扩容下拉市海湿地植物群落分布格局及其变化特征,为科学评估筑坝蓄水对湿地生态系统的影响提供了基础性数据,同时也为水文改变下高原湿地生态系统的保护、管理以及资源可持续利用提供了一定的理论依据。     

汉江水生植物群落的结构与数量特征

汉江是长江的第一大支流,是我国实施南水北调工程的重要对象。目前,有关汉江水生植物群落方面的研究尚未见报道。因此,在1998～2000年,运用植物群落学研究的理论和方法,对汉江沿途6个江段水生植物群落的结构与数量特征进行了定位研究。在汉江上游与下游各江段,群落水平分布格局为斑块状,不象湖泊或池塘系统那样表现出明显的均匀分布或带状分布特征,而在中游局部江段中表现为小范围的带状分布。群落垂直分布格局,在上游江段,以沉水层为主,浮叶层和挺水层不发达或缺乏;在中游各江段,群落表现出完整的垂直结构层次：挺水层、漂浮层、浮叶层和沉水层;在下游江段群落结构常为两层或一层结构,以浮叶层和挺水层为主,而沉水层在下游江段发育不充分且生物量很小。另外,对汉江上、中、下游的典型植物群落的数量特征进行了分析。研究表明,在汉江的不同江段,群落组成、结构和数量特征等都不同,而水位、流速、基质状况、人为干扰是影响汉江水生植物群落生长和分布格局的主要因子。     

江汉水生植物群落的结构与数量特征

汉江是长江的第一大支流,是我国实施南水北调工程的重要对象。目前,有关汉江水生植物群落方面的研究尚未见报道。因此,在1998-2000年,运用植物群落学研究的理论和方法,对汉江沿途6个江段水生植物群落的结构和数量特征进行了定位研究。在汉江上游与下游各江段,群落水平分布格局为斑块状,不象湖泊或池塘系统那样表现出明显的均匀分布或带状分布特征,而在中游局部江段中表现为小范围的带状分布。群落垂直分布格局,在上游江段,以沉水层为主,浮叶层和挺水层不发达或缺乏;在中游各江段,群落表现出完整的垂直结构层次：挺水层、漂浮层、浮叶层和沉水层;在下游江段群落结构常为两层或一层结构,以浮叶层和挺水层为主,而沉水层在下游江段发育不充分且生物量很小。另上,对汉江上、中、下游的典型植物群落的数量特征进行了分析。研究表明,在汉江的不同江段,群落的组成、结构和数量特征等都不同,而水位、流速、基质状况、人为干扰是影响汉江水生植物群落生长和分布格局的主要因子。     

瓯江流域水生植物多样性与生态位研究

根据2010-2013年调查结果,结合相关文献资料,研究了瓯江流域的水生植物多样性和物种生态位。结果表明:①瓯江流域有水生高等植物181种(含亚种、变种),隶属于41科78属,属的分布型以世界分布为主,占总属数43.59%,热带性质的属发育较温带性质充分。②30个临时样地划分了河流、沼泽、农田、沟渠、池塘、洪泛湿地等6类生境类型,单位面积物种数以洪泛湿地最高0.09 ind./m2,其次是沼泽生境0.07 ind./m2;农田和池塘生境物种多样性随流域高程降低逐渐升高,其余生境物种多样性以中游最高;优势种生活型以挺水、漂浮植物为主,沉水植物、浮叶植物重要值较低; ③挺水植物生态位宽度普遍高于其他生活型,沉水、浮叶植物生态位宽度普遍较低;相同生活型植物生态位重叠以漂浮植物间最高,以沉水植物间最低;不同生活型植物生态位重叠以挺水-浮叶植物间最高,以沉水-漂浮植物间最低;生态型多样的喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)生态位宽度较大,与其他物种生态位重叠高,由此推测喜旱莲子草可能引起瓯江流域水生植物群落结构的变化,导致乡土水生植物物种多样性的降低。       

淀山湖水生维管束植物群落能量的研究

本研究测定和分析了淀山湖水生维管束植物群落样品的热值、能量现存量、能量固定量以及太阳能转化效率。结果表明：(1)水生植物的平均热值为15.39kJ·g-1DM,茎叶热值大于根部热值,挺水植物热值大于漂浮植物,后者又大于沉水植物;(2)群落热值为漂浮植物群落与挺水植物群落相近,均大于沉水植物群落;(3)群落能量现存量为挺水植物群落>沉水植物群落>漂浮植物群落。沉水植物群落能量现存量在不同水深层次上的分配有3种类型; (4)群落太阳能转化效率平均为0.54%,芦苇群落最大,可达2.90%,沉水植物群落平均为0.26%。     

白洋淀水生植被初步调查

通过野外实地调查对白洋淀水生植被的物种组成、群落类型、分布格局及物种生物量进行了初步研究.结果表明：白洋淀湿地共有水生植物39种,隶属于21科32属,其中挺水植物16种,沉水植物14种,浮叶根生植物6种,漂浮植物3种.与20世纪90年代初相比,水生植物共减少了9种,群落类型也由原来的16种变为现在的13种,大面积轮叶黑藻、大茨藻等优势群落消失,物种分布格局也发生了巨大变化.群落生物量较1980年大幅下降.人工养殖、污染物随意排放和水位的变化可能是造成白洋淀湿地退化、水生植被格局发生巨大变化的主要原因.     

滇西北高原纳帕海湖滨湿地退化特征、规律与过程

采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA)方法,研究了滇西北高原纳帕海湖滨湿地退化特征、规律与过程.结果表明: 纳帕海湖滨湿地植物群落可以划分为4个群丛,群落演替规律为水生植物群落→沼泽植物群落→沼泽化草甸植物群落→草甸植物群落.随植物群落演替,群落盖度、密度、多样性指数、物种丰富度和地上生物量均增大,群落高度减小;植物水分生态型演替规律为水生植物→沼生植物→湿生植物→中生植物.随群落演替,湿地水体矿化度、硬度和碱度均降低,氨氮和总磷含量升高,总氮和硝态氮含量变化不明显;土壤pH、有机质和全氮含量逐渐降低,全磷和全钾含量逐渐升高,速效氮和速效磷含量先增大后减小.CCA分析表明,群落结构和物种组成主要受水分梯度影响,土壤pH、全磷和湿地水的总氮、氨氮对湿地植物物种分布和群落演替影响显著.     

不同放牧强度草原休牧后土壤养分和植物群落变化特征

在内蒙古典型草原,对不同放牧率草地休牧3a后的土壤养分空间异质性和植物群落的数量变化特征进行了研究,结果表明：不同放牧率草地休牧3a后,由于维持土壤养分或植被空间格局的匀质化条件消失,土壤养分的空间异质性呈不同程度的增大趋势,随机性因素所占比例增加,其中土壤有机碳、全氮、无机氮、有效磷和有效硫的空间异质性均以0．00羊/hm^2区最大,4．00羊／hm^2区（中牧区）最小,其它样地不同土壤养分指标表现不同的变化特征;群落生物量和群落盖度均表现增加趋势,但群落盖度增加不显著（P〉0．05）,与1998年相比,群落生物量除对照区外均达到了显著性差异（P〈0．05）,与1．33羊／hm^2、4．00羊／hm^2和6．67羊／hm^2相比,O．00羊／hm^2优势植物出现多样化特征;群落的灌丛化与牧压和恢复演替的时间序列高度相关,牧压越小,恢复演替的时间序列越大,群落灌丛化的趋势越明显;1年生植物、羊草、克氏针茅、木地肤、冷蒿（除6．67羊／hm^2）和扁蓿豆（除O．00羊／hm^2）均表现增加趋势,星毛委陵菜则均表现降低趋势;植物群落的生物量、群落高度、群落盖度和群落物种多样性与土壤养分分布均表现一致的正相关关系,但只有植物群落生物量和群落高度与土壤有机碳、全氮、无机氮、土壤有效磷和有效硫相关显著（P〈0．05）。     

凡口宽叶香蒲湿地植物群落恢复的研究

 调查观测广东韶关凡口铅锌矿宽叶香蒲(Typha latifolia)湿地的水生植物种类、生物多样性、群落结构及生物量,分析湿地基质的理化性质,探索湿地生态恢复的基本特征。研究结果表明：1) 以宽叶香蒲为优势种的湿地生态系统主要植物有98种,隶属44科,86属。次优势种有：芦苇(Phragmites communis)、茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)。植物群落水平分布从均匀型向群集型分布格局转化,植物群落空间不均匀性增大。2) 随湿地系统的恢复演替进程,表现为土壤肥力（有机质,N,P,K）明     

生态位限制和物种库限制对湖滨湿地植物群落分布格局的影响

研究了物种库限制与生态位限制在湖滨湿地植物分布格局形成过程中的相对重要性。在龙感湖湖滨湿地具有明显水位梯度的湿生植 物区、挺水植物区和沉水植物区采集种子库土样, 采用幼苗萌发法确定了不同水位区种子库的物种成分;并将不同水位区的种子库土样分别置于0、25和50cm3个水位下萌发和生长, 45和90d后比较不同取样区种子库在不同水位处理下所建立的植物群落的异同。结果表明, 不同取样区的种子库物种成分有显著差异, 沿水深梯度呈现明显的带状分布格局。水位处理实验表明, 0cm水位条件下的群落主要由湿生植物和挺水植物组成, 而25和50cm水位下只有沉水植物, 表明不同功能群的物种对水深有不同的耐受力, 生态位限制是决定湿地植物分布格局的关键因子。同时, 挺水植物区的种子库置于沉水条件下, 以及沉水植物区的种子库置于0cm水位下都只能形成极为简单的植物群落, 表明物种库限制对湿地植物群落的形成同样具有显著影响。研究表明, 湿地植物的群落构成与分布格局是由生态位限制和物种库限制共同决定的, 两者的相对重要性可能取决于水体的稳定性。     

Distribution patterns and changes of aquatic plant communities in Napahai Wetland in northwestern Yunnan Plateau,China

Using GPS technology and community research methods for plant communities,we investigated the distribution patterns of aquatic plant communities in the high plateaus of the Napahai Wetlands,Yunnan,China,as well as the species changes of plant communities compared with that of 24 years ago since 2005.We found that the types and numbers of aquatic plant communities have changed.Some pollution-tolerant,nutrient-loving plant communities such as Scirpus tabernaemontani,Zizania caduciflora,Myriophyllum spicatum,and Azolla imbricata flourished,while the primary aquatic plant com-munities were reduced or even disappeared.The number of aquatic plant communities were increased from nine to 12 with the addition of two new emergent plant com-munities and one new floating-leaved plant community.The increase in emergent plant communities was signifi-cant.From east to west and from south to north,various types of plant communities were continuously distributed,including floating-leaved plant communities,emergent plant communities and submerged plant communities.The composition of the communities became more com-plicated and the number of accompanying species increased,while the percentage ratio of dominant plant species declined.In 2005,the coverage of emergent plant communities was the largest (528.42 hm2) followed by submerged plant communities (362.50 hm2) and the float-ing-leaf plant communities was the smallest (70.23 hm2).The variations in the distribution of aquatic plant com-munities in the Napahai Wetlands reflect the natural responses to the change of the wetland ecological envir-onment.This study indicates that human disturbances have led to an inward movement of the wetland shoreline,a decrease in water quality and a reduction in wetland habitat.     

Distribution patterns and changes of aquatic plant communities in Napahai Wetland in northwestern Yunnan Plateau, China

Using GPS technology and community research methods for plant communities, we investigated the distribution patterns of aquatic plant communities in the high plateaus of the Napahai Wetlands, Yunnan, China, as well as the species changes of plant communities compared with that of 24 years ago since 2005. We found that the types and numbers of aquatic plant communities have changed. Some pollution-tolerant, nutrient-loving plant communities such as Scirpus tabernaemontani, Zizania caduciflora, Myriophyllum spicatum, and Azolla imbricata flourished, while the primary aquatic plant communities were reduced or even disappeared. The number of aquatic plant communities were increased from nine to 12 with the addition of two new emergent plant communities and one new floating-leaved plant community. The increase in emergent plant communities was significant. From east to west and from south to north, various types of plant communities were continuously distributed, including floating-leaved plant communities, emergent plant communities and submerged plant communities. The composition of the communities became more complicated and the number of accompanying species increased, while the percentage ratio of dominant plant species declined. In 2005, the coverage of emergent plant communities was the largest (528.42 hm²) followed by submerged plant communities (362.50 hm²) and the floating-leaf plant communities was the smallest (70.23 hm²). The variations in the distribution of aquatic plant communities in the Napahai Wetlands reflect the natural responses to the change of the wetland ecological environment. This study indicates that human disturbances have led to an inward movement of the wetland shoreline, a decrease in water quality and a reduction in wetland habitat. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(11): 3624–3630 [译自: 生态学报]     

滇西北高原典型退化湿地纳帕海植物群落景观多样性

采用时空替代法,运用3S技术,结合植物群落实地调查,研究了云南西北高原典型退化湿地纳帕海的植物群落景观多样性格局。结果表明:人为干扰加速了纳帕海原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸植物群落景观向草甸、垦后湿地植物群落景观演替,湿地环境不断丧失,湿地功能逐渐退化;不同演替阶段沼泽植物群落景观多样性在空间上呈现出不同的格局是对湿地环境变化的响应,体现了湿地环境变化与功能现状,并在一定程度上反映了人为干扰的类型与强度。     

湿地植被对北京地区蜻蜓生态分布的影响

蜻蜓目（Odonata）昆虫是半变态类（Hemimetabola）昆虫,它的一生经过卵、若虫和成虫3个阶段。和其他水生昆虫一样,蜻蜓目昆虫是淡水生物群落的重要组成部分,对淡水生态系统起到重要作用。蜻蜓目昆虫在其生活史中,取食、交配等活动离不开水生植物和水域附近的植被。为了研究蜻蜓栖息生境中的湿地植被特征对蜻蜓生态分布影响,对北京地区不同湿地类型的17块样地中296个样方分布的蜻蜓种类、多度以及湿地植被的特征和植物多样性进行调查,记录到蜻蜓6科26属36种,维管植物40科99属150种。应用TWINSPAN对蜻蜓种类和样地进行双向聚类分析,所有样地被划分成为四组。同时,将植被特征因子和湿地植物的多样性视为影响蜻蜓数量及分布的因子进行CCA分析。结果表明：湿地植物的丰富度与植物群落结构的完整性是影响蜻蜓分布的主要因素;各湿地植被特征因子对于蜻蜓生态分布的影响不一,依贡献率由大及小依次为浮水植物层盖度、湿生植物盖度、G1eason丰富度指数、沉水植物层盖度、G-F多样性指数、挺水植物层盖度。并且首次应用G-F多样性指数分析湿地植物的多样性。对于蜻蜓栖息地的保护、城市中对于湿地的兴建和改造也提出了相关保护建议。     

Seed Bank Variation Along a Water Depth Gradient in a Subtropical Lakeshore Marsh,Longgan Lake,China

Although zonation patterns of the standing vegetation along a water depth gradient in wetlands have been well described, few studies have explored whether such patterns also occur in the seed bank. This study examined patterns of the seed bank along a water depth gradient in three vegetation types (submerged zone, floating-leaved zone, and emergent zone) of a subtropical lakeshore marsh, Longgan Lake, China. Submerged zone is the deepest water and never exposed its soil to air, and was dominant by submerged species; floating-leaved zone is waterlogged soil even during drawdown and was dominant by Nelumbo nucifera; emergent zone is rarely exceeded 1 m water depth during the wet season (summer and autumn), and the marsh soil was usually exposed to air during drawdown (winter and spring), and is dominant by Zizania latifolia, Polygonum hydropiper and Scirpus yagara. It was found that many species were ubiquitous in the seed bank. Frequency of distribution and densities of the dominant species, however, varied significantly from zone to zone. A total of 22 species was recorded in submerged zone, 20 in floating-leaved zone, and 29 in emergent zone. Germinated seedling density was 1,580, 8,994 and 20,424 seedlings m⁻² in submerged zone, floating-leaved zone, and emergent zone, respectively. Submerged and floating-leaved species were significantly abundant in the submerged zone, while the emergent species were found predominantly in the emergent zone. A fern species, Ceratopsis pterioides, was the most abundant seedling in seed banks from all three zones. A TWINSPAN dendrogram and CCA ordination diagram clearly showed separation of species among sites with the emergent zone being well separated from the submerged zone and floating-leaved zone, thus revealing marked zonal patterns in species distributions in the seed bank. This pattern of zonation reflected the pattern in the standing vegetation.     

Water depth and biotic insulation: Major determinants of back-swamp plant community composition

Based on phytosociological data, a polythetic divisive classification technique resulted in the delineation of eight broad vegetation types in the back-swamp areas of the Maunachira River System of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. A detrended correspondence analysis indicated that water depth was the major environmental factor influencing the distribution of submerged, floating-leaved and tall, emergent species dominated communities. The remaining communities, with relatively distinct boundaries between each of them, were of short emergent species assemblages rooted in peat deposits with a water depth of less than 0.7 m. Their species composition was not related to water depth, conductivity, pH, redox potential, water temperature or total nitrogen or phosphorus concentrations in the water. The relationship between the present day wetland plant community composition and its environment may be masked by long term, biotic, insulating processes such as the accumulation of resources during peat formation and clonal plant growth. This insulation process does not lead necessarily to long term community stability as has been previously suggested (Mitsch and Gosselink 1986).     

Macro-invertebrate communities associated with the macrophytes of Lake Vechten: structural and functional relationships

The macro-invertebrates associated with eight species of emergent, floating-leaved and submerged macrophytes were recorded in May-June 1979. The plant species were: Phragmites australis, Sparganium erectum, Typha angustifolia, Polygonum amphibium, Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea sp., Myriophyllum spicatum and Nitella mucronata.All macrophytes had a high number of macro-invertebrate species in common; however, some animals were also species-specific, particularly those occurring on the emergent plants. As regards the food source and feeding mechanism, the detritivores, periphytiscrapers and omnivores predominated, followed by predatory carnivores. The seston-filtrators also form a significant part of the community biomass. The macrofaunal distribution depended strongly on colonizable plant surface area and vegetation density. The macrofaunal communities of the Elodea, Ceratophyllum and Phragmites stands contributed mainly to the lake's carbon cycle. Being poorly represented by herbivores, the macro-invertebrate communities will affect the lake's primary production only slightly.