小样品稻米直链淀粉含量的简易测定法

通过对多个ＮaOH浓度、糊化时间等不同处理参数的筛选,提用０．６－０．８mol.L^-1的冷藏液直接糊化脱糙后的精米,然后于３７℃糊化２１h,继而煮沸１０min测定小样品直链淀粉含量的实验方法,具有前处理前便、重复间误差小、用样量少等优点,测得的直链淀粉含量经t检验,与常规法（ＮＹ１４７－８８）差异不显著。该方法适用于分离群体或人工气候箱处理等小样品直链淀粉含量的分析测定,同时可作为普通实验室对众多育种种材料及婀交后代直链淀粉含量的快速鉴定。     

杂交水稻直链淀粉含量遗传分析

杂交水稻稻谷是从Ｆ１代杂合体收获的Ｆ２代种子,由于Ｆ２代属分离群体,直链淀粉含量等稻米品质会发生分离现象．本研究选择直链淀粉含量低、中、高的５个亲本配组的５个杂交组合,按单粒分析法分析双亲亲本、Ｆ１和Ｆ２代的种子的直链淀粉含量．结果表明,Ｆ２代呈现１（低）：３（中＋高）孟德尔分离规律．在５个组合的单粒分析中发现分离的Ｆ２代群体呈双峰的连续分布,该现象表明高直链淀粉含量对低直链淀粉含量为不完全显性,除单一基因控制外,还受微效多基因修饰．因此杂交水稻育种工作中,尤其是优质杂交稻新组合选育时,必须注意选择双亲的直链淀粉含量基本一致,以防分离现象影响米质．     

稻米直链淀粉含量测定方法研讨

通过标准碘化色法与改良碘比色法的比较认为改良碘比色法的优点是：既可测定精米粉或糙米粉等粉体材料也可测定精米粒和糙米粒等粒体材料,能将样品的直链淀粉更完全地分离出来,测试误差小,但需时间较长。相同品种不同类型样品直链淀粉的含量测定结果：精米粒＞精米粒和糙米粒＞糙米粉。测试精米粒或精米粉时宜选择强碱KOH,而测试糙米粒或糙米粉时宜选择强碱NaOH。样品量以100mg为宜,但不是100mg时进行品种间的比较仍可考虑采用。     

马铃薯GBSS基因的克隆与DNA顺序分析

构建了中国马铃薯 (Solanum tuberosum)栽培品种“东农 30 3”基因文库 ,用 PCR扩增得到淀粉粒结合淀粉合成酶基因 (GBSS,granule- bound starch synthase)的部分顺序 (GB3) ,以此为探针从基因文库中筛选到 2 0个阳性克隆。测定其中 1个克隆 (GBSS1 7- 1 )的 DNA顺序共 542 8bp;它包括 GBSS基因 5′侧翼区 1 82 3 bp、结构基因 2 964 bp和 3′侧翼区 641 bp。该顺序与已报道的 GBSS顺序同源性很高 ,但 5′侧翼区最上游 730 bp尚未见文献报道 ;并存在较多的茎环结构。     

云南软米直链淀粉含量的遗传分析与基因定位

以低直链淀粉( 软米)品种毫木细与高直链淀粉品种桂朝2号杂交F2代分离群体为试验材料,研究水稻低直链淀粉含量的遗传规律和基因定位。结果表明,软米品种毫木细直链淀粉含量受一个隐性主效基因/QTL控制,该基因位点（QTL）与糯性基因(wx)为非等位。除主效QTL外,可能还有微效基因的作用。用SSR标记检测到该主效基因/QTL位于11号染色体上RM224附近,LOD值为15.4,可解释的表型变异率为32%。     

水稻蜡质基因引导区的两个SSR序列与直链淀粉含量的相关性(英文)

分析了蜡质基因引导区的两个简单重复序列 (SSR) (CT) n 和 (AATT) n 在 74份水稻材料中的多态性及其与直链淀粉含量 (AC)的关系。这些材料包括了籼稻 (OryzasativaL .ssp .indica)、粳稻 (O .sativassp .japonica)和普通野生稻 (O .rufipogon) ,其AC值覆盖了栽培稻AC分布的整个范围。以 (CT) n 作标记检测到 8个等位基因 ,粳稻品种趋于含有重复数目较多 (n≥ 16 )的等位基因 ,重复次数较少 (n≤ 14)的等位基因只出现在籼稻中。 (AATT)n检测到 2个等位基因 ,野生稻中少数植株表现出杂合性。分析表明AC与这两个SSR序列基因型高度相关 ,高AC (>2 2 .0 % )品种具有 (CT)重复次数较少 (n≤ 14)的等位基因 ;相反 ,除了糯米外 ,所有低或者中等AC的品种都有 (CT)重复数较多 (n≥ 16 )的等位基因。具有重复次数较多的 (AATT) 6等位基因的品种多为高AC ,具有重复次数较少的(AATT) 5等位基因的品种多为低或中等AC。不同SSR基因型品种间AC差异极显著。虽然目前还不能确定这两个SSR序列在直链淀粉合成中的直接功能 ,SSR变异与AC间近乎完全的相关性可作为分子标记直接用于水稻的品质改良。     

水稻蜡质基因引导区的两个ＳＳＲ序列与直链淀粉含量的相关性

分析了蜡质基因引导区的两个简单重复序列（ＳＳＲ）(ＣＴ）n和（ＡＡＴＴ）n在７４不稻材料中的多态性及其与直链淀粉含量（ＡＣ）的关系。这些材料包括了籼稻（Oryza sativa L.ssp.indica)、粳稻（Ｏ.sativa ssp.japonica)和普通野生稻（O.rufipogon),其ＡＣ值 栽培稻ＡＣ分布的整个范围。以（ＣＴ）n作标记检测到８个等位基因,粳稻品种趋于含有重复数目较多（n≥１６）的等位基因,重复次数较少(n≤１４）的等位基因只出现在籼稻中,（ＡＡＴＴ)n检测到２个等位基因,野生稻中少数植株表现出杂合性。分析表明ＡＣ与这两个ＳＳＲ序列基因型高度相关,高ＡＣ（＞２２．０％）品种具有（ＣＴ）重复次数较少(n≤１４）的等位基因;相反,除了糯米外,所有低或中等ＡＣ的品种都有（ＣＴ）重复较多（n≥１６）的等位基因,具有重复次数较多的（ＡＡＴＴ）６等位基因的品种多为高ＡＣ,具有重复次数较少的（ＡＡＴＴ）５等位基因的品种多为低或中等ＡＣ。不同ＳＳＲ基因型品种间ＡＣ差异极显。虽然目前还不能确定这两个ＳＳＲ序列在直链淀粉合成中的直接功能,ＳＳＲ变异与ＡＣ间近乎完全的相关性可作为分子标记直接用于水稻的品质改良。     

提高马铃薯淀粉含量的基因工程

一、高淀粉马铃薯研究的战略意义马铃薯(SalanumtuberosumL。)是重要的粮食作物和蔬菜作物,在世界范围广泛种植,常年种植面积在3亿亩以上。我国约有4500～5000万亩,世界排名第二位。主产区在东北、内蒙、陕西、甘肃、四川等地,长江流域、两广、云贵高原都有种植。     

稻米直链淀粉含量的形成及其与灌浆结实期温度的关系

通过多类型品种的田间分期番种和人工气候箱控温处理等试验,对稻米直链淀粉含量（Ａｍｙｌｏｓｅ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ,简称ＡＣ）的形成动态变化特征及灌浆结实期温度的影响效应进行了分析。结果表明：水稻灌浆结实过程中稻米ＡＣ的形成动态变化过程叮嘱一次或二次曲线进行模拟,灌浆初期籽粒中的ＡＣ值很低,随之急剧上升,至２０～３０ｄ左右达到最大值,然后ＡＣ的变化基本趋于稳定;稻米ＡＣ的形成变化与籽粒于物质积累过程喑存在     

稻米直链淀粉含量测定方法研讨

通过标准碘比色法与改良碘比色法的比较认为改良碘比色法的优点是:既可测定精米粉或糙米粉等粉体材料也可测定精米粒和糙米粒等粒体材料,能将样品的直链淀粉更完全地分离出来,测试误差小,但需时间较长。相同品种不同类型样品直链淀粉的含量测定结果:精米粒>精米粉和糙米粒>糙米粉。测试精米粒或精米粉时宜选择强碱 KOH,而测试糙米粒或糙米粉时宜选择强碱 NaOH。样品量以100mg 为宜,但不足100mg 时进行品种间的比较仍可考虑采用。     

Evidence that amylose synthesis occurs within the matrix of the starch granule in potato tubers

Transgenic potatoes expressing reduced levels of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) have been used to investigate whether the synthesis of amylose occurs at the surface of the starch granule or within the matrix formed by the synthesis and organization of amylopectin. Amylose in these potatoes is wholly or largely confined to a central region of the granule. Consequently this core region stains blue with iodine whereas the peripheral zone stains red. By making extensive measurements of the relative sizes of the granules and their blue-staining cores in tubers over a range of stages of development, we have established that the blue core increases in size as the granule grows. The extent of the increase in size of the blue core is greater in potatoes with higher levels of GBSSI. These data show that amylose synthesis occurs within the matrix of the granule, and are consistent with the idea that the space available in the matrix may be an important determinant of the amylose content of storage starches.     

Amylose Content and Starch Granule Size in Rice Grains are Affected By Growing Season

Amylose content and starch granule size in grains influence rice quality, which differs between the early (ES) and late season (LS). The objective of this study was to determine the variation of amylose content and starch granule size between seasons and find the main reasons (e.g., temperature and solar radiation) for the observed variation. Field experiments with six rice varieties (three high and three low amylose content rice) planted in the ES and LS were conducted in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The mean temperatures during the filling stage were higher in ES, however, the daily temperatures at 7-10 days after flowering (DAF) in 2016, and at 5-10, 13-14 DAF in 2017 were higher in LS. The results showed that amylose content in LS was lower than in ES with high amylose content rice varieties (HACV); the opposite trend occurred with low amylose content rice varieties (LACV). The mean starch granule diameter was higher in LS than ES in 2016, but the opposite result occurred in 2017 with all rice. Our results suggest that higher temperatures increased and decreased the amylose content in HACV and LACV, respectively. Temperatures at 5-15 DAF were important for the formation of starch granules: lower temperatures during 10-14 DAF increased the proportion of larger starch granules (d＞6.21 μm, some with d＞13.3 μm), and higher temperatures at 5-6 DAF increased the proportion of starch granules with diameter 4.24-6.21 μm.     

Amylose Content,Morphology, Crystal Structure,and Thermal Properties of Starch Grains in Main and Ratoon Rice Crops

Rice ratooning, or the production of a second rice crop from stubble after the harvest of the main crop, is considered to be a green and resource-efficient rice production system. The present study was conducted to examine variance in amylose content (AC), grain morphology, crystal structure, and thermal properties of starch between main- and ratoon-season rice of seven varieties. Ratoon-season rice grains had higher ACs and significantly lower transition gelatinization temperatures (To, Tp, and Tc) than did main-season rice grains. The relative crystallinity and lamellar peak intensity of ratoon-season rice starch were 7.89% and 20.38% lower, respectively, than those of main-season rice starch. In addition, smaller granules with smoother surfaces and lower thermal parameters were observed in the starch of ratoon-season rice. The relative crystallinity and lamellar peak intensity of starch correlated negatively with the AC and positively with transition gelatinization temperatures. These results suggest that the superior cooking quality of ratoon-season rice is attributable to the moderate increase of grain AC, which reduces the relative crystallinity, weakens the crystal structure, and lead to a decrease in the gelatinization temperature.     

小麦地方品种淀粉颗粒结合蛋白及淀粉含量差异研究

淀粉颗粒结合蛋白包含了多种淀粉生物合成的关键酶,对作物淀粉品质有重要影响。本研究利用1D-SDS-PAGE,分离了74份四川、西藏及云南毗邻地区小麦的淀粉颗粒结合蛋白,对突变材料进行了分子标记检测,对总淀粉和直链淀粉含量差异进行了比较。发现供试材料中,在分子量57～130 kDa区域共有9种不同的蛋白条带。其中,2个条带可能为新的淀粉颗粒结合蛋白;存在12份Wx-B1缺失的自然突变体和3份稀有的SGP-B1缺失突变体;筛选到直链淀粉含量超过30%的材料2份,直链淀粉含量为15%左右的材料10份。这些材料为小麦淀粉品质改良及淀粉生化合成机理研究提供了基础。     

Starch granule initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts

The initiation of starch granule formation and the mechanism controlling the number of granules per plastid have been some of the most elusive aspects of starch metabolism. This review covers the advances made in the study of these processes. The analyses presented herein depict a scenario in which starch synthase isoform 4 (SS4) provides the elongating activity necessary for the initiation of starch granule formation. However, this protein does not act alone; other polypeptides are required for the initiation of an appropriate number of starch granules per chloroplast. The functions of this group of polypeptides include providing suitable substrates (maltooligosaccharides) to SS4, the localization of the starch initiation machinery to the thylakoid membranes, and facilitating the correct folding of SS4. The number of starch granules per chloroplast is tightly regulated and depends on the developmental stage of the leaves and their metabolic status. Plastidial phosphorylase (PHS1) and other enzymes play an essential role in this process since they are necessary for the synthesis of the substrates used by the initiation machinery. The mechanism of starch granule formation initiation in Arabidopsis seems to be generalizable to other plants and also to the synthesis of long-term storage starch. The latter, however, shows specific features due to the presence of more isoforms, the absence of constantly recurring starch synthesis and degradation, and the metabolic characteristics of the storage sink organs.     

甘薯薯干高淀粉资源的鉴定及综合评价

通过对332份新征集甘薯品种资源薯干粗淀粉含量的分析测定,鉴定得到58份高淀粉种质资源。通过烘干率测定,得到36份兼具高干的高淀粉种质资源。通过抗病性、时逆性鉴定,得到5份兼抗多病的优异高淀粉品性种质资源,5份兼具耐旱性的高淀粉种质资源,29份兼具耐贮性的高淀粉种质资源。     

Cas9‐mediated mutagenesis of potato starch‐branching enzymes generates a range of tuber starch phenotypes

We investigated whether Cas9‐mediated mutagenesis of starch‐branching enzymes (SBEs) in tetraploid potatoes could generate tuber starches with a range of distinct properties. Constructs containing the Cas9 gene and sgRNAs targeting SBE1, SBE2 or both genes were introduced by Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation or by PEG‐mediated delivery into protoplasts. Outcomes included lines with mutations in all or only some of the homoeoalleles of SBE genes and lines in which homoeoalleles carried several different mutations. DNA delivery into protoplasts resulted in mutants with no detectable Cas9 gene, suggesting the absence of foreign DNA. Selected mutants with starch granule abnormalities had reductions in tuber SBE1 and/or SBE2 protein that were broadly in line with expectations from genotype analysis. Strong reduction in both SBE isoforms created an extreme starch phenotype, as reported previously for low‐SBE potato tubers. HPLC‐SEC and ¹H NMR revealed a decrease in short amylopectin chains, an increase in long chains and a large reduction in branching frequency relative to wild‐type starch. Mutants with strong reductions in SBE2 protein alone had near‐normal amylopectin chain‐length distributions and only small reductions in branching frequency. However, starch granule initiation was enormously increased: cells contained many granules of <4 μm and granules with multiple hila. Thus, large reductions in both SBEs reduce amylopectin branching during granule growth, whereas reduction in SBE2 alone primarily affects numbers of starch granule initiations. Our results demonstrate that Cas9‐mediated mutagenesis of SBE genes has the potential to generate new, potentially valuable starch properties without integration of foreign DNA into the genome.     

反义酸性转化酶基因低温贮藏马铃薯块茎还原糖和淀粉含量的影响

对2个含有酸性转化酶(AcInv)反义基因的转基因马铃薯品系及对照品种进行低温贮藏(4℃)及室温还暖处理.随低温贮藏时间的延长,供试材料均表现出还原糖含量升高,总淀粉含量下降的趋势.低温处理40 d时,"Ac转Atlantic"和"Ac转甘农薯2号"的还原糖含量比未转基因品种低23%和18%.总淀粉含量分别比未处理前下降约1.0%和1.3%,支链淀粉含量分别下降约1.4%和1.7%,淀粉直/支比明显低于对照,分别为0.29和0.38.块茎的石蜡切片显示,转基因块茎中深蓝色淀粉颗粒明显少于未转基因对照.另外,对低温贮藏的块茎室温还暖后,2个转基因品系的还原糖含量仍低于对照品种.实验结果证明反义AcInv基因对低温贮藏下块茎还原糖和淀粉含量具有下向调节作用.     

Effects of Physiological Changes in Potato Tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) after Low Temperature Storage on the Level of Acrylamide Formed in Potato Chips

Acrylamide in potato chips made from tubers stored at 2 or 20°C for two weeks after harvest was analyzed by GC-MS. The acrylamide level in the former chips was higher than ten times of that in the latter, which was highly correlated with both glucose and fructose levels in the tubers.     

马铃薯淀粉合成酶融合基因植物表达载体构建

通过反义抑制马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)块茎淀粉合成酶GBSS、SSⅡ和SSⅢ基因的表达,可降低淀粉中直链淀粉含量和改变分支链的长度,从而降低马铃薯淀粉糊化温度、改善其抗凝沉性。依据GBSS、SSⅡ和SSⅢ基因的cDNA序列分析,从各基因中筛选和克隆了一段同源性极低、约500~600bp的片段;通过PCR技术实现了3个片段的融合,得到了1671bp的融合基因GS2S3;将GS2S3反向连接在GBSS5′侧翼序列之后,构建了由GBSS5′侧翼序列驱动的GS2S3反义基因的植物表达载体pBI-GS2S3,并进行了初步转化。