Trichiliadregeana胚轴的脱水敏感性与抗坏血酸的抗氧化作用

以顽拗性TrichiliadregeanaSond.种子为材料,研究其胚轴的脱水敏感性与抗坏血酸的抗氧化作用。T.dregeana胚轴的脱水耐性随着脱水进程逐渐下降,50%的胚轴被脱水致死的含水量(W50)大约为0.16gH2O/gDW。在脱水过程中,胚轴的电解质渗漏速率逐渐增加,超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱苷肽还原酶(GR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性下降,硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)-活性产物的含量增加。2.5~10.0mmol/L抗坏血酸处理能有效地增加胚轴的脱水耐性和SOD、APX、CAT和GR的活性,降低电解质渗漏速率和TBA活性产物的含量。结果表明,T.dregeana胚轴的脱水耐性与抗氧化酶的活性增加和脂质过氧化作用的降低密切相关。     

酶促和非酶促抗氧化系统在玉米胚脱水耐性获得中的作用

以发育中的玉米胚为材料,研究了玉米胚脱水耐性的发育变化及其与抗氧化系统之间的关系。结果表明,授粉后18d的胚获得萌发能力,但不耐脱水;授粉后36d的胚开始获得耐脱水能力,并随着发育逐渐增加。随着发育,胚的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）的活性逐渐降低,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性逐渐增加。授粉后16～22d的玉米胚中检测不到抗坏血酸,24d后胚中抗坏血酸的含量显著增加;还原性谷胱甘肽含量在整个发育过程中逐渐增加。脱水胚的SOD、APX和DHAR的活性比对照（未脱水）胚低,而GR和CAT活性在发育早期比对照胚低,在发育中、后期高于对照胚。脱水胚的抗坏血酸和还原性谷胱甘肽含量明显低于对照胚。胚中丙二醛的含量随着发育逐渐下降,脱水胚的丙二醛含量显著高于对照。这些结果说明CAT活性和谷胱甘肽含量的增加以及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量的下降与玉米胚脱水耐性的获得密切相关。     

玉米胚发育过程中脱水耐性的变化

对离体玉米胚脱水耐性的变化以及不同脱水速率对其脱水耐性的影响进行了研究。授粉后16d的玉米胚能耐轻微脱水,含水量从1.45降低到0.28gH2Og-1DW时胚的萌发率为100%,但含水量低于0.1gH2Og-1DW时胚死亡。胚的脱水耐性随着发育逐渐加强,表现为电解质渗漏速率逐渐降低,萌发率和幼苗干重逐渐增加。授粉后20d胚内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性较高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较低;授粉后24d,这些酶的活性与授粉后20d的正好相反。脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)在种子发育过程中呈下降趋势。不同脱水速率明显地影响胚的脱水耐性:在慢速脱水到含水量0.1~0.18gH2Og-1DW时,胚的萌发率和幼苗干重比快速脱水高,电解质渗漏速率比快速脱水低;在快速脱水条件下胚中的SOD、APX活性和MDA含量也比慢速脱水高;CAT活性的变化不明显。     

黄皮种子线粒体呼吸速率和活性氧清除酶活性对脱水的响应及其生态学意义

顽拗性种子脱落时具有较高的含水量和代谢活性, 对脱水高度敏感; 但顽拗性种子脱水敏感性的机理至今仍然不清楚。该文以顽拗性黄皮(Clausena lansium)种子为材料, 研究了种子和胚轴对水分丧失的响应, 在脱水过程中胚轴和子叶的呼吸速率, 胚轴和子叶线粒体的细胞色素c氧化酶(CCO)活性、外膜完整性、CCO和交替氧化酶(AOX)途径以及线粒体活性氧清除酶活性的变化。结果表明, 随着水分的丧失, 种子和胚轴的存活率逐渐下降, 种子的脱水敏感性大于胚轴; 胚轴和子叶的呼吸速率以及线粒体外膜的完整性降低。胚轴和子叶线粒体的CCO途径以及胚轴AOX途径的呼吸速率在脱水初期增加, 随着继续脱水下降, 胚轴线粒体AOX途径的呼吸速率则随着脱水显著下降。胚轴线粒体的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和子叶线粒体的APX活性随着脱水迅速下降; 胚轴线粒体的脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性和子叶线粒体的SOD、DHAR和GR活性在脱水初期增加, 然后下降。这些数据表明黄皮种子的脱水敏感性与线粒体的呼吸速率和活性氧清除酶的活性降低密切相关, 也与长期适应热带/亚热带的生境有关。     

不同脱水速率对木奶果种子脱水敏感性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了脱水速率对木奶果种子脱水敏感性和抗氧化酶活性的影响。木奶果种子初始含水量高达1.72gH2O·g^-1DW,萌发率为86.67%。含水量降至0.90gH2O·g^-1DW左右时,慢速脱水种子的萌发率为97.78%,而快速脱水的种子萌发率仅为64.44%。快速脱水至含水量为0.76gH2O·g^-1DW时萌发率为21.67%,而慢速脱水至0.68gH2O·g^-1DW时,萌发率仍高达55.56%。确定了木奶果种子是对慢速脱水耐受性更高的顽拗性种子。在种子脱水过程中,相对电解质渗透速率和脂质过氧化产物（TBARs）都呈升高趋势,但慢速脱水后的种子,其TBARs升高的速率较快速脱水的慢。快速脱水的种子中超氧化岐化酶（SOD）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）的活性较慢速脱水的高,而过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性较慢速脱水的低,未检测出谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性。这些结果表明,在木奶果种子脱水耐性获得过程中过氧化氢酶比其他抗氧化酶作用更大。     

转GST和CAT1基因水稻根系抗氧化系统对干旱高温胁迫的响应(英文)

以携带谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和过氧化氢酶(CAT1)的转基因水稻和非转基因水稻(Oryza sativa L.) 品种'中花11'的根系为材料, 比较分析了二者在PEG 6000、38℃及PEG 6000和38℃复合胁迫下抗氧化系统特别是抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统的变化.结果显示, 6% PEG处理时,转基因水稻的CAT、GST、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性都显著高于非转基因水稻;38℃处理时,前者的CAT、GST、SOD和GR的活性则显著低于后者;6% PEG和38℃复合处理时,前者的CAT、GST、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和DHAR的活性也都显著高于后者,但前者的SOD和GR活性则显著低于后者.6%PEG 诱导的转基因水稻根系的抗坏血酸氧还状态显著低于非转基因水稻,但二者的谷胱甘肽氧还状态无显著差异; 而6% PEG和38℃同时处理时,转基因水稻的谷胱甘肽氧还状态则显著高于非转基因水稻,但二者的抗坏血酸氧还状态差异不显著.研究发现,干旱和高温复合胁迫时,转基因水稻和非转基因水稻的抗氧化组分的变化均不等于这2种单一胁迫的叠加;GST和CAT1基因的转入对水稻抗氧化系统内源功能相关组分尤其是抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统产生了一定的影响,两种水稻的根系可能利用不同的抗氧化组分调节机制对这些胁迫做出应答.     

脱水速率对黄皮胚轴脱水敏感性及膜脂过氧化的影响

以黄皮种子离体胚轴为材料,研究了不同干燥速率对胚轴脱水反应和膜脂过氧化的影响.在脱水过程中,胚轴的萌发率、活力指数、电解质渗漏速率,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性逐渐降低,膜脂过氧化产物MDA的含量不断增加.脱水速率愈快,胚轴的半致死含水量就愈低.快速干燥的胚轴能在较低的含水量下存活是因为缩短了在中间含水量下发生的膜脂过氧化作用的时间,以及保持较高的SOD、POD和CAT活性;缓慢干燥的胚轴当与周围环境达到水分平衡后,生活力的丧失将与保持在水分平衡后的时间有关.因此,脱水速率是一种影响顽拗性种子或者胚轴脱水敏感性的重要因子.     

光质对烟草叶片生长发育过程中抗氧化系统的影响

以云烟87植株为材料,通过覆盖白、红、黄、蓝、紫色滤膜获得不同光质,于大田条件下研究了光质对烟草叶片生长发育过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶活性,抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明,在烟草植株第11片叶生长发育的7~70 d内,其抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势.与白光(对照)相比,黄光诱导烟草叶片SOD、CAT、APX和GR活性升高,以及AsA和GSH含量增加;而红光诱导APX和GR活性上升,以及GSH和AsA含量升高;但紫光却使SOD、CAT、POD、GR和GPX活性下降,GSH和AsA含量降低,而蓝光则使所有抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量降低.紫光和蓝光处理的烟草叶片中MDA含量较高,而黄光和红光处理的则较低.总体而言,在大田条件下,相对红光和黄光而言,蓝光和紫光处理下的烟草叶片更容易发生光氧化胁迫.     

莲种子的极端高温耐性与抗氧化酶活性的变化

莲（Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn．）种子是一种长寿命和耐极端高温的种子．莲和玉米（Zeamays L．）种子的含水量分别为0．103和0．129gH20／g干重,随着在100℃处理时间的延长,种子的含水量、萌发率和由存活种子产生的幼苗鲜重逐渐降低．100℃处理15min时,玉米种子的萌发率为零;但莲种子被处理24h时,其萌发率仍然为13．5％．50％的玉米和莲种子被100℃处理致死的时间（T50）分别为6min和14．5h．随着100℃处理时间的延长,莲胚轴的相对电解质渗漏明显增加,总叶绿素含量显著下降,当在100℃处理时间短于12h时,莲下胚轴的亚细胞结构保持完整;当处理时间长于12h时,细胞逐渐发生质壁分离、内质网变得不清晰、核和核仁降解、大多数线粒体膨胀、脂质颗粒在细胞边界积累,最后细胞器和质膜降解．此外,莲胚轴和子叶的丙二醛（MDA）含量在100℃处理的0～12h内下降,然后增加：玉米胚和胚乳的MDA含量在100℃处理的5～10min内增加,然后有所下降．莲胚轴和子叶的超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）和胚轴的过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在100℃处理初期增加,然后下降;而莲胚轴和子叶的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和子叶的CAT活性随100℃处理时间的延长而逐渐下降．玉米胚和胚乳中的SOD,DHAR以及胚的GR活性在100℃处理初期增加,然后下降;玉米胚和胚乳中的APX,CAT和胚乳的GR活性随100℃处理时间的延长迅速下降,与种子萌发率下降的趋势相同,莲胚轴和子叶的SOD,APX,CAT,GR和DHAR活性下降缓慢,而在玉米胚和胚乳中这些酶的活性则迅速降低。     

H_2S对干旱胁迫下白三叶幼苗抗氧化防御能力的影响

以‘拉丁诺’白三叶(Trifolium repens cv.‘Ladino’)为试验材料,研究外源H2S处理对PEG6 000(聚乙二醇)模拟干旱胁迫下白三叶叶片相对含水量(RWC)、膜脂过氧化、活性氧成分、抗氧化酶、抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环代谢和非酶抗氧化物质的影响,以揭示H_2S调控白三叶抗旱性的生理机制。结果显示:(1)0.2 mmol/L的外源NaHS(H_2S供体)能显著提高干旱胁迫下白三叶的叶片相对含水量,维持显著较低的电解质渗透率(EL)和丙二醛(MDA)含量。(2)与直接干旱胁迫相比,干旱胁迫下外源添加NaHS处理的白三叶叶片内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著增强,抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环代谢中关键酶抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、单脱水抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性及其抗氧化中间产物抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量也显著提高。(3)叶片类黄酮、总酚和原花青素的含量在一定的胁迫时间范围内亦显著增加,并伴随着活性氧成分O_2~(-·)产生速率和H_2O_2水平降低。研究认为,外源H2S能通过促进干旱胁迫下白三叶体内的多重抗氧化防御能力来提高其幼苗的抗旱性。     

Assay of UDP, GDP, CDP, and ADP reductase activities by column chromatography on polyethyleneimine cellulose

Deoxyribonucleosides were separated from ribonucleosides by chromatography on polyethyleneimine cellulose columns (Pasteur pipettes. The deoxyribonucleosides were quantitatively eluted with 25 mM boric acid in less than 10 ml while the ribonucleosides were retained. The ribonucleosides were eluted with 1 M NaCl. This method was utilized to assay for GDP, UDP, ADP, and CDP reductase activities after hydrolysis of the substrate and product nucleotides to the corresponding nucleosides. All four reductase activities were assayed using identical conditions of column size, eluting solution (25 mM boric acid), and elution volume. The use of polyethyleneimine cellulose columns with boric acid can be adapted to other enzyme assays such as purine nucleoside phosphorylase and for the isolation of deoxyribonucleotides from cellular extracts.     

Phenology, sex ratio, and spatial distribution among dioecious species of Trichilia (Meliaceae)

The flowering, sex ratio, and spatial distribution of four dioecious species of Trichilia (Meliaceae) were studied in a semi-deciduous forest in southeastern Brazil. All reproductive trees (T. clausseni, T. pallida and T. catigua) with dbh > or = 5 cm within a 1-ha plot were collected, sexed, mapped and, for individuals of each species, the distances to the nearest neighbour of the same and opposite sex were measured. For the shrub species T. elegans (dbh < 5 cm), all reproductive individuals were sampled randomly in 10 samples of 10 x 10 m. The reproductive phenology was observed at weekly to monthly intervals from May 1988 to January 1990. The species are strictly dioecious, did not present any sex-mixed trees or sex switching during the study, and sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1 : 1. The size distributions and the relative size variation were not significantly different between sexes. There was no significant segregation or clumping between individuals of either sex and no fruit production without pollination. Onset of flowering and flowering peak were synchronous between male and female plants for all species studied. Flower synchrony was related to outcrossing and pollinator attraction rather than climatic factors.     

Structural elucidation of limonoids and steroids from Trichilia connaroides

Six limonoids, trijugins D-H (1-5) and methyl 8alpha-hydroxy-8,30-dihydroangolensate (6), two degraded limonoids, trichiconnarins A and B (7-8), and a pregnane steroid, 3beta,4alpha-dihydroxypregnan-21-one (9), along with the known trijugin C (10) and 3beta,4alpha-dihydroxypregnan-16-one (11) were isolated from twigs and leaves of Trichilia connaroides. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis.     

Interaction of sulfate assimilation with nitrate assimilation as a function of nutrient status and enzymatic co-regulation inbrassica juncea roots

The interaction of sulfate assimilation with nitrate assimilation inBrassica juncea roots was analyzed by monitoring the regulation of ATP sulfurylase (AS), adenosine-5’-phosphosulfate reductase (AR), sulfite reductase (SiR), and nitrite reductase (NiR). Depending on the status of sulfur and nitrogen nutrition, AS and AR activities and mRNA levels were increased by sulfate starvation but decreased by nitrate starvation. The activation of AS and AR by sulfate starvation was inhibited by sulfate/nitrate starvation. However, the rise in steady-state mRNA levels for AS and AR by sulfate starvation was not affected by sulfate/nitrate starvation. SiR gene expression was slightly activated by both sulfate starvation and sulfate/nitrate starvation, but was decreased by nitrate starvation. Although NiR gene expression was little affected by sulfate starvation, it was diminished significantly by either nitrate or nitrate/sulfate starvation. Cysteine (Cys) also decreased AS and AR activities and mRNA levels even when plants were simultaneously starved for sulfate; in contrast, both SiR and NiR gene expressions were only slightly, if at all, affected under the same conditions. This supports our conclusion that Cys, the end-product of sulfate assimilation, is the key regulatory signal. Moreover, SiR and NiR apparently are not the linking step in the co-regulation of sulfate and nitrate assimilation in plants.     

Structural and functional analysis of denitrification genes in Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501

Denitrification is the process by which nitrates are converted to nitrogen gas under the action of microor-ganism, and in a bioenergetics viewpoint, a kind of respiration of bacteria in anoxia condition. In such a process, nitrogen in oxidation state replaces oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor in cell membrane, gen-erates potential gradient with the action of a series of oxidoreductase, and finally converts nitrate into nitro-gen[1]. Denitrification is widely present in nature, and resea…