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1.
Orlaith N. Fraser Daniel Stahl Filippo Aureli 《International journal of primatology》2010,31(1):39-57
Reconciliation (the postconflict affiliative reunion between former opponents) may mitigate costs of aggressive conflict by
repairing the opponents’ relationship and reducing stress. We showed that postconflict levels of self-directed behavior were
lower after reconciliation than when reconciliation did not occur in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Chester Zoo, providing support for a stress-alleviating function for reconciliation. Further, we investigated the effects
of multiple factors on the occurrence of reconciliation using generalized linear mixed models. We performed 2 separate analyses,
a “traditional” analysis and a “targeted” analysis. The former included variables previously used to assess the occurrence
of reconciliation in primates, i.e., conflict characteristics, sex combination, and a simple measure of relationship value.
The latter included species-specific variables such as the occurrence of consolation (postconflict affiliation from a bystander
to the recipient of aggression); initiation of the conflict with a bluff display; and measures of relationship value, compatibility,
and security specific to the study group. Whereas the traditional analysis showed that female-female dyads and valuable partners
were most likely to reconcile, the targeted analysis showed that reconciliation was less likely to occur when consolation
took place or when aggression was initiated with bluff displays. Further analyses revealed that the effect of sex-combination
on reconciliation was due to its intercorrelation with bluff display. This study highlights the importance of considering
variables specific to the study species and group when investigating the determinants of reconciliation and warns against
premature interpretation of results without due consideration for all other possible determinants. 相似文献
2.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1969,31(4):789-795
The author's theory of the adoption of certain types of behavior patterns (Rashevsky, N., 1957, “Contributions to the Theory
Initiative Behavior”.Bull. Maths. Biophysics,19, 91–119; 1968,Looking at History through Mathematics, Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press) consisting of elementary behaviors for each of which there is an opposite one and
the two are mutually exclusive, is applied to describe the changes in the general type of behavior of a society. The elementary
acts of which the whole problem consists may be either overt activities or beliefs or opinions. The general behavior patternsadopted by the society are considered as the “proper” or “just” ones. Any deviation from it in either one or more of the component
elementary behaviors is considered as “unjust” and is subject to some punitive action. The total number of possible mutually
exclusive behavior patterns is very large but finite. Within this very large range of possible patterns, we find that this
notion of justice is relative, because changes from any behavior pattern to any other may occur. It is further shown that
the amount of punishment for the deviation from the accepted pattern in order to be effective as well as efficient must be
applied in different ways to different individuals even for the same transgression. 相似文献
3.
David Gaertner 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2011,8(3):245-256
According to Charles Hauss, “[i]n the last few years, reconciliation has become one of the ‘hottest’ topics in the increasingly
‘hot’ field of conflict resolution” (2003, ?1). However, despite the apparent interest in this “hot” academic topic (which is becoming increasingly warm in Canada
as our own Truth and Reconciliation Commission commences), reconciliation studies have been dominated by Truth-based approaches.
The restrictions of these approaches, which emphasize objectivity and rationality, often elide the body and the primacy of
emotions in the reparative process. This essay begins a conversation on the role of the body and emotion in the study of reconciliation
by engaging the work being done in the social sciences with contemporary trends in critical theory and literature. I argue
that by looking at the fundamental role the body plays on the “road to reconciliation” we can devise a more vital approach
to conflict resolution and the various processes that make it up. 相似文献
4.
Taylor JS 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):134-162
Standardized patient (SP) performances are staged clinical encounters between health-professional students and people who
specialize in role-playing the part of patients. Such performances have in recent years become increasingly central to the
teaching and assessment of clinical skills in U.S. medical schools. SP performances are valued for being both “real” (in that
they involve interaction with a real person, unlike written examinations) and “not real” (in that the SP does not actually
suffer from the condition portrayed, unlike an actual patient). This article considers how people involved in creating SP
performances reconcile a moral commitment to avoid suffering (to keep it “not real”), with an aesthetic commitment to realistically portray it (to keep it “real”). The term “moral aesthetic” is proposed, to indicate a sensibility that combines ideas about what
is morally right with ideas about what is aesthetically compelling. Drawing on ethnographic research among SPs and SP program staff and medical faculty who work closely with them, this article
argues that their work of creating “realism” in simulated clinical encounters encompasses multiple different (and sometimes
conflicting) understandings and practices of realism, informed by three different moral aesthetics: (1) a moral aesthetic
of induction, in which an accurate portrayal with a well-documented provenance serves to introduce experientially distant forms of suffering;
(2) a moral aesthetic of inoculation, in which the authenticity and emotional impact of a performance are meant to inoculate students against the impact of future
encounters with suffering; (3) a moral aesthetic of presence, generating forms of voice and care that are born out of the embodied presence of suffering individuals in a clinical space.
All are premised on the assumption that risk and suffering can be banished from SP performances. This article suggests, however,
that SP performances necessarily raise the same difficult, important, fundamentally ethical questions that are always involved
in learning from and on human beings who are capable of suffering, and who need and deserve recognition and respect as well
as care. 相似文献
5.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1949,11(2):105-113
When an individual grows up in a society, he learns certain behavior patterns which are “accepted” by that society. He may
in general have a tendency toward behavior patterns other than those which are “accepted” by the society. This tendency toward
such unaccepted behavior may be due to a process of cerebration which results in doubt as to the “correctness” of the accepted
behavior. Thus, on the one hand, the individual learns to follow the accepted rules almost automatically; on the other hand,
he may tend to consciously break those rules. Using a neural circuit, suggested by H. D. Landahl in his theory of learning,
a neurobiophysical interpretation of the above situation is outlined. Mathematical expressions are derived which describe
the social behavior of an individual as a function of his age, social status, and some neurobiophysical parameters. 相似文献
6.
This article describes a group for domestic violence survivors to help them move past a “liminal” state in which their social
identity is characterized by being “victim” or “survivor” to one of “incorporation” defined by “thriving” and joy. Through
the creation and use of healing rituals, blessings, poetry, art and music, the women in the group establish “communitas” and
support each other in the work of self-reclamation and healing. The group, “Rites of Passage” is intended for women who have completed shelter-based crisis interventions, and uses a structured curriculum that integrates
theoretical and philosophical concepts from anthropology, post-modernism, humanistic psychology, social work, and existentialism.
Through the Rites of Passage group, women identify and traverse a healing trajectory to construct an identity founded on strength and fulfillment. Patterned
after non-western sex-segregated rites of transition, those who go through the group celebrate its conclusion with a defining
ritual that publically marks their change in identity and status. 相似文献
7.
The dikaryon #5026 (A2B2)+#5132 (A7B7) of the basidiomyceteCoprinus macrorhizus was treated with ultraviolet light (UV),N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG), and 5-bromouracil (BU) in order to induced developmental variations in fruiting. Among a total of
11,383 isolates, 742 were homokaryons. Fruiting test was made with the remaining 10,641 dikaryotic isolates, of which 1,594
showed abnormality in basidiocarp development. Both UV and NG were very efficient in inducing such variations, but BU was
not. The induced variations were classified into seven basic types as follows: 1) “knotless”, in which hyphal knots, the first
sign of fruiting, do not differentiate; 2) “primordiumless,” in which hyphal knots are formed, but no further development
occurs; 3) “maturationles”, in which primordia are formed, but the maturation of primordia into adult fruit bodies does not
occur; 4) “elongationless”, in which the elongation of stipe is blocked, and a basidiocarp with a very short stipe is produced;
5) “expansionless,” in which pilei do not expand normally; 6) “sporeless,” in which the formation of basidiospores is blocked
and albinic pilei bearing none or only a small amount of spores are produced; and 7) “autolysisless,” in which the autolysis
of pilei does not appear to occur. It has been noticed that the four steps of maturation, i.e. stipe elongation, pileus expansion,
spore formation, and perhaps pileus autolysis, can proceed independently. Compound types of variations such as “elongation-expansionless,”
“elongation-sporeless,” “expansion-sporeless,” and “elongation-expansion-sporeless” were also induced. UV treatment induced
maturationless at the highest rate, while NG treatment sporeless.
Contributions from the Division of Plant Morphology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University. No. 117. 相似文献
8.
This article attempts to convey the joys and frustrations of skimming the Internet trying to find relevant information concerning
an academic’s work as a scientist, a student or an instructor. A brief overview of the Internet and the “do’s and don’ts”
for the neophyte as well for the more seasoned “navigator” are given. Some guidelines of “what works and what does not” and
“what is out there” are provided for the scientist with specific emphasis for biologists, as well as for all others having
an interest in science but with little interest in spending countless hours “surfing the net”. An extensive but not exhaustive
list of related websites is provided. 相似文献
9.
Den sharing by conspecific spiny lobsters (aggregation) is modulated by chemical attraction but may confer several, not necessarily
mutually exclusive, antipredator byproduct benefits: a “guide effect”, which only benefits the individual attracted to a sheltered
conspecific; a “dilution effect”, which reduces per-capita risk of predation simply through aggregation; or active “group
defense”. Each potential benefit has a different set of predictors (relationships between aggregation and conspecific or predator
densities), but conflicting results could suggest the simultaneous operation of more than one benefit. These predictions were
tested for coexisting Panulirus guttatus (a reef-obligate) and Panulirus argus (a temporary reef-dweller) using data collected during 11 surveys on fixed sites over a coral reef in Mexico. P. guttatus greatly outnumbered P. argus, but P. argus showed a greater tendency to aggregate. All three benefits of den sharing operated for the more social P. argus, with “group defense” being of the most benefit for larger individuals, and the “guide” and “dilution” effects for smaller
individuals recently immigrating into the reef habitat and sharing dens with larger conspecifics. P. guttatus did not display “group defense” and its aggregations appeared to be modulated by the interplay between attraction and aggressive
behaviors. This species relied more on solitary crypticity, especially at larger sizes, but appeared to benefit from a “guide
effect” at high conspecific densities. In experimental tanks, each species tended to aggregate when tested separately, but
when tested jointly, aggregation among P. guttatus was significantly reduced. The experimental results reflect the differential patterns of aggregation between the fore-reef,
where P. guttatus dominated, and the back-reef, where coexistence of both species was greater. 相似文献
10.
Brown WM 《Molecular biotechnology》2003,23(3):213-224
“Intellectual property” (IP) is a generic legal term for patents, copyrights, and trademarks, which provide legal rights to
protect ideas, the expression of ideas, and the inventors and creators of such ideas. A patent provides legal protection for
a new invention, an application of a new idea, discovery, or concept that is useful. Copyright provides legal protection from
copying for any creative work, as well as business and scientific publications, computer software, and compilations of information.
A trademark provides rights to use symbols, particular words, logos, or other markings that indicate the source of a product
or service. A further method of benefiting from an invention is simply to keep it secret, rather than to disclose it—a “trade
secret.” IP impinges on almost everything scientists do. As scientists are paid to come up with ideas and aspire to patent
and/or publish their work, the protection of ideas and of written works especially should be of interest and concern to all. 相似文献
11.
The role of trade-offs in biodiversity conservation planning: Linking local management, regional planning and global conservation efforts 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Biodiversity conservation planning requires trade-offs, given the realities of limited resources and the competing demands
of society. If net benefits for society are important, biodiversity assessment cannot occur without other sectoral factors
“on the table”. In trade-offs approaches, the biodiversity value of a given area is expressed in terms of the species or other
components of biodiversity that it has that are additional to the components protected elsewhere. That “marginal gain” is
called thecomplementarity value of the area. A recent whole-country planning study for Papua New Guinea illustrates the importance of complementarity-based
tradeoffs in determining priority areas for biodiversity conservation, and for designing economic instruments such as biodiversity
levies and offsets. Two international biodiversity programs provide important new opportunities for biodiversity trade-offs
taking complementarity into account. Both the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the Critical Ecosystems or “hotspots” programs
can benefit from an explicit framework that incorporates tradeoffs, in which a balance is achieved not only by land-use allocation
among areas, but also by the crediting of partial protection of biodiversity provided by sympathetic management within areas.
For both international programs, our trade-offs framework can provide a natural linkage between local, regional and global
planning levels. 相似文献
12.
Thomas M 《Journal of the history of biology》2005,38(3):425-460
Historians of science have only just begun to sample the wealth of different approaches to the study of animal behavior undertaken
in the twentieth century. To date, more attention has been given to Lorenzian ethology and American behaviorism than to other
work and traditions, but different approaches are equally worthy of the historian’s attention, reflecting not only the broader
range of questions that could be asked about animal behavior and the “animal mind” but also the different contexts in which
these questions were important. One such approach is that represented by the work of the French zoologist Louis Boutan (1859–1934).
This paper explores the intellectual and cultural history of Boutan’s work on animal language and the animal mind, and contextualizes
the place of animal behavior studies within late-nineteenth-and early-twentieth-century French biology. I explore the ways
in which Boutan addressed the philosophical issue of whether language was necessary for abstract thought and show how he shifted
from the idea that animals were endowed with a purely affective language to the notion that of they were capable of “rudimentary”
reasoning. I argue that the scientific and broader socio-cultural contexts in which Boutan operated played a role in this
transition. Then I show how Boutan’s linguistic and psychological experiments with a gibbon and children provide insights
into his conception of “naturalness.” Although Boutan reared his gibbon at home and studied it in the controlled environment
of his laboratory, he continued to identify its behavior as “natural.” I specifically demonstrate the importance of the milieu of the French Third Republic in shaping Boutan’s understanding not only of animal intelligence and child education, but also
his definition of nature. Finally, I argue that Boutan’s studies on the primate mind provide us with a lens through which
we can examine the co-invention of animal and child psychology in early-twentieth-century France. 相似文献
13.
Lisa Onaga 《Journal of the history of biology》2010,43(2):215-264
Japanese agricultural scientist Toyama Kametaro’s report about the Mendelian inheritance of silkworm cocoon color in Studies on the Hybridology of Insects (1906) spurred changes in Japanese silk production and thrust Toyama and his work into a scholarly exchange with American
entomologist Vernon Kellogg. Toyama’s work, based on research conducted in Japan and Siam, came under international scrutiny
at a time when analyses of inheritance flourished after the “rediscovery” of Mendel’s laws of heredity in 1900. The hybrid
silkworm studies in Asia attracted the attention of Kellogg, who was concerned with how experimental biology would be used
to study the causes of natural selection. He challenged Toyama’s conclusions that Mendelism alone could explain the inheritance
patterns of silkworm characters such as cocoon color because they had been subject to hundreds of years of artificial selection,
or breeding. This examination of the intersection of Japanese sericulture and American entomology probes how practical differences
in scientific interests, societal responsibilities, and silkworm materiality were negotiated throughout the processes of legitimating
Mendelian genetics on opposite sides of the Pacific. The ways in which Toyama and Kellogg assigned importance to certain silkworm
properties show how conflicting intellectual orientations arose in studies of the same organism. Contestation about Mendelism
took place not just on a theoretical level, but the debate was fashioned through each scientist’s rationale about the categorization
of silkworm breeds and races and what counted as “natural.” This further mediated the acceptability of the silkworm not as
an experimental organism, but as an appropriately “natural” insect with which to demonstrate laws of inheritance. All these
shed light on the challenges that came along with the use of agricultural animals to convincingly articulate new biological
principles. 相似文献
14.
The relational structure of RNA, DNA, and protein bears an interesting similarity to the determination problem in category
theory. In this paper, we present this deep-structure similarity and use it as a springboard for discussing some abstract
properties of coding in various systems. These abstract properties, in turn, may shed light on the evolution of the DNA world
from a semiotic perspective. According to the perspective adopted in this paper, living systems are not information processing
systems but “meaning-making” systems. Therefore, what flows in the genetic system is not “information” but “value.” We define
meaning, meaning-making, and value and then use these terms to explain the abstract dynamics of coding, which can illuminate many forms of sign-mediated activities
in biosystems. 相似文献
15.
Male provisioning ability may have evolved as a “good dad” indicator through sexual selection, whereas male creativity may
have evolved partly as a “good genes” indicator. If so, women near peak fertility (midcycle) should prefer creativity over
wealth, especially in short-term mating. Forty-one normally cycling women read vignettes describing creative but poor men
vs. uncreative but rich men. Women’s estimated fertility predicted their short-term (but not long-term) preference for creativity
over wealth, in both their desirability ratings of individual men (r=.40, p<.01) and their forced-choice decisions between men (r=.46, p<.01). These preliminary results are consistent with the view that creativity evolved at least partly as a good genes indicator
through mate choice. 相似文献
16.
The inheritance of resistance to Plum pox virus (PPV) has been studied in 1,178 apricot hybrids. Seven hundred and eighteen F1 hybrids, obtained from controlled crosses
between the susceptible Greek cultivar “Bebecou” and the resistant PPV cultivars of American origin (“Stark Early Orange,”
‘NJA2,” ‘Veecot,” “Sunglo,” “Harlayne,” and “Orangered”) were evaluated for resistance to the PPV-M (Marcus) strain, 8 years
after artificial inoculation. The inheritance of resistance to PPV has been additionally studied for the first time in a BC1 population of 95 apricot hybrids for four vegetative periods. Reaction of each hybrid to PPV-M was scored through visual
symptoms, indexing onto GF-305 and double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests. Segregation within the
hybrids, determined by Chi-squared analysis, fits a 1:1 ratio (P ≤ 0.05) of the resistant vs susceptible, indicating that resistance to PPV is controlled by a single dominant gene locus
and that the above six resistant cultivars are heterozygous for the trait. Plants carrying this gene may initially develop
disease symptoms on leaves but eventually recover and no virus can be detected in leaves. Susceptible plants show similar
symptoms initially but remain symptomatic. Inheritance of resistance to PPV also has been studied in 365 F1 hybrids by crossing
the resistant cultivar “Stella” with the susceptible “Bebecou” and the resistant cultivars “Sunglo” and “NJA2,” for 8 years
after inoculation. The segregation ratio was 1:0 (resistant/susceptible) suggesting that “Stella” is homozygous for the resistance
trait. The purpose of this work was the enhancement of the knowledge of inheritance of resistance to PPV for the selection
of new cultivars. 相似文献
17.
The recognition of correspondences has long been a fundamental activity among systematists. Advocates ofNaturphilosophie, such as Lorenz Oken, drew far-fetched analogies between taxonomic groups and all sorts of other things, including the Persons
of the Trinity. They treated change through time either as analogous to an ontogeny or as the product of divinely instituted
laws of nature. Darwin changed things by making the taxonomic units strictly historical, implying that they are not classes
but rather individuals in a broad metaphysical sense. That means that taxa are concrete, particular things, or wholes made
up of parts which are themselves individuals, and that there are no laws of nature for them. Homology is a relationship of
correspondence between parts of organisms that are also parts of populations and lineages. It is not a relationship of similarity,
and unlike similarity it is transitive. Analogy is a relationship of correspondence between parts of organisms that are members
of classes, and is not necessarily due to function. Taxa, like other individuals, can change indefinitely, and the only thing
that they must share is a common ancestor. They do not share an essence, Platonic Idea orBauplan, although “conservative characters” may be widespread in them. Iterative homology likewise is a relationship of correspondence,
but the nature of that correspondence remains unclear. The difficulties of the homology concept can be overcome by treating
phylogenetics and comparative biology in general as historical narrative.
From the 46th “Phylogenetisches Symposium”, Jena, Germany, November 20–21, 2004. Theme of the symposium: “Evolutionary developmental
biology—new challenges to the homology concept”. 相似文献
18.
Over two consecutive years in the North Bank Plain Zone of Assam, India, during the spring growing season (February–June)
of- 2006 and 2007 we examined effects of morpho-physiological characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants in relation to methane (CH4) emission from paddy fields. Traditional cultivar “Agni” and modern improved cultivar “Ranjit” were grown in light textured
loamy soil under irrigation. A higher seasonal integrated methane flux (E
sif) was recorded from “Agni” compared to “Ranjit”. Both cultivars exhibited an emission peak during active vegetative growth
and a second peak at panicle initiation. Leaf and tiller number, leaf area, length, and volume of root were greater in “Agni”,
but grain yield and yield-related parameters such as increased photosynthate partitioning to panicles at the expense of roots
were greater in “Ranjit”. “Ranjit” also photosynthesed faster than “Agni” during panicle development but slower than “Agni”
at tillering. In both the years, a higher soil organic carbon content was recorded in plots of “Agni”. Our results suggest
that in “Agni” enhanced diversion of photosynthate to roots resulted in more substrate being available to methanogenic bacteria
in the rhizosphere. Additionally, the more extensive vegetative growth of this cultivar may enhance methane transport from
the soil to the above-ground atmosphere. 相似文献
19.
Christian Mitgutsch 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2003,122(2-3):204-229
Summary After the rejection of the idealistic “vertebral theory of the skull,” the basic idea of the theory had been taken up again
by the German morphologist Carl Gegenbaur. He proposed a metameric ordering system of the vertebrate head based on a comparative
investigation of selachians. This “segmentation theory of the vertebrate head” had a stimulating effect on comparative anatomy.
Traces of the basic ideas are still inherent in the biological sciences. Despite the fact that Carl Gegenbaur proposed a rather
phylogenetic approach, his systematic investigations remained on a typological level. It is argued herein, that the reason
for that was his inability to perform his comparisons independent of a rather intuitive a priori hypothesis about phylogenetic relationships, thus leaving no possibilities for testing homologies. This is exemplified by
Carl Gegenbaur’s choice of species for comparative work as well as his use of these species in comparative work. Choosing
species for comparisons is discussed. 相似文献
20.
Nils Roll-Hansen 《Biology & philosophy》1989,4(3):303-329
I call an experiment “crucial” when it makes possible a decisive choice between conflicting hypotheses. Joharmsen's selection
for size and weight within pure lines of beans played a central role in the controversy over continuity or discontinuity in
hereditary change, often known as the Biometrician-Mendelian controversy. The “crucial” effect of this experiment was not
an instantaneous event, but an extended process of repeating similar experiments and discussing possible objections. It took
years before Johannsen's claim about the genetic stability of pure lines was accepted as conclusively demonstrated by the
community of geneticists.
The paper also argues that crucial experiments thus interpreted contradict certain ideas about the underdetermination of theories
by facts and the theory-ladenness of facts which have been influential in recent history and sociology of science. The acceptance
of stability in the pure lines did not rest on prior preference for continuity or discontinuity. And this fact permitted a
final choice between the two theories. When such choice is characterized as “decisive” or “final”, this is not meant in an
absolute philosophical sense. What we achive in these cases is highly reliable empirical knowledge. The philosophical possibility
of drawing (almost) any conclusion in doubt should be distinguished from reasonable doubt in empirical science. 相似文献