Development of Iphiseiodes quadripilis (Banks) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on pollen or mite diets and predation on Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in the laboratory

Development and reproduction of Iphiseiodes quadripilis (Banks) were evaluated on single food diets of pollen (Malephora crocea Jacquin [ice plant] or Quercus sp. [oak]), spider mites, [Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor) or Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae)], or the citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Acari: Eriophyidae). Experiments were conducted in an environmental chamber at 28 degrees +/- 1 degrees C, 14:10 (L:D) daylength, and 45% RH. I. quadripilis completed development and laid viable eggs that subsequently hatched on diets of either ice plant or oak pollen or eggs and motile stages of E. banksi. P. citri was acceptable as prey, but survival of larvae to adults was only 36%, whereas survival on E. banksi, ice plant pollen, and oak pollen was 48, 60, and 68%, respectively. The webbing produced by P. citri seemed to inhibit foraging behavior of I. quadripilis larvae and nymphs. Larvae of I. quadripilis developed only to the second nymphal instar on a diet of P. oleivora alone or water alone. Starved I. quadripilis females and deutonymphs were observed preying on the pink citrus rust mite, Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) (Eriophyidae). During 4-min observation trials, two series of I. quadripilis fed on 1.8 +/- 0.47 and 3.5 +/- 0.45 A. pelekassi motile stages after being starved for 6 and 24 h, respectively. I. quadripilis females did not prey on P. oleivora in arenas containing both rust mite species.     

Effects of providing pollen to Euseius sojaensis or Amblyseius eharai (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on populations of the pink citrus rust mite,Aculops pelekassi (Acari: Eriophyidae)

Applied Entomology and Zoology - The pink citrus rust mite, Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae), is a serious pest and is widely distributed in most citrus-growing areas of the world....     

不同品系番茄对番茄刺皮瘿螨生长发育的影响

为了弄清楚不同番茄品种对番茄刺皮瘿螨Aculops lycopersici (Massee)的抗感性程度,通过田间调查、室内盆栽接螨和离体培养等方法,考察了12个番茄品种（系）（多茸毛类YZ618和YZ619;少茸毛类YZ419, YZ507和YZ504;野生品系YZ7和YZ5 叶黄类YZ401;常规品系YZ406,YZ412,YZ413和YZ515）上番茄刺皮瘿螨的种群发育情况。结果表明：番茄刺皮瘿螨在不同番茄品种（系）上的种群密度有明显差异,野生品系YZ7及多茸毛品系YZ618和YZ619上较低,少茸毛品系YZ504,YZ507和YZ419较高。不同番茄品种（系）可能是通过影响螨的存活率和产卵能力来影响在品种（系）上的种群发展。离体培养观察发现,番茄刺皮瘿螨的存活率在少茸毛品系YZ504和YZ507上最高,其次是品系YZ419,野生品系YZ7上最低。在YZ504上的产卵量最大,YZ419和YZ507次之,YZ7最小。根据实验种群参数判断,野生品系YZ7及多茸毛品系YZ618和YZ619感螨程度低,为抗性品系; 少茸毛品系YZ504,YZ419和YZ507感螨程度高,为感螨品系。     

Influence of Canopy Height and Fertilization Levels on the Resistance of Lycopersicon Hirsutum to Aculops Lycopersici (Acari: Eriophyidae)

The objective of this work was to study the effect of NK fertilization levels and canopy height on the resistance of Lycopersicon hirsutum and Lycopersicon esculentum to Aculops lycopersici (Acari: Eriophydae). The effects of NK fertilization levels and canopy height in the leaf size and density of trichomes and their effects on tridecan-2-one (2-TD) and undecan-2-one (2-UD) limiting the attack of A. lycopersici on tomato plants were assessed. Different NK fertilization levels had no effect on the resistance of L. hirsutum to A. lycopersici. No significant differences were found in attack rates of this mite on leaves of the top and median parts of L. hirsutum canopy. The type and density of trichomes were the main determining factor of A. lycopersici attack on tomato plants. High trichome densities and type VI glandular trichomes which produce tridecan-2-one are important resistance factors on tomato plants. L. hirsutum showed a high resistance level to A. lycopersici due to high densities of type VI glandular trichomes and consequently higher levels of tridecan-2-one in its leaves.     

Monitoring the susceptibility of citrus rust mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) populations to abamectin.

A citrus leaf disk bioassay was developed to monitor the susceptibility of citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), populations to abamectin. Disks from leaves of several citrus cultivars were equally suitable bioassay substrates, and there was no difference in mortality when mites were sprayed directly or exposed to dry abamectin residue. The concentration-response relationship was determined at intervals over 2 yr for a reference population of citrus rust mites that had been maintained in culture and never exposed to acaricides. Three diagnostic concentrations of abamectin were selected based on the response of the reference population and were used to test the susceptibility of 15 populations of mites from commercial citrus groves. Comparisons with the reference population showed reduced levels of susceptibility in some populations. Populations of citrus rust mites from 6 commercial groves were sprayed twice in 1997 with combinations of acaricides designed to exert different intensities of selection pressure from abamectin. None of these populations showed a change in their response to abamectin in pre- and postspray bioassays, although their susceptibility was usually less than that of mites from the susceptible reference population. Biweekly counts of rust mites on fruit in these 6 groves suggested that, relative to groves which received no abamectin or 1 abamectin spray, mite control was not adversely affected in the groves sprayed twice with abamectin. The bioassay method is discussed in relation to factors that affect the interpretation of results from its use, and factors that may affect the development of resistance to abamectin in citrus rust mite populations are presented. This study has provided baseline data with which the results of ongoing tests of the response of citrus rust mite populations to abamectin can be compared.     

Effects of reducing sample size on density estimates of citrus rust mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) on citrus fruit: simulated sampling

The consequence of reducing sample size on the accuracy and precision of estimates of citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), densities on oranges was investigated. The sample unit was a 1-cm2 surface area on fruit. Sampling plans consisting of 360, 300, 200, 160, 80, 48, 36, or 20 samples per 4 ha were evaluated through computer simulations by using real count data from 32 data sets of 600 sample units per 4 ha. The original and reduced sampling plans were hierarchical with different numbers of sample areas per 4 ha, trees per area, fruit per tree, and samples per fruit. Individual estimates (n=100 simulations per data set) using each plan were sometimes considerably below or above target densities. In an original set of count data with a mean of six mites per cm2, simulations of 36 samples per 4 ha produced individual estimates ranging from one to 16 mites per cm2, whereas 80 samples per 4 ha produced estimates ranging from two to 10 mites per cm2. The plans consisting of 36 or more samples were projected to provide precision levels of 0.25 (SEM/mean) or better at densities of five or more mites per cm2 based on log-data, a projection that needs to be verified under real-grove situations. Each plan consistently provided mite detection in these sampling simulations except those consisting of 20 or 36 samples, which sometimes failed to detect mites when the target density was less than five mites per cm2. The study provided insight into the probable precision, accuracy and detection thresholds for eight candidate sampling plans varying from relatively low to high resource input.     

Efficacy of indigenous predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) against the citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Acari: Eriophyidae): augmentation and conservation biological control in Israeli citrus orchards

The citrus rust mite (CRM), Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Acari: Eriophyidae) is a cosmopolitan key pest of citrus, inflicting severe economic damage if not controlled. In Israel, CRM damages all citrus cultivars. International regulation and increasing control failures of CRM led growers to seek sustainable biological control solutions such as acarine biological control agents. Laboratory studies conducted in Israel have indicated that the indigenous predator species Amblyseius swirskii, Iphiseius degenerans, Typhlodromus athiasae and Euseius scutalis (all Acari: Phytoseiidae) can potentially control CRM. Our general objective in the present study was to bridge the gap of knowledge between laboratory studies and the lack of control efficacy of these species in commercial orchards. Predator augmentation in the field showed that although predator populations increased immediately following releases they later decreased and did not affect CRM populations. When A. swirskii augmentation was combined with a series of maize pollen applications, A. swirskii populations were enhanced substantially and continuously but again CRM populations were not affected. Growth chamber studies with CRM-infested seedlings, with or without a maize pollen supplement, indicated that pollen provisioning led to population increase of E. scutalis and A. swirskii but only E. scutalis significantly lowered CRM populations. Control with E. scutalis was confirmed in the field on CRM infested seedlings with pollen provisioned by adjacent flowering Rhodes grass. While experiments in mature citrus orchard showed that pollen supplement usually increased predator populations they also indicated that other factors such as intraguild interactions and pesticide treatments should be taken into account when devising CRM biological control programs.     

The effects of petroleum oil and lime sulfur on the mortality of Unaspis yanonensis and Aculops pelekassi in the laboratory

Arrowhead scale (AHS), Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), and pink citrus rust mite (PCRM), Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyoidae), are important arthropod pests of organic citrus orchards in Jeju. This study was conducted to evaluate the stage-specific mortality effects of petroleum spray oil (PSO) (AI 95%) and lime sulfur (LSF) (AI 22%) against AHS and PCRM in the laboratory. The developmental stages of AHS were divided into the 1st nymph, the three sub-stages of the 2nd nymph (N2a = early soft body, N2b = hardened body, and N2c = late apolysis), and the two sub-stages of adult females (A3a = early age, and A3b = middle age). The developmental stages of PCRM were divided into eggs, the 2nd nymphs, and adults. PSO 100× and LSF 80× resulted in high mortality against the 1st nymphs of AHS. The effects of PSO and LSF were significantly different among the application rates on 2nd nymphs of AHS and were higher on N2a. The PSO and LSF treatments significantly affected egg hatch rate of PCRM: LSF 50× (2.4%), LSF 100× and PSO of 50× and 200× (17.8% to 20.4%), and LSF 200× (39.0%). PSO and LSF also significantly affected the mortality of the 2nd nymphs and adults of PCRM. PSO and LSF resulted in low direct mortality on A3a and A3b of AHS, but induced an abnormal morphology. PSO treatment resulted in a loose attachment of AHS scale cover on the leaf surface and LSF treatment resulted in an abnormal or lacking scale cover.     

Temperature and relative humidity effects on egg and nymphal development of Aceria tulipae (K.) (Acari: Eriophyidae) on garlic leaves (Allium sativum L.)

Aceria tulipae (K.) is responsible for important crop losses of garlic in all production areas around the world. However, very little is known about its development in relation to temperature and relative humidity (r.h). Laboratory rearings from egg to adult stage were done on pieces of the apical part of young garlic leaves. These leaf pieces were placed in aluminium dishes floating on water or put on a solid hygroscopic salt in closed plastic trays. Rearing done in dark incubators at constant temperatures (10°C to 45°C) and with different r.h (25% to 75%) at 15°C and 25°C showed that: i) the shortest development time occurs at about 25°C; ii) the upper lethal temperature and the development threshold for the eggs are respectively estimated about 45°C and 6°C; iii) a r.h close to 100% is required for a high percentage of egg hatching, but water condensation on leaves is harmful. Host transpiration has an important regulatory effect on humidity conditions favouring mite survival.     

Residual bioassay to assess the toxicity of Acaricides against Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae) under laboratory conditions

Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae) is considered a major pest of the coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), and the use of pesticides is the current method to control it. However, no standard toxicological tests exist to select and assess the efficiency of molecules against the coconut mite. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology that allows for the evaluation of the relative toxicity of acaricides to A. guerreronis through rapid laboratory procedures. We confined A. guerreronis on arenas made out of coconut leaflets and tested two application methods: immersing the leaf fragments in acaricides and spraying acaricides on the leaf fragments under a Potter spray tower. In the latter application method, we sprayed leaf fragments both populated with and devoid of mites. We evaluated the comparative toxicity of two populations (Itamaracá and Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil) by spraying on leaflets without mites and submitted the mortality data to probit analysis after 24 h of exposure. No difference was observed in the LC50, regardless of whether the leaflets were immersed or sprayed with acaricide (abamectin, chlorfenapyr or fenpyroximate). The toxicity of chlorfenapyr and fenpyroximate did not differ, irrespective of whether it was applied directly to the leaflet or to the mite; however, the toxicity of abamectin was higher when applied directly to the mite. Chlorpyrifos and abamectin toxicities were lower for the Petrolina population than for the Itamaracá population. Immersing and spraying coconut leaflets can be used to assess the mortality of A. guerreronis under laboratory conditions.     

Taxonomic review of the tribe Anthocoptini (Acari: Eriophyidae) from Korea

Tribe Anthocoptini (Prostigmata: Eriophyidae) from Korea was reviewed. A total of eight species in the tribe were presented, among them, four species, Abacarus hystrix (Nalepa), Aculus fockeui (Nalepa and Trouessart), Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa) and Tegolophus zizyphagus (Keifer) were newly recorded to the fauna. All the Korean species of the tribe were redescribed and illustrated. Keys to the Korean species of the tribe and distributions were also presented with the biological information such as host plants and damage symptoms.     

Susceptibility of the tomato russet mite,Aculops lycopersici (Acari: Eriophyidae), in Egypt to methamidophos,pyridaphenthion, cypermethrin,dicofol and fenarimol

Resistance has developed in the tomato russet mite,Aculops lycopersici (Massee) to the organophosphate, methamidophos. Laboratory studies showed thatA. lycopersici which received methamidophos for 3 years was highly tolerant. In contrast, it was very susceptible to dicofol and pyridaphenthion, and susceptible to cypermethrin. Pyridaphenthion and dicofol had long residual activity whereas methamidophos and cypermethrin had shorter activity.     

中国叶刺瘿螨亚科四新种记述(蜱螨亚纲:瘿螨科)

记述叶刺瘿螨亚科4新种：粗毛榕上三脊瘿螨Calepitrimerus fici Wei,sp．nov．,大叶紫珠上瘿螨Epitrimerus callicarpae Wei et Li,sp．nov．,木姜子五脊瘿螨Pentamerus litseae Wei et Chen,sp．nov．和三又苦顶背瘿螨Tegonotus evodiae Wei,sp．nov．。模式标本保存在广西大学农学院。     

中国瘿螨亚科Eriophyinae二新种记述（蜱螨亚纲：瘿螨科）

描述了瘿螨亚科二新种：胡枝子瘤瘿螨Acerialespedezae Kuang,sp.nov.,模式产地辽宁鞍山市;竹斜瘿螨Acaralox bambusae Kuang,sp.nov.,模式产地湖南冷水江市。     

中国叶刺瘿螨亚科四新种记述

记述叶刺瘿螨亚科4新种:野葛藤裂柄瘿螨 Dichopelmus puerariae,sp.nov.,猪肚勒上三脊瘿螨 Calepitrimerus jasmini,sp.nov.,环江顶冠瘿螨 Tegolophus huanjiangensis,sp.nov.,类芦新四瘿螨 Neotetra neyraudiae,sp.nov..模式标本保存在广西大学农学院.     

中国瘿螨科三新种记述(蜱螨亚纲:瘿螨总科)

记述瘿螨科3新种：紫珠瘤瘿螨Aceria callicarpae,sp.nov.,寄主为大叶紫珠;甜茶叶刺瘿螨Phyllocoptes suavissimi,sp.nov.,寄主为甜茶;以及黄瑞木畸瘿螨Abacarus adinandrae sp.nov.,寄主为亮叶黄瑞木。     

中国瘿螨亚科Eriophyinae二新种记述 （蜱螨亚纲：瘿螨科）

 描述了瘿螨亚科二新种：胡枝子瘤瘿螨Aceria lespedezae Kuang,sp.nov.,模式产地 辽宁鞍山市;竹斜瘿螨Acaralox bambusae Kuang,sp.nov.,模式产地湖南冷水江市。     

中国叶刺瘿螨亚科四新种记述(蜱螨亚纲：瘿螨科)

记述了叶刺瘿螨亚科(Phyllocoptinae)四新种：茅莓上三脊瘿螨Calepitrimerus rubi sp.nov.,槐顶冠瘿螨Tegolophus sophorae sp.nov.,丁香四刺瘿螨Tetraspinus syringae sp.nov.和柳副四瘿螨Paratetra sallicis sp.nov.。     

Wheat curl mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) dispersal and its relationship with kernel red streaking in maize

Wheat curl mites, Aceria tosichella Keifer, dispersing from wheat (Triticum spp.) to nearby corn (Zea mays L.) fields play a role in the development of kernel red streaking in corn. These studies were undertaken to verify the relationship of wheat curl mite to kernel red streaking, to determine whether wheat is the main source of curl mites dispersing into corn and to determine whether planting corn in temporal or spatial isolation of wheat is a valid management strategy. These studies were conducted on farm fields using sticky traps to monitor mites, followed by sampling mature grain for kernel streaking in southwestern Ontario from 1999 to 2002. The dominant source mites were winter wheat. Mite dispersal occurred during the first 3 wk of winter wheat maturation after the wheat had reached Zadoks stage 87. Mite dispersal corresponded to prevailing winds in the area with the lowest number of mites and the lowest severity of kernel red streaking occurring 60 m from wheat fields planted to the north, south, and east of cornfields and 90 m from wheat fields planted to the west of cornfields. The severity of kernel red streaking was positively correlated with the density of wheat curl mites in corn; however, the correlation was weak and kernel red streaking was still high in many cornfields when few or no mites were present. These findings suggest that wheat curl mite migration into corn is not entirely predictive of the incidence and severity of kernel red streaking.