柑橘果实生长发育过程中果实不同部位的4种内源激素含量变化的研究

以单性结实的国庆1号温州蜜柑和自花结实的华农本地早橘为材料,研究了果实生长发育过程中果实不同部位的吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA1/3)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量的变化。结果表明:(1)国庆1号果皮IAA、GA1/3和ZR含量在幼果阶段均相对较高,随后果皮和果肉IAA含量均趋下降,而在果实膨大期内果肉ABA和果皮、果肉GA1/3、ZR含量均出现上升峰值,果实成熟采收时果皮和果肉ABA含量均明显回升。(2)华农本地早种子、果皮和果肉IAA及其种子ABA含量均在果实膨大期内出现明显峰值,在幼果阶段至果实膨大初期内种子GA1/3和ZR含量均居较高并出现明显上升,对应的果皮、果肉4种内源激素水平均相对较低且变幅小。还就两结实类型柑橘果实生长发育与其内源IAA、ABA、GA1/3和ZR含量动态的关系进行了讨论。     

柚果实不同部位的柚皮苷含量分析

用HPLC方法测定柚果实中柚皮苷含量的结果表明:果皮中柚皮苷含量最高,占总含量的92%以上,果肉高于种子。果皮中柚皮苷合成和积累主要在膨大期之前,而果肉和种子中柚皮苷在幼果期至膨大期间大量积累。果实趋于成熟时,不同品种间柚皮苷含量变化趋势不同,贮藏期的柚皮苷含量减少。     

单性结实和自花授粉结实柑橘果实发育中硼镁营养动态的研究

以单性结实的龟井温州蜜柑和自花授粉结实的鄂柑1号橘为试材,对整个果实发育期的子房(幼果)、果皮和果肉的硼镁含量变化进行了测定。结果表明:1)龟井花前至花期子房硼含量就已较高,花后下降;而鄂柑1号花期子房硼含量相对较低,花后有一显著上升;两品种子房(幼果)镁含量变化无明显差异,花后均趋下降。2)两品种果皮硼含量变幅较小,而果肉硼含量变幅相对较大,且均在果实膨大期出现明显的上升高峰;两品种果皮和果肉镁含量在果实发育前期均相对较高,在果实发育的中后期则趋明显下降。     

梨果各部分(皮、肉、核)钙运转动态的研究初报

以梨品种“黄花”为试材,研究了不同时期于果实的不同部位引入45Ca后各个部位放射性比活及钙分配比率变化。结果表明:(1)在幼果期,引入果肉的钙可快速向果皮与果核扩散,且向果皮扩散的速率较果核快;引入果核的钙也能向果肉中迅速运转。(2)在膨大期,引入果肉的钙可以向果皮、果核和种子扩散,但速率较幼果期慢;引入果核的钙基本上不向果皮和果肉运转。(3)在成熟期,引入果肉中的钙可以迅速向果皮与果核中积累,引入果核的钙向皮肉的运转微弱。     

单宁细胞形态与部分柿属种及品种相关性研究

采用软柿果肉直接压涂法,在光学显微镜下对204个柿属种及品种果实中的单宁细胞形态特征进行观察分析.结果显示:(1)在6个种柿属植物果实中,均含有单宁细胞,其外形大多属于短形和近圆形,但在数量、大小和颜色上存在差异,其中,油柿(Diospyros oleifera Cheng.)、君迁子(D.lotus Linn.)、柿(D.kaki Thunb.)、浙江柿(D.glaucifolia Metc.)的单宁细胞通常无色,而黑柿(D.nitida Mcrr.)为黄绿色,乌材(D.eriantha Champ.)为紫红色,乌柿(D.eathayensis Stheward.)为淡紫色;单宁细胞从大到小依次为油柿>君迁子>浙江柿>乌材>黑柿>乌柿.(2)单宁细胞在不同品种类型间差异明显,其中涩柿单宁细胞多为无色,单宁细胞比较宽大;甜柿品种均会出现褐变的单宁细胞,单宁细胞较小或瘦长;完全甜柿品种大多存在着凝固型褐变单宁细胞,仅少数凝聚呈球形,且单宁细胞分散存在于果肉中,果肉中的褐斑较细小;不完全甜柿在种子周围的褐斑处,可以看到大量的表面凹形且褐变的收缩型单宁细胞,且常以单宁细胞束的形态存在于果肉中,使果肉中的褐斑大而密;原产我国的完全甜柿中不存在凝聚型的单宁细胞,只有凝固型的单宁细胞.(3)聚类分析结果表明,单宁细胞的特征可以作为不同类型柿属种的分类依据.     

果实膨大期喷布磷酸二氢钾对三月红荔枝果实贮藏性的影响

在三月红荔枝(Litchi chinensis cv.Sanyuehong)果实膨大期对树冠喷施0.2%磷酸二氢钾(KP)水溶液,以探讨磷酸二氢钾对荔枝果实贮藏性的影响。结果表明:(1) KP处理的果实在贮藏期前17d,失重率及果肉可溶性固形物、酸、VitC、花色素苷等指标的变化趋势与对照基本相似;(2) KP处理的果肉可溶性蛋白质含量变化与对照有明显差异,而果皮的可溶性蛋白质含量在贮藏期前10d变化动态与对照一致,此后呈相反的变化趋势;(3)果皮POD活性显著高于果肉,KP处理和对照的果肉POD活性在贮藏第3d后、果皮POD活性在第17d前分别具有相似变化趋势;(4)果肉中CAT活性在贮藏第3~17d期间都显著或极显著高于果皮,KP处理和对照果肉、果皮CAT活性动态变化均为单峰曲线。     

BA、GA3和IAA对富士苹果果形形成的影响

以9年生富士苹果为材料,研究富士苹果形成过程中BA、GA,和IAA对果形、品质、内源激素含量的影响。结果表明：在花期喷GA,对富士苹果的坐果率影响效果最好,分别比清水对照和无处理对照提高49％和79．45％。BA100mg·L^-1GA3300mg·L^-1＋IAA20mg·L^-1对降低富士苹果偏斜率效果最好。在花期、花期＋幼果期和幼果期分别喷BA和在花期喷GA3可以提高果实中可溶性固形物的含量。花期喷IAA、BA、GA,和BA＋GA,＋IAA对内源激素IAA和GA3的含量均有促进作用,在整个生长季内不同处理下IAA、GA3含量均高于清水对照且差异明显;花期喷BA、GA3和BA＋GA3＋IAA对内源激素ZT含量有促进作用,尤其在果实幼果期和膨大期与清水对照相比效果明显;花期喷GA3和BA＋GA3＋IAA与清水对照相比内源激素ABA含量有明显降低,其中幼果期变化显著。     

套袋对红肉脐橙果肉中色素、糖及内源激素的影响

以红肉脐橙为试材,研究幼果期套袋至果实着色前拆袋对果肉中色素、糖及内源激素的影响.结果表明, 套袋显著或极显著地提高了成熟果实的番茄红素、β-胡萝卜素含量;套袋处理与对照果实的GA和ABA含量变化趋势一致,表现为GA含量在果实膨大期迅速下降,着色期至果实成熟期保持在较低水平,ABA含量在拆袋时达到最高峰,然后迅速下降,于果实成熟前又出现一小高峰;套袋极显著降低了脐橙果肉的葡萄糖含量,显著降低了果糖含量,提高了蔗糖含量,但总糖含量与对照无显著差异.     

不同成熟度菠萝贮藏特性的差异

随着菠萝果皮由绿转黄,果肉硬度及可溶性固形物含量降低,可溶性糖醛酸含量增加,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性持续升高,而果胶脂酶(PE)活性在过熟期达到高峰并开始下降。研究表明,同一菠萝不同部位果肉硬度、PG活性及可溶性糖醛酸含量差异较大。     

山茱萸果实发育过程中单宁物质的分布与积累特征

选取不同发育时期的山茱萸果实作为研究对象,采用果实形态观察法、显微及超微技术、组织化学定位法以及紫外分光光度计法对山茱萸果实发育过程中单宁物质分布及积累特征进行观察分析,并以单因素ANOVA检验不同发育时期单宁含量的差异,以揭示单宁物质在山茱萸果实发育中的变化规律,为山茱萸果实涩味调控机制研究提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)山茱萸果实发育过程中果皮颜色和果实体积变化明显,可将其发育过程划分为幼果期、中果期、成熟期3个时期;单宁物质主要分布在山茱萸果实中果皮的单宁细胞中。(2)在山茱萸果实发育过程中单宁细胞数目呈先增后减的变化趋势,幼果期单宁细胞从无到有,随着果实发育单宁细胞数目不断增多,至中果期单宁细胞数目开始减少。(3)单宁含量的变化规律与单宁细胞数目的变化一致,单宁含量在花后120 d时达到最多,随后逐渐减少。(4)单宁物质首先在细胞质的小液泡中积累,中央大液泡形成后则为单宁物质积累的主要场所,其积累形态主要有颗粒状、不规则状和板块状3种;单宁细胞中线粒体数目较多,中果期后期及成熟期在中央大液泡液泡膜附近有电子致密物质积累。研究认为,山茱萸果实中中果皮薄壁细胞为单宁物质积累的专属细胞,即单宁细胞,单宁物质的合成运输与液泡、囊泡以及线粒体的作用密切相关;成熟期山茱萸果实总单宁含量降低,涩味降低,表明单宁物质积累的动态变化与植物对环境的适应性和果实涩味息息相关,可结合代谢组和转录组的方法对山茱萸果实中单宁物质的合成机制进行进一步研究。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.