TRAIL及其受体介导的信号转导通路

1 .概述新近克隆的肿瘤坏死因子ＴＮＦ(ｔｕｍｏｒｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＴＮＦ)家族新成员———肿瘤坏死因子相关的凋亡诱导配体 (ＴＮＦ ｒｅｌａｔｅｄａｐｏｐ ｔｏｓｉｓ ｉｎｄｕｃｉｎｇｌｉｇａｎｄ ,ＴＲＡＩＬ) [1] 因其结构和功能与ＴＮＦ家族的另一成员ＦａｓＬ/Ａｐｏ 1Ｌ极为相似 ,又称Ａｐｏ 2Ｌ[2 ] 。与其他所有ＴＮＦ家族成员一样 ,ＴＲＡＩＬ属Ⅱ型跨膜糖蛋白 ,Ｃ末端胞外区 ( 1 1 4～ 2 81位氨基酸残基 )含有同源三聚体亚单位 ,在溶液中可形成三聚体或二聚体。可溶性ＴＲＡＩＬ在体外和体内均可诱导多种肿瘤细…     

γ-干扰素信号通路及功能相关基因

γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)是细胞因子超家族中IFN家族的重要成员,具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤及免疫调节等多种生物学功能。IFN-γ在其效应细胞内多种信号转导途径的交互作用及其相关刺激基因的表达,导致了其生物学功能的复杂性和多样性。章对IFN-γ及其受体的结构和功能;IFN-γ介导的多条信号转导通路,以及IFN-γ刺激基因的生物学功能等作概述。     

植物ABA受体及其介导的信号转导通路

ABA是调控植物体生长发育和响应外界应激的重要植物激素之一。近年来, ABA受体的筛选和鉴定取得了突破性进展, 为植物中ABA信号转导通路的阐明奠定了重要基础。该文主要综述了ABA-binding protein/H subunit of Mgchelatase (ABAR/CHLH)、G protein-coupled receptor 2 (GCR2)、GPCR-type G protein 1/2 (GTG1/2)和pyrabactin resistant/PYR-like/regulatory component of ABA (PYR/PYL/RCAR)被报道为ABA受体的研究历程, 重点介绍了以ABAR/CHLH PYR/PYL/RCAR为受体的ABA信号转导通路模型的构建, 旨在为ABA受体及其信号转导通路的相关研究提供参考。     

鸡IFN-γcDNA的克隆及测序

应用逆转录-多聚酶链反应（RT-PCR）技术,参照图外报道的鸡γ干扰素（CHIFN-γ）cDNA全基因序列,利用自行设计合成的一对引物,从ConA诱导培养的SPF鸡外周血淋巴细胞中扩增出CHIFN-γcDNA基因,并与PMD18-T载体连接,构建了CHIFN-γ基因重组体,经DNA序列测定,确认为CHIFN-γ基因,为进一步表达CHIFN-γ奠定了基础。     

Neuregulin／Erb信号转导通路在神经发育中的作用

Neuregulins(NRG)是一在结构上相类似的多肽家族,它们由四个不同的基因编码。NRG有三种异构体（NRG1、2和3）。这些异构体在及脑内有高表达,包括发育中的脑和成熟的脑。这些异构体中,对NRG1研究最为广泛。NRG1对神经系统的发育有多种重要的调节作用。它能促进胶质细胞的生化和分化;也能调节小脑、颗粒细胞沿胶质细胞的迁移。在突触形成过程中,NRG1可诱导以下三种受体的表达：神经肌肉接头和中枢 神经系统内的乙酰胆碱受体的表达;小脑胶质细胞中NMDA受体的NR2C亚单位的表达;小脑胶质细胞中GABAA受体的表达。近年来的研究表明,NRG受体多分布于突触后膜致密区,提示NRG可能对突触的可塑性有重要的作用。本文综述了NRG的研究进展,特别对其功能及其信号转导机制有较多的讨论。     

TLR4信号转导通路在肿瘤中的作用

慢性炎症与恶性肿瘤密切相关,Toll样受体4（TLR4）在肿瘤中的广泛表达提示其在慢性炎症致瘤机制中发挥重要作用。活化肿瘤细胞TLR4不仅促进肿瘤的生成和转移,而且参与肿瘤的免疫逃逸。另一方面,免疫佐剂又通过激活免疫细胞的TLR4信号产生抗肿瘤免疫。因此,TLR4在肿瘤中起着双刃剑的作用。     

PPAR-γ作用及其相关信号转导途径

过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体(peroxisomeproliferater-activatedreceptor,PPAR)是一类配体激活的核转录因子超家族成员,包括PPAR-α、PPAR-β/δ和PPAR-γ三种表型,其中以PPAR-γ的研究最为深入。PPAR-γ通过JAK-STAT、激活蛋白-1(AP-1)、NF-κB、活化T细胞核因子信号通路(NFAT)来抑制炎症反应;通过抑制泡沫细胞(foamcell)的分化、炎症反应以及细胞增殖来抑制动脉粥样硬化的发生发展;通过磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(PI3K)、瘦素、脂链素等信号通路来参与糖稳态的调节;通过细胞周期的调控来影响肿瘤生长;参与脂肪细胞分化并与肥胖密切相关。明确这些相关信号通路以及相关细胞因子的作用,可对相关疾病机制及防治进一步提供有力依据和干预途径。     

双歧杆菌在抗感染中的作用

双歧杆菌在抗感染中的作用河南省医学科学研究所郑州４５００５２罗予,蔡访勤双歧杆菌是人和很多动物肠道中正常菌群之一,１８９９年Ｔｉｓｓｉｅｒ［１］首次从母乳营养儿大便中发现该菌,在婴儿粪便中该菌占细菌总数的９８％,并指出它对乳儿营养和预防肠道感染具有重...     

结核分枝杆菌诱导IFN-β产生在免疫调控中的作用

结核分枝杆菌是导致结核病的病原体,也是影响全球数百万人健康的病原体之一。机体中多种模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor,PRR)可识别入侵的结核分枝杆菌,如DNA和RNA传感器,从而激活天然免疫系统并诱导干扰素-β(interferon-β, IFN-β)产生。虽然IFN-β是先天抗病毒应答的主要效应因子,但其在结核分枝杆菌感染中的作用仍具有争议。结核分枝杆菌感染诱导的IFN-β产生可以促进细菌生长,并增强细菌在宿主中的存活率,但用IFN-β处理细胞后再感染结核分枝杆菌,则可增强抗菌作用,保护宿主。因此,本综述将重点关注可识别结核分枝杆菌并诱导的IFN-β产生的PRR及其下游信号通路,并着重探讨IFN-β在介导结核分枝杆菌调控免疫功能中的作用,尤其是IFN-β与IL-1β之间的相互抑制性调节,旨在为进一步揭示结核分枝杆菌致病机制及结核病治疗药物研发提供新思路。     

Relationship between Immunity and Interferon Production in Macrophages

In vitro interferon (IF) production in peritoneal macrophages of normal and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-immunized mice was studied. Of ascites cells used, 80% were macrophages, 14% lymphocytes, and 6% polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It was indicated that IF was produced mainly in the macrophages after NDV inoculation. IF production in the macrophages derived from immunized mice was more enhanced than that in those from normal mice. It is not clear at present, however, whether this enhancement is based on immunological specificity. The IF production in the culture of macrophages reached its maximum value in 6 to 9 hr after inoculation of the inducer. After 12 hr, the IF titer in the culture fluid decreased gradually. A possible explanation of this fact is that there may be partial inactivation of IF by some cellular components.     

Interferon gamma and prostaglandin in BSE-infected cattle

Suspect field cases of BSE infection (displaying clinical signs) were examined for possible alterations of cytokine/autacoid plasma levels and were compared to control cases (not displaying clinical signs of BSE infection). Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) plasma levels were demonstrated as being elevated in all suspected field cases of BSE infection (irrespective of BSE status; determined via postmortem histopathological examination). We demonstrated that plasma IFN-gamma levels were significantly (P<0.005) higher in suspect cases of BSE infection than in control cases. BSE-positive prostaglandin-E(2), (PGE(2)) plasma levels were demonstrated as being elevated 1.25-fold above BSE-negative cases and 2.22-fold above control cases. No significant (P>0.5) increase in PGE(2)plasma levels was recorded between BSE-positive and -negative. IFN-gamma and PGE(2)plasma levels were examined using commercially available ELISA assay. The results presented in this publication are the first demonstration of alteration in immune state in animals with BSE.     

Interrelationships of Interferon and Immunity During Viral Infections

Interferon is one determinant of host resistance. The immune responses, cellular or humoral, are other components. Cell-mediated responses appear to be involved in host resistance to certain viral infections, particularly the herpesvirus group and vaccinia virus. It is suggested that immune and interferon responses may complement one another and contribute to host resistance. The relative importance of each component depends upon the virus-host interaction. Finally, evidence has been presented which suggests that production of interferon as a result of antigen-sensitized cell interaction may further link these two components of the host response.     

Interferon gamma: A master regulator of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by the development of fibrotic plaques in the arterial wall. The disease exhibits a complex aetiology and its progression is influenced by a number of environmental and genetic risk factors. The cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a key regulator of immune function, is highly expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and has emerged as a significant factor in atherogenesis. Evidence from both mouse models of atherosclerosis and in vitro cell culture has suggested that the role of IFN-γ is complex since both pro- and anti-atherogenic actions have been affiliated to it. This review will focus on evaluating the contribution of IFN-γ to atherosclerosis and, in particular, how it regulates immune responses to the disease.     

Interferon gamma mRNA "superinduction" in human lymphocytes

Human peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes produce interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in response to stimulation by mitogens. Previous studies on the kinetics of IFN-gamma mRNA production upon mitogen induction, showed that steady-state levels of mRNA increased to a maximum at 12-24 h post-induction after which they declined to levels not detectable by the assay used. We show here that in mitogen induced peripheral blood lymphocytes, inhibition of protein synthesis using three different inhibitors (cycloheximide, puromycin, pactamycin) resulted in an increase in the steady-state levels of IFN-gamma mRNA. The levels of mRNA in cells treated with inhibitor 16 h post-induction were up to 3-fold higher than in untreated cells. Superinduction was possible up to 40 h post-induction after which the steady-state levels of mRNA had declined to limits below detection; IFN-gamma mRNA was not superinduced by cycloheximide in the presence of actinomycin D.