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1.
POWELL  M. C. 《Annals of botany》1979,43(5):579-591
Observations were made on the growth and development of carnationsgrown in containers under natural or 24 h days. The number ofleaf pairs produced before flower initiation and the final lengthof each flowering stem were affected by the date at which theshoot appeared and its position on the plant. Dusk-to-dawn lighting reduced the number of axillary shootsin each generation but increased their rate of development.This resulted in similar numbers of flowers being produced inboth treatments. Dianthus caryophyllus L., Carnation, growth, flowering, day length  相似文献   

2.
BLAKE  JENNET 《Annals of botany》1962,26(1):95-104
Normal and abnormal development of the stem apex is describedfor the carnation Dianthus caryophyllus, cultivated varieties.Abnormalities described include adventitious buds within theflower, carpel-like structures in the stamen whorl, excessivedevelopment of ovules, and axile secondary flower formations.Some comments are made on their occurrence and they are discussedin the light of present hypotheses concerning flower initiationand development.  相似文献   

3.
LESHEM  B. 《Annals of botany》1983,52(6):873-876
Axillary buds of carnation (cv. Cerise Royalette) cultured invitro, frequently became ‘succulent’ plantlets,which proved to be a teratalogical stable type of growth. Agarconcentration (0.8–1.2 per cent) in the medium influencedthe type of development, and 0.05, 1 or 2 mg l–1 of NAAin the medium did not change the results. The succulent plantletsdid not revert to normal growth when transferred to medium containingmore agar, which favoured normal plantlet development. Succulentexcised meristems developed mainly into succulent plantlets. A hypothesis is made that a rearrangement of the meristem occursin the first days of growth, the consequence of which is thesucculent plantlet, which is no longer influenced by agar concentrationin the medium. Carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Cerise Royalette, vegetative shoot meristem, agar effect, meristem organization  相似文献   

4.
A Cytochemical Study of Differentiation and Breakdown of Vessel End Walls   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
A cytochemical approach was used to study the architecture ofthe end wall and its modifications during vessel differentiationin Populus italica and Dianthus caryophyllus. The combinationof cytochemical techniques with selective extractions to removeend wall subunits provides information on the different componentsof the end wall and on the method of perforation. The end wallappears to be formed mainly from pectins and hemicelluloses.No cellulosic components nor lignin were found though the 3,3'-diaminobenzidine assay revealed the presence of peroxidases.That the method of perforation may depend on the species isdiscussed. Dianthus caryophyllus L., carnation, Populus italica, poplar, xylem vessel, cell wall, cytochemistry, vessel differentiation  相似文献   

5.
Structural Changes During Vitrification of Carnation Plantlets   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
WERKER  ELLA; LESHEM  B. 《Annals of botany》1987,59(4):377-385
The structure of plantlets of Dianthus caryophyllus cv. CeriseRoyalette was studied at various developmental stages. In vitrifiedplantlets there were the following main differences from normalstructure: (a) reduction in the period in which cells remainmeristematic in developing parts of the shoot, up to full maturationof the shoot apex itself; (b) hypertrophy of the cells, witha loss of a clear axis of elongation; (c) defective cell wallsin which disintegration occurs at certain regions to form cavities. Dianthus caryophyllus, vitrified plantlets, shoot apex, stomata  相似文献   

6.
LESHEM  B. 《Annals of botany》1983,52(3):413-415
Carnation meristems cultured in vitro grow into shoots of threetypes: normal, translucent and succulent. The apical meristemof succulent shoots was of the mantle-core type and it lackedpro-vascular tissue. The leaf had large vacuolated mesophyllcells, fewer stomata (often plugged), and no plate meristem.A higher agar concentration in the medium increased the percentageof normal shoots developing. This supports other indicationsthat the water potential of the medium affects morphogenesis. carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus L, meristem culture, abnormal plantlets, shoot meristem  相似文献   

7.
Summary Plant survival ex vitro requires functioning stomata, adequate cuticular wax composition and deposition, and normal morphological development. Light intensity, CO2 and relative humidity were altered inside an acoustic window mist reactor to study their effects on carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) growth, stomata development, hyperhydration and epicuticular wax content. Increasing the light intensity from 65 to 145 μmol m−2 s−1 and enrichment of the gas phase with CO2 (1350 ppm) reduced the number of hyperhydrated plants from 75 to 25% and increased the percentage dry weight of normal (healthy) plants from 17 to 25%. Lowering the relative humidity (≈70% RH) surrounding the plants during the mist-off phase for the last 2 wk of culture reduced the number of hyperhydrated plants from 70 to 9% and also increased the percentage of dry weight of normal plants from 16 to 25%. The stomata on plants grown in conditions of high light or low humidity had smaller apertures and appeared sunken when compared to stomata from plants grown in low light and high relative humidity. The epicuticular wax profiles of plants from the greenhouse or Magenta boxes showed a distinct shift in wax compounds with developmental age, plant type (hyperhydrated or normal), and type of box that was used (vented or not). In addition, very different wax profiles were observed from plants grown in reactors with altered CO2 and light intensities.  相似文献   

8.
The Effect of Cytokinins on Vitrification in Melon and Carnation   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
The influence of exogenous cytokinin on vitrification of melonand carnation buds grown in vitro was assessed. In melon, theanatomical traits of vitrification were found to be similarto those previously described for carnation grown on a highconcentration of auxin. In carnation, the plantlets treatedwith high cytokinin concentrations became bushy but the anatomicalstructure remained normal. The relation of cytokinin and vitrificationis discussed. Cucumis melo L., Dianthus caryophyllus L., vitrified plantlets, habituation, cytokinin  相似文献   

9.
Adventitious shoots were regenerated from fragmented flowerbuds, individual petals and receptacles in a number of differentcarnation cultivars. The major site of shoot formation was thesubepidermal cells at the proximal end of the petals. The yieldof shoots from a single flower bud was high, ranging between70 and 275, for the 11 cultivars tested. The regeneration mediumcontained Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with4–8 µm -naphthaleneacetic acid and 4–8 µmbenzyladenine. The preferred regeneration protocol appears highlysuited to the development of gene transfer systems. Adventitious shoots, Dianthus caryophyllus L., tissue culture, explant, auxin, cytokinin, cut flowers, floriculture, organogenesis  相似文献   

10.
When applied either in the form of a colloidal solution or inliposomes, buckyballs (C-60—buckminsterfullerene) markedlyreduced ethylene evolution from cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)flowers, as well as pea (Pisum sativum) and broadbean (Viciafaba) foliage treated with ethylene precursor l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylicacid (ACC). The liposome preparation was approximately twiceas effective as colloidal solutions. Moreover, upon being incubatedin a closed atmosphere with ethylene, buckyballs induced a significantdepletion of ambient ethylene which was temperature and C-60—concentrationdependent. This mode of C-60 action is attributed to ethyleneadsorption stemming from the vast C-60 surface area, calculatedto be 1317 m2 g-1, and the affinity of its carbon atoms forthe component in the ethylene double bond.Copyright 1993, 1999Academic Press Dainthus caryophyllus, Pisum sativum, Vicia faba, adsorption, ethylene, fullerene  相似文献   

11.
Background and Aims Neotyphodium lolii is a fungal endophyteof perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), improving grass fitnessthrough production of bioactive alkaloids. Neotyphodium speciescan also affect growth and physiology of their host grasses(family Poaceae, sub-family Pooideae), but little is known aboutthe mechanisms. This study examined the effect of N. lolii onnet photosynthesis (Pn) and growth rates in ryegrass genotypesdiffering in endophyte concentration in all leaf tissues. • Methods Plants from two ryegrass genotypes, Nui D andNui UIV, infected with N. lolii (E+) differing approx. 2-foldin endophyte concentration or uninfected clones thereof (E–)were grown in a controlled environment. For each genotype xendophyte treatment, plant growth rates were assessed as tilleringand leaf extension rates, and the light response of Pn, darkrespiration and transpiration measured in leaves of young (30–45d old) and old (>90 d old) plants with a single-chamber openinfrared gas-exchange system. • Key Results Neotyphodium lolii affected CO2-limited ratesof Pn, which were approx. 17 % lower in E+ than E– plants(P < 0·05) in the young plants. Apparent photon yieldand dark respiration were unaffected by the endophyte (P >0·05). Neotyphodium lolii also decreased transpiration(P < 0·05), but only in complete darkness. There wereno endophyte effects on Pn in the old plants (P > 0·05).E+ plants grew faster immediately after replanting (P < 0·05),but had approx. 10 % lower growth rates during mid-log growth(P < 0·05) than E– plants, but there was noeffect on final plant biomass (P > 0·05). The endophyteeffects on Pn and growth tended to be more pronounced in NuiUIV, despite having a lower endophyte concentration than NuiD. • Conclusions Neotyphodium lolii affects CO2 fixation,but not light interception and photochemistry of Pn. The impactof N. lolii on plant growth and photosynthesis is independentof endophyte concentration in the plant, suggesting that theendophyte mycelium is not simply an energy drain to the plant.However, the endophyte effects on Pn and plant growth are stronglydependent on the plant growth phase.  相似文献   

12.
Adventitious shoots were regenerated from axillary bud explantsof 15 carnation cultivars. The use of leaf and stem explantswas not successful, largely due to explant senescence in thepresence of benzyladenine, kinetin and, to a lesser extent,zeatin. For axillary bud explants, a suitable optimum adventitiousregeneration medium contained Murashige and Skoog basal mediumsolidified with Gelrite and supplemented with 15 µm benzyladenineand 0.5 µM a-napthaleneacetic acid. Adventitious primordiaarose from the cut basal end of bud explants erupting as individualshoots after 2–3 weeks incubation. The axillary bud sizeand the time between subcultures of source material influencedthe production of adventitious shoots. Transfer of regeneratedshoots onto a medium solidified with agar minimized visiblesigns of vitrification. Regenerated shoots could be easily rooted,transferred to glasshouse conditions and grown to flowering. Vitrification, tissue culture, cut flowers, Dianthus caryophyllus L., carnation, cytokinins, explant  相似文献   

13.
Small pieces of different tissues from stems of young and oldcarnation plants were analyzed for lignification (lignin/celluloseratios) and lignin composition by means of pyrolysis-(gas chromatography)-massspectrometry. The epidermis and phloem of young and old stemswere essentially non-lignified. Pith parenchyma was only lignifiedin mature and senescing tissues. The type of lignin in sclerenchymadiffered from that in xylem and pith. Lignification in the xylemof very young tissues was a mainly guaiacyl-type lignin, whichgradually changed into a mixed guaiacyl-syringyl lignin in oldertissues. In mature tissues, the sclerenchyma was more highlylignified than the xylem. All tissues yielded comparatively large amounts of dihydroferulicacid, a compound which may be specific for carnation. Carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus, epidermis, cortex, sclerenchyma, phloem, xylem, pith, lignification, aging, dihydroferulic acid, pyrolysis-(gas chromatography)-mass spectrometry  相似文献   

14.
Root apical meristems (RAMs) in dicotyledonous plants have two organizational schemes; closed (with highly organized tiers) and open (tiers lacking or disorganized). These schemes are commonly believed to remain unchanged during the growth of the root axis. Individual roots are commonly thought to have indeterminate growth. We challenge these two generalizations through the study of five species with closed apical organization: Clarkia unguiculata L., Oxalis corniculata L., Dianthus caryophyllus L., Blumenbachia hieronymi Urb., and Salvia farinaceae Benth. cv. “Strata”. These roots have phased growth patterns where early growth is followed by deceleration, after which the initial cells stop dividing, elongation ceases, and the root reaches its determinate length. At or before reaching determinacy, the root apical meristem stops maintaining its closed organization and becomes less organized. These observations will be placed in context with observations from the literature to suggest two new generalizations, namely, that apical organization does change over the growth phases of roots, and that roots are determinate.  相似文献   

15.
Vitrification is a morphological and physiological disorder affecting in vitro regenerated plants. Vitrified shoots of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) regenerated from cultured cotyledons were abnormally glassy, thick and bushy with wider translucent leaves. Such vitrified shoots were recovered by culturing them on a medium supplemented with GA3. Differentiation of shoot buds from the cultured cotyledons of D. caryophyllus occurred on MS medium supplemented with BAP (2.0 mg/l). Shoot buds subcultured on the same medium resulted in further prolific development of shoot buds and bushy shoot growths. Key words: carnation, shoot morphogenesis, micropropagation, cotyledons vitrification.  相似文献   

16.
Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Nelken was cultured in vitro under different ventilation rates (0.11, 0.21, 0.68 and 0.86 changes h−1). Ventilation modified the anatomical characteristics of shoots and leaves described for plants grown in non-ventilated vessels: the cuticle became thicker, there was a decreased cell size and intracellular space size. Also, there were more photosynthetic and supportive tissues, including thicker cell walls. Increased ventilation promoted in vitro hardening of micropropagated carnation shoots, and pushed the culture-induced phenotype closer to that of ex vitro acclimatized plants. Anatomical variability of in vitro-grown plants was demonstrated to be a consequence of ventilation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

17.
Summary A mist bioreactor system for the plant tissue cultures was developed. Using this system, the growth of Dianthus caryophyllus multiple shoots was directly measured. Tissue growth in mist bioreactor system was far better than that on agar medium and almost comparable to that in liquid medium. The mass increase (final dry weight/initial dry weight) in the mist culture was 2.85 while 3.28 in the liquid flask culture. Shoots were seriously vitrified in flask culture but these vitrifications could be considerably cured by using the mist culture system.  相似文献   

18.
When grown in a nutrient solution containing combined nitrogen(NH4NO3), Lotus pedunculatus and L. tenuis seedlings inoculatedwith a fast-growing strain of Rhizoblum (NZP2037) did neitherdevelop root nodules nor develop flavolans in their roots. Incontrast, the roots of nodulated seedlings growing in a nitrogen-freenutrient solution contained flavolans. Flavolan synthesis coincidedwith root nodule development on these plants. When added as a single dose, high concentrations of NH4NO3 (5and 10 mg N per plant) stimulated the growth of L. pedunculatusplants but suppressed nodulation and nitrogen fixation. In contrastthe continued supply of a low concentration of NH4NO3 (1?0 mgN d–1 per plant) stimulated nitrogen fixation by up to500%. This large increase in nitrogen fixation was associatedwith a large increase in nodule fresh weight per plant, a doublingof nodule nitrogenase activity, and a lowering of the flavolancontent of the plant roots. The close relationship between nitrogendeficiency, nodule development, and flavolan synthesis in L.pedunculatus meant that it was not possible (by nitrogen pretreatmentof plants) to alter the ineffective nodule response of a Rhizobiumstrain (NZP2213) sensitive to the flavolan present in the rootsof this plant.  相似文献   

19.
Formation of stems both in callus tissue isolated from hypocotyl and in apical meristems culture of carnation plants (Dianthus caryophyllus L. ev. “Grenadin white, yellow, scarlet red, dark red and pink”) was evokedin vitro using chemically defined medium. The rooted stems were transferred into pots and cultivated under natural conditions.  相似文献   

20.
Application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) hasbeen shown to increase legume growth and development under optimaltemperature conditions, and specifically to increase nodulationand nitrogen fixation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] overa range of root zone temperatures (RZTs). Nine rhizobacteriaapplied into soybean rooting media were tested for their abilityto reduce the negative effects of low RZT on soybean growthand development by improving the physiological status of theplant. Three RZTs were tested: 25, 17.5, and 15 °C. At eachtemperature some PGPR strains increased plant growth and development,but the stimulatory strains varied with temperature. The strainsthat were most stimulatory at each temperatures were as follows:15 °C—Serratia proteamaculans 1–102; 17.5 °C—Aeromonashydrophila P73, and 25 °C—Serratia liquefaciens 2–68.Because enhancement of plant physiological activities were detectedbefore the onset of nitrogen fixation, these stimulatory effectscan be attributed to direct stimulation of the plant by thePGPR rather than stimulation of plant growth via improvementof the nitrogen fixation symbiosis. Legume; nitrogen fixation; nodulation; root zone temperature; PGPR  相似文献   

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