LIN28A在GT1-7细胞中过表达对性发育相关基因的影响

[目的]在GT1-7细胞过表达LIN28A,研究其与性发育相关基因表达是否存在调控关系; RNA-seq发现LIN28A参与调控性发育的信号通路和基因。[方法]构建LIN28A慢病毒过表达载体,转染GT1-7细胞,Real-Time PCR检测LIN28A和性发育相关基因在mRNA水平表达变化;将过表达LIN28A的GT1-7细胞进行RNA-seq、生物信息学分析、Real-Time PCR验证,找到影响性发育的信号通路和基因。[结果]与对照相比,LIN28A在GT1-7细胞过表达18倍(P <0. 001),KISS1在mRNA水平显著升高(P <0. 01); KEGG分析,LIN28A相关的差异基因在MAPK信号通路差异显著,MAPK通路筛选到多个性发育相关基因(Fgf21、JUN、Cyp1a1、Rasgrp2),Real-Time PCR验证它们在mRNA水平差异显著(P <0. 05)。[结论]成功构建LIN28A慢病毒过表达载体,LIN28A在GT1-7细胞中过表达会促进KISS1的表达,并且LIN28A可能通过MAPK通路调控性发育。     

Metalloendopeptidase EC3.4.24.15 is constitutively released from the exofacial leaflet of lipid rafts in GT1-7 cells

Metalloendopeptidase EC3.4.24.15 (EP24.15) is a physiologically important neuropeptide-degrading enzyme involved in the metabolism of multiple neuropeptides. The mechanism of release of EP24.15 from neuronal cells is multimodal, being both constitutive and stimulatable. Previous studies have characterized stimulated EP24.15 secretion, yet little is understood concerning constitutive release of the peptidase. Utilizing the mouse hypothalamic neuronal GT1-7 cell line, we demonstrate that EP24.15 exists within lipid rafts in the plasma membrane, and that the enzyme is localized to the exofacial leaflet of lipid rafts. Further, we have found that biotinylated EP24.15 on the extracellular surface is released into the cell media in a fashion similar to constitutive release. In addition, classical and non-classical secretion pathway inhibitors were employed to understand the release of EP24.15 into surrounding cell media. The non-classical secretion inhibitor glyburide, a blocker of ATP-sensitive K+ channels, decreased the amount of constitutively released EP24.15 in cell media of GT1-7 cells. With these data, we conclude that EP24.15 association with lipid rafts on the extracellular surface precedes constitutive release of the peptidase into the extracellular milieu for its action on neuropeptides.     

Unexpected high density of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors in the guinea pig spleen

Receptors for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY) have been extensively characterized in the brain. Less is known about NPY receptor subtypes in the spleen, though it is well established that NPY produces vascular contraction in this tissue. In the present study, we found an unusually high density of Y₁ receptors in the guinea pig spleen. These receptors are localized to the red pulp and exhibit a pharmacology that is consistent with the Y₁ receptor. On the other hand, only very low densities for Y₂ receptors were observed. Therefore, the guinea pig spleen may be a ideal tissue for further study of the role of Y₁ receptors in cardiovascular and immune function.     

Analysis of neuropeptide Y-induced feeding: dissociation of Y1 and Y2 receptor effects on natural meal patterns.

To differentiate NPY receptor subtypes, Y₁ and Y₂, in terms of their impact on feeding behavior, the intact molecule NPY(1–36) and the 3 fragments, NPY(2–36), the Y₁ agonist [Leu³¹,Pro³⁴]NPY, and the Y₂ agonist NPY(13–36), were injected (100 pmol/0.3 μl) into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of freely feeding rats. A computer-automated data acquisition system was employed in these experiments to permit a detailed analysis of feeding over the 12-h nocturnal cycle, in animals maintained on pure macronutrient diets. The results demonstrate that: 1) NPY(1–36) potentiates feeding behavior, primarily carbohydrate ingestion, by increasing the size and duration of the first meal after injection, rather than by affecting meal number or feeding rate, suggesting that NPY acts through mechanisms of satiety. The potentiation of carbohydrate intake occurs in association with a suppression of protein intake, which is strongest during the second meal after injection and which further increases the proportion of carbohydrate in the diet. No changes in fat ingestion are seen. 2) NPY(2–36), with the N-terminal tyrosine residue deleted, is equally potent to NPY(1–36) in potentiating carbohydrate intake and increasing meal size; however, it is less selective than NPY(1–36), producing an additional, smaller increase in consumption of protein. 3) The stimulatory effect of these peptides on carbohydrate intake and meal size is similarly observed, with somewhat reduced potency, after PVN injection of the selective Y₁ agonist [Leu³¹,Pro³⁴]NPY which, like NPY(1–36), also reduces protein intake. 4) The Y₂ receptor agonist, NPY(13–36), causes a decrease in the ingestion of carbohydrate, a smaller decline in protein intake, and a reduction in meal size. It is proposed that hypothalamic Y₁ receptors mediate the stimulatory effect of NPY on carbohydrate intake and meal size, while Y₂ receptors have the opposite effect of suppressing carbohydrate intake, possibly by altering presynaptic release of monoamines known to influence nutrient ingestion.     

Immunocytochemical localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the human hypothalamus

Summary In order to study the distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the human hypothalamus, an immunocytochemical localization of this peptide was performed. Using antibodies developed against synthetic porcine neuropeptide Y (NPY), we have been able to localize immunoreactivity in neuronal cell bodies located exclusively in the infundibular nucleus. Immunostained fibers were found in several regions in the hypothalamus with a high concentration in the periventricular areas. Fibers were also found in the neurovascular zone of the median eminence, the pituitary stalk and the posterior pituitary. These results suggest that immunoreactive material related to porcine NPY is present in the human hypothalamus, with a distribution similar to that observed in the rat.     

Distribution of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in human visual cortex and underlying white matter

Immunocytochemical techniques have been used to study neuropeptide Y (NPY) distribution in the human visual cortex (Brodman's areas 17, 18 and 19) NYP cell bodies belong mostly to inhibitory (multipolar and bitufted) but also to excitatory (bipolar and some pyramidal) neuronal types. Their distribution is similar in the three cortical areas studied: 20 to 40% of the NPY perikarya are located in the cortical gray matter, mostly in the deep layers, while the remaining 60 to 80% are located in the underlying white matter. Immunoreactive NPY processes form a rich network of intersecting fibers throughout the entire visual cortex. A superficial plexus (layers I and II) and a deep plexus (deep layer V and layer VI) of NPY fibers are present in areas 17, 18 and 19. In area 17, an additional well developed plexus is present in layers IVb and IVc. These plexuses receive branches from long parallel fibers arising from deep cortical layers or underlying white matter and terminating in superficial layers. Local or extrinsic NPY terminals wind around vessels in the cortex as well as in the white matter, and either penetrate them or form clusters of club endings on their walls. Our results suggest a role for NPY in human visual circuitry and in cortical blood flow regulation.     

人B7—1和B7—2cDNA的克隆及鉴定

目的：为探索性构建全新型重组人B7－PE40绿脓杆菌外毒素融合蛋白以长期诱导免疫耐受,本研究从急性B淋巴细胞白血病细胞株Raji中隆N－末端分别缺失34和16个氨基酸的人B7－1和B7－2基因胞外区,并构建含此基因的重组质粒。方法：根据B7－1和B7－2基因序列设计合成可增B7－1和B7－2cDNA的特异性引物,用RT－PCR的方法从Raji细胞总RNA中扩增B7－1和B7－2cDNA,并克隆至pGEM－T载体中,经酶切鉴定后再进行序列分析。结果和结论：从Raji细胞中扩增出预期 的624和675bp的B7－1和B7－2cDNA,将其克隆至pGEM-T载体中,分别经EcoRI/HindⅢ和BamHI/SphI双酶切电泳和序列分析确证,为进一步构建人B7－PE40外毒素融合蛋白奠定了基础。     

Autoradiographic reevaluation of the binding properties of 125I-[Leu31,Pro34]peptide YY and 125I-peptide YY3-36 to neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes in rat forebrain

125I-[Leu31,Pro34]peptide YY (PYY) and 125I-PYY3-36, initially described as selective neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y2 receptor ligands, respectively, were recently shown to label also Y4 and Y5 receptors. We used receptor autoradiography to assess whether these ligands can be reliably used to investigate the various neuropeptide Y receptors in rat forebrain. In most of the brain regions examined (in coronal sections at the level of dorsal hippocampus), specific 125I-[Leu31,Pro34]PYY binding was completely inhibited by 1 microM BIBP-3226, a selective Y1 receptor ligand, but unaffected by 10 nM rat pancreatic polypeptide, selectively inhibiting Y4 receptors, suggesting that Y4 receptors are present in negligible numbers compared with Y1 receptors in the areas examined. Significant numbers of BIBP-3226-insensitive 125I-[Leu31,Pro34]PYY binding sites were measured in the CA3 subfield of the hippocampus only, possibly representing Y5 receptors. 125I-PYY3-36 binding was unchanged by 1 microM BIBP-3226, whereas a population of 125I-PYY3-36 binding sites was sensitive to 100 nM [Leu31,Pro34]neuropeptide Y, likely representing Y5 receptors. The possibility of distinguishing between Y2 and Y5 receptors using 125I-PYY3-36 as radioligand was validated by their different regional distribution and their distinct changes 24 h after kainate seizures, i.e., binding to Y5 receptors was selectively decreased in the outer cortex, whereas binding to Y2 receptors was enhanced in the hippocampus. Thus, the use of selective unlabeled compounds is required for distinguishing the various receptor subtypes labeled by 125I-[Leu31,Pro34]PYY and 125I-PYY3-36 in rat brain tissue.     

Neuropeptide Y,enkephalin and noradrenaline coexist in sympathetic neurons innervating the bovine spleen

Summary The subcellular distribution of noradrenaline (NA), neuropeptide Y (NPY), Met and Leu-enkephalin (ENK), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was investigated in homogenates of bovine splenic nerve. The distribution of noradrenergic peptide-containing nerves in the bovine celiac ganglion, splenic nerve and terminal areas in spleen was studied by indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry using antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine--hydroxylase (DBH), NPY, enkephalin peptides, SP, SOM, VIP and peptide HI (PHI).After density gradient centrifugation, high levels of NPY and ENK-like immunoreactivity (LI) were found in high-density gradient fractions, coinciding with the main NA peak. SP, SOM and VIP were found in fractions with a lower density, VIP being also enriched in a heavy fraction; the latter three peptides were present in low concentrations.Immunohistochemistry revealed that staining for NPYLI and ENK-LI partly overlapped that for TH and DBH in celiac ganglia, splenic nerve axons and terminal areas of spleen. Almost all principal ganglion cells were TH- and DBH-immunoreactive. Many were also NPY-immunoreactive, whereas a smaller number were ENK-positive. In the celiac ganglion patches of dense SP-positive networks and some VIP/PHI- and ENK-immunoreactive fibers were seen around cell bodies.The results indicate that NPY and ENK are stored with NA in large dense-cored vesicles in unmyelinated axons of bovine splenic nerve. SP, SOM and VIP appear in different organelles in axon populations separate from sympathetic noradrenergic nerves.     

Changes in expression of the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor gene in the medial amygdala of transgenic mice during pregnancy and after delivery

Long-term administration of progesterone or allopregnanolone was previously shown to increase Y1 receptor gene expression in the medial amygdala of Y1R/LacZ transgenic mice, which harbor a construct comprising the murine Y1 receptor gene promoter and a lacZ reporter. We have now investigated the effects of physiological fluctuations in the cerebrocortical concentrations of neuroactive steroids during pregnancy on Y1R/LacZ transgene expression by quantitative histochemical analysis of beta-galactosidase activity. Cerebrocortical concentrations of progesterone and its metabolites allopregnanolone and allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone were increased on day 18 of pregnancy and had returned to control values 2 days after delivery. Transgene expression in the medial amygdala was also increased on day 18 of pregnancy and had returned to control values 2 days after delivery. Similar results were obtained after analysis of Y1R mRNA levels in the medial amygdala of pregnant mice by in situ hybridization. Administration of the 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride to pregnant mice prevented both the increase in the cerebrocortical concentrations of neuroactive steroids as well as the increase in transgene expression. These data suggest that fluctuations in the brain concentrations of endogenous neuroactive steroids during pregnancy are associated with changes in Y1 receptor gene expression in the medial amygdala, further supporting a functional interaction between the GABAergic and NPY-Y1 receptor systems.     

Intragranular co-storage of neuropeptide Y and arginine vasopressin in the paraventricular magnocellular neurons of the rat hypothalamus

Summary Certain populations of arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons in the magnocellular paraventricular nucleus became immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY) when rats were treated with colchicine or monosodium glutamate (MSG). The co-storage of these peptides was examined by empooying a post-embedding electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry technique using goldlabeled antibodies to the two peptides. In colchicinetreated rats, the neuronal perikarya contained numerous secretory granules showing co-storage of the two peptides. The cells of the MSG-treated rats were characterized by having well-developed Golgi bodies with the granular structures also co-storing the two peptides, although the secretory granules in the perikarya were rather fewer than in the colchicine-treated rats. It is concluded that the destruction of the arcuate nucleus by MSG-treatment may potentiate the synthesis of NPY in AVP neurons, the synthesis of which is latent in intact animals.     

Localization of neuropeptide Y and atrial natriuretic peptide in the endothelial cells of human umibilical blood vessels

The localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the endothelial cells of human umbilical blood vessels was studied using the pre-embedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique for electron microscopy and avidin-biotin-complex (ABC) immunostaining for endothelial cells cultured from umbilical vein. Subpopulations of NPY- and ANP-immunoreactive endothelial cells were present in term umbilical vein and artery. The umbilical vein contained more positive cells than the artery. The percentage of NPY- and ANP-immunoreactive umbilical vein cells in culture was 32% and 44%, respectively, out of a total of 3013 cells examined. The possibility that these potent vasoactive substances located in the endothelial cells of the non-innervated umbilical vessels are involved in the local regulation of blood flow is discussed.     

The human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell-line expresses a functional P2X7 purinoceptor that modulates voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel function

Fura-2 imaging of purinergic stimulation of non-differentiated neuronal human SH-SY5Y cells resulted in a rapid elevation in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) that was dependent on extracellular Ca2+. The rank order of agonists (200 micro m) was as follows: 2',3'-O-(4-benzoyl-benzoyl)-ATP (BzATP) > ATP4- > ATP; whereas 2-(methylthio)-ATP, ADP, UTP and alpha,beta-methylene-ATP and beta,gamma-methylene-ATP were ineffective. The response to BzATP was inhibited by pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic-acid (PPADS, 1 micro m), 1-(N,O-bis[5-isoquinolinesulfonyl]-N-methyl-l-tyrosyl)-4-phenylpiperazine (KN-62, 100 nm) and 8-(3-benzamido-4-4-methylbenzamido)-naphthalene-1,3,5-trisulfonic-acid (suramin, 200 micro m). The presence of a P2X7 receptor was confirmed by western blot studies using anti-P2X7. EC50 for BzATP was 212 +/- 6 micro m. BzATP > 30 micro m induced an initial, transient increase in [Ca2+]i before a plateau level was reached. BzATP < 30 micro m only produced a monophasic increase to the plateau level. The transient phase was reduced by the introduction of nimodipine (3 micro m) and to a smaller degree by omega-conotoxin GVIA (1 micro m) despite an almost equal presence of L and N-type Ca2+-channels. In whole-cell voltage-clamp studies at - 90 mV, BzATP (300 micro m) produced a fast activating inward current with a similar pharmacology as observed with Fura-2 imaging. Current clamp studies showed a dose-dependent depolarization to BzATP and ATP4-. BzATP also triggered transmitter release. Thus, the human neuronal SH-SY5Y cell line expresses a functional P2X7 receptor coupled to activation of Ca2+-channels.     

Effects of aqueous extracts of Halimeda incrassata (Ellis) Lamouroux and Bryothamnion triquetrum (S.G.Gmelim) Howe on hydrogen peroxide and methyl mercury-induced oxidative stress in GT1-7 mouse hypothalamic immortalized cells

The current investigation focuses attention on the neuroprotective and antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts from Halimeda incrassata (Hi) and Bryothamniom triquetrum (Bt) in the mouse immortalized hypothalamic GT1-7 cell line. Under basal oxidative conditions, Hi extract reduces intracellular reactive oxygen species production, as assessed by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, while Bt extract does not contribute to basal ROS generation. Both extracts, at concentrations higher than 0.20 mg/ml, exert protection against hydrogen peroxide-mediated cell death, although only Hi extract can additionally prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced ROS production. The two seaweed aqueous extracts, at concentrations higher than 0.05 mg/ml, also display protection against neuronal death induced by methyl mercury chloride, as well as against methyl mercury chloride-mediated ROS generation. None of the extracts increase GSH intracellular pools, in basal conditions, after depleting its levels with either hydrogen peroxide or methyl mercury chloride. Some comments on the probable targets of the neuroprotection exerted by these two extracts are included in this paper.     

The Lsm1-7-Pat1 complex promotes viral RNA translation and replication by differential mechanisms

The Lsm1-7-Pat1 complex binds to the 3′ end of cellular mRNAs and promotes 3′ end protection and 5′–3′ decay. Interestingly, this complex also specifically binds to cis-acting regulatory sequences of viral positive-strand RNA genomes promoting their translation and subsequent recruitment from translation to replication. Yet, how the Lsm1-7-Pat1 complex regulates these two processes remains elusive. Here, we show that Lsm1-7-Pat1 complex acts differentially in these processes. By using a collection of well-characterized lsm1 mutant alleles and a system that allows the replication of Brome mosaic virus (BMV) in yeast we show that the Lsm1-7-Pat1 complex integrity is essential for both, translation and recruitment. However, the intrinsic RNA-binding ability of the complex is only required for translation. Consistent with an RNA-binding-independent function of the Lsm1-7-Pat1 complex on BMV RNA recruitment, we show that the BMV 1a protein, the sole viral protein required for recruitment, interacts with this complex in an RNA-independent manner. Together, these results support a model wherein Lsm1-7-Pat1 complex binds consecutively to BMV RNA regulatory sequences and the 1a protein to promote viral RNA translation and later recruitment out of the host translation machinery to the viral replication complexes.     

Modulation of neuropeptide Y and Y1 receptor expression in the amygdala by fluctuations in the brain content of neuroactive steroids during ethanol drinking discontinuation in Y1R/LacZ transgenic mice

Previous studies have shown that GABAergic neuroactive steroids increase Y₁ receptor (Y₁R) gene expression in the amygdala of Y ₁ R / LacZ transgenic mice, harbouring the murine Y₁R gene promoter linked to a LacZ reporter gene. As ethanol is known to increase GABAergic neuroactive steroids, we investigated the relationship between fluctuations in the brain content of neuroactive steroids induced by chronic voluntary ethanol consumption or ethanol discontinuation and both the level of neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity and Y₁R gene expression in the amygdala of Y ₁ R / LacZ transgenic mice. Ethanol discontinuation (48 h) after voluntary consumption of consecutive solutions of 3%, 6%, 10% and 20% (v/v) ethanol over 4 weeks produced an anxiety-like behaviour as measured by elevated plus maze. Voluntary ethanol intake increased the cerebrocortical concentration of the progesterone metabolite 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-TH PROG) that returned to control level 48 h after discontinuation of ethanol intake. Ethanol discontinuation significantly decreased NPY immunoreactivity and concomitantly increased Y ₁ R / LacZ transgene expression in the amygdala, whereas chronic ethanol intake failed to affect these parameters. The 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride prevented both the increase in the cerebrocortical concentration of 3α,5α-TH PROG apparent after 4 weeks of ethanol intake and the changes in NPY immunoreactivity and transgene expression induced by ethanol discontinuation. Data suggest that 3α,5α-TH PROG plays an important role in the changes in NPY–Y₁R signalling in the amygdala during ethanol discontinuation.