螺旋藻原生质球的分离及其光合作用特性的研究

利用改进后的分离方法可获得大量有活性的钝顶螺旋藻 ( Spirulina platensis)原生质球。原生质球大小不等 ,直径在 2 .9～ 4 .6μm,原生质球表面有皱纹及小的孔洞 ,放氧速率为完整藻的 4 0 %。原生质球的室温吸收光谱表明其色素种类与完整细胞基本相同 ,都具有叶绿素 a、藻蓝蛋白、藻红蓝蛋白和类胡萝卜素。但原生质球中减少了藻蓝蛋白和类胡萝卜素的相对含量 ,而藻红蓝蛋白明显增多。螺旋藻的完整细胞与原生质球的 77K荧光发射光谱略有不同 :激发光为 4 36nm时 ,藻丝体和原生质球都具有 4个荧光发射峰 :F686、F696、F730和 F75 7,原生质球的 F75 7明显减弱 ;激发光为 5 80 nm时 ,藻丝体有 5个发射峰 :F64 0、F685、F693、F72 8和 F75 8,原生质球的 F75 8消失。原生球中 F72 8/F685、F64 0 /F685值增高 ,F693/F685值降低 ,光系统 的 F72 8与捕光色素系统的 F64 0的比值降低。上述结果表明 ,失去细胞壁可能抑制光系统 活性 ,在光系统 与 F695有关的核心天线色素系统受影响更大     

PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF GLYCINE AND SERINE IN GREEN PLANTS

1. The effects of "carbonyl" reagents on the photosyntheticin-corporation of ¹⁴CO₂ into the assimilation products of tobaccoand spinach leaves were studied. The presence of "carbonyl"reagents causes an increase in the ratio of ¹⁴CO₂ incorporatedin glycine and a decrease in serine. The incorporation of ¹⁴Cfrom glycolate-1-¹⁴C and glycolaldehyde-2-¹⁴C into glycine andserine was also affected by "carbonyl" reagents, as in the caseof ¹⁴CO₂-experiment. 2. The feeding experiments of glycine-1-¹⁴C and serine-1-¹⁴Cin the presence and in the absence of "carbonyl" reagents revealedthat these reagents inhibit the conversion of glycine to serine. 3. The results obtained above, together with the effects ofthiols on ¹⁴CO₂ incorporation presented in this paper, supportthe assumption that glycine and serine are formed via glycolateand glyoxylate during photosynthesis in green plants. 4. Comparison of ¹⁴C incorporation in malate from ¹⁴CO₂, glycolate-1-¹⁴C,glycine-1-¹⁴C and serine-1-¹⁴C in the presence and in the absenceof "carbonyl" reagents suggested the occurrence of the pathwayof the malate formation via glycolate and glyoxylate, not passingthrough glycine and serine, during photosynthesis. ¹ A part of this paper was presented at the Symposium on "Nitrogenand Plant" by the Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists, inOctober, 1963 ² Present address: Radiation Center of Osaka Prefecture, Sakai,Osaka     

土三七(Sedum aizoon)光合作用的季节转变和CAM的诱导

土三七的CO_3交换曲线在六月中旬以前呈C_3型的“方波”形,白天能大量吸收CO_2,夜间有CO_2放出,含酸量无显著的昼夜波动。夏季的其余时间,夜间有净的CO_2吸收(阶段Ⅰ),早晨有CO_2吸收峰(阶段Ⅱ),随后有光下的脱羧作用(阶段Ⅲ),并有明显的昼夜酸波动,呈CAM型,但无阶段Ⅳ。CAM季节出现前,水分胁迫可使成年叶子转变为CAM型,所需时间2～6天,再经浇灌(5 h)可恢复到原来的C_3型,表明诱导的CAM是可逆的。     

薇甘菊叶和茎的光合特性

薇甘菊(Mikania micranth)是世界性的入侵有害植物,对其入侵特性的理解将有助于我们更进一步揭示入侵机理和开展植物入侵的防治工作。叶片的光合作用是入侵植物薇甘菊入侵特性的研究内容之一,但到目前为止,仍没有开展对薇甘菊非同化器官茎的同化特性的研究。该文采取对比的研究方法,使用LICOR-6400气体交换系统和荧光系统对其幼嫩的绿色茎和成熟叶片的气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性进行测定,并对测定结果进行了对比分析,同时应用激光共聚焦显微镜对薇甘菊茎中叶绿体分布进行观察。使用叶绿素荧光系统测量瞬时叶绿素荧光特性表明,茎和叶的电子传输速率(Electron transport rate, ETR)和光系统Ⅱ实际光化学量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)存在较好的正比例关系,相关系数达到0.97,说明茎中存在和叶中类似的光合结构。但在应用LICOR-6400气体交换系统测量稳定状态下的CO₂的气体交换速率时,观察到叶的气体交换速率稳定性较好,而茎的气体交换速率出现较大的波动,这可能是由于茎的气孔因素引起。综合来看,在相同面积和饱合光强下(光通量密度(Photosynthetic photo flux density, PPFD)=2 000 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1),叶的ETR为42.44 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1,茎的ETR为30.32 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1。在相同面积和低光强(PPFD=10 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1)下,叶的Φ_PSⅡ为0.69;茎的Φ_PSⅡ为0.57。在单位SPAD下,茎中ETR是每单位SPAD 4.24 μmol·m ^-2·s^-1,是叶的2.3倍,实际光化学量子产量是每单位SPAD 0.08,是叶的3倍。在比较茎和叶ETR中观察到茎比叶有更强的强光适应能力。激光共聚焦图像观察到薇甘菊茎的叶绿体主要分布在两个区域:皮层区和维管束周围。对照以往关于茎中叶绿体功能的研究表明,可能分布在两个区域中的叶绿体功能上存在差别。如上,薇甘菊茎中存在一定的光合作用能力,且在叶绿体的光能利用瞬时效率上茎明显强于叶,但在茎中这些光合作用的具体作用仍不清楚。     

高等植物体内激子相干迁移与俘获

依据所建立的色素分子排列和取向的新型结构模型,利用激发能传递的广义主方程理论,提出了高等植物体内激子相干迁移与俘获的点阵理论,研究了静态荧光量子产额、定态能量传递速率和荧光强度的变化规律。指出激子相干迁移有助于活体的激发能转移与俘获,并且它有可能是活体内激子寿命的限制因素之一。     

桑沟湾大型底栖植物的光合作用和生产力的初步研究

本文在实验条件下,用O_2法和~(14)C法测定了桑沟湾主要大型底栖植物的光合作用,并根据现场资源调查结果,估算了桑沟湾大型底栖植物的生产力。结果表明:不同底栖植物的光合作用速率的变化范围为:1.53—6.8Amg·g~(-1)·h~(-1)(以碳计,O_2法)或0.29—1.93mg·g~(-1)·h~(-1)(以碳计,~(14)C法);~(14)C法测出的底栖植物的碳同化速率为O_2法测定值的19.0％—40.2％。桑沟湾大型底栖植物的平均年生产力为1060g·m·~2·a·~(-1)(以碳计),每年总碳生产量为9750t。桑沟湾大型底栖植物的生产力与世界其它地区比较,水平较高。     

CHLOROPHYLL CATALYSIS AND EINSTEIN'S LAW OF PHOTOCHEMICAL EQUIVALENCE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

We describe the catalysis of photosynthesis by chlorophyll: (a) chlorophyll bound to carbonic acid (that is, the photolyte) absorbs 1 quantum of light and is thereupon split into oxygen, reduced carbonic acid, and free chlorophyll; (b) the photolyte (that is, chlorophyll bound to carbonic acid) is resynthesized from carbonic acid and free chlorophyll with the help of the energy derived from the reoxidation of two-thirds of the reduced carbon formed in the light reaction. For calculation of the true quantum requirement of photosynthesis from experimental measurements, it is necessary to measure the light absorbed by the photolyte only, since the light energy absorbed by free chlorophyll is not used in the oxygen development of photosynthesis. To eliminate the loss of the light absorbed by the free chlorophyll, the factor ɛ = photolyte/total chlorophyll must be introduced into the calculation. Failure to take ɛ into consideration has led to discrepancies of 1,000% between the quantum yields obtained in different laboratories. These discrepancies are now removed. The quantum requirement of the splitting of the photolyte is always 1.     

SALINITY-DEPENDENT LIMITATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND OXYGEN EXCHANGE IN MICROBIAL MATS

We used benthic flux chambers and microsensor profiling under standardized incubation conditions to compare the short-term (hours) and long-term (days) functional responses to salinity in eight different hypersaline microbial mats. The short-term response of productivity to changes in salinity was specific for each community and in accordance with optimal performance at the respective salinity of origin. This pattern was lost after long-term exposure to varying salinities when responses to salinity were found to approach a general pattern of decreasing photosynthesis and oxygen exchange capacity with increasing salinity. Exhaustive measurements of oxygen export in the light, oxygen consumption in the dark and gross photosynthesis indicated that a salinity-dependent limitation of all three parameters occurred. Maximal values for all three parameters decreased exponentially with increasing salinity; exponential decay rates (base 10) were around 4–5 mL·g⁻¹. The values of mats in steady state with respect to salinity tended to approach this salinity-dependent limit. On the basis of environmental and ecophysiological data, we argue that this limitation was not caused directly by salinity effects on the microorganisms. Rather, the decreasing diffusive supply of O₂ in the dark and the increasing diffusion barriers to O₂ escape in the light, which intensify with increasing salinity, were likely responsible for the salinity-dependent limitations observed.     

COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF NITROGEN FIXATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ANABAENA CYLINDRICA

Manometric methods were developed to allow short-time measurements on relatively small amounts of cell material. The methods provided measurement of the nitrogen uptake and oxygen evolution attributable to nitrogen fixation either in the presence or absence of carbon dioxide. The methods were applied to observe effects of cell history, light intensity, temperature, pH, and ammonia on nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis with 2 new and significant findings. Nitrogen fixation is markedly accelerated by a preceding period of cellular nitrogen depletion. Nitrogen fixation is depressed by light intensities greater than those required to saturate photosynthesis.