基于地理探测器的内蒙古自然和人为因素对植被NDVI变化的影响

研究区域植被覆盖度变化趋势并探寻其驱动因素对于维护生态安全具有重要意义。将内蒙古旗县分为牧业旗县和非牧业旗县,应用线性趋势分析法和地理探测器模型探讨2000-2015年自然和人为因素对植被NDVI变化的影响。结果表明：（1）2000-2015年内蒙古地区植被覆盖度总体上呈增加趋势,但空间上显现出西部减少,东部与南部增加的趋势;非牧业旗县植被NDVI改善面积大于牧业旗县。（2）在整个内蒙古地区中,年降水量和土壤类型是影响植被NDVI的主要驱动因素,解释率在22%以上。在牧业旗县年降水量和土壤类型是主要驱动因素,而在非牧业旗县中粮食产量是最主要的驱动因素。（3）各因子之间的交互影响均高于单因子的影响。在牧业旗县,因子之间的交互作用呈现出非线性增强和双因子增强关系,植被NDVI变化受乡村户数和牲畜数量的交互影响最为突出。非牧业旗县因子之间呈现出非线性增强的交互作用关系,植被NDVI变化受土壤类型和粮食产量的交互影响最为明显。     

山东省极端气候和人类活动对不同植被类型NDVI的影响

山东省作为我国华东典型的沿海地区,气候多变,人口密集,开展极端气候和人类活动对植被的影响对沿海地区生态环境稳定具有重要意义。基于BRT模型、多元线性回归方程和残差分析等方法研究了不同植被在极端气候和人类活动干扰下的生长状况。结果显示：（1）2000-2020年山东省全区NDVI （归一化植被指数）呈增长趋势且具有正持续性（H>0.5）。空间上,鲁西北和鲁西南植被生长状况较好且得到了显著改善,而北部黄河三角洲和莱州湾地区植被覆盖低且得到了显著退化。不同植被类型中草丛植被得到了显著改善（P<0.05）,而草甸植被退化较为严重;（2）近年来夜间温度（TMINmean、TN90p）的上升,连续干旱日数CDD和瞬时强降雨RX1d的增加有利于研究区植被的增长,而高温极值TXx的上升以及霜冻日数FDO的减少抑制了植被的增长;（3）对于不同植被类型,整体上受到极端气温的影响较大,且对栽培植物和针叶林的解释度更高,同一指标对不同植被类型的影响程度和正负效应存在较大的差异;（4）人类活动在全区植被变化中占主导地位且起到了显著改善作用（P<0.05）。不同植被类型中草甸受到人类活动的干扰最为明显,而针叶林则更多受到气候变化的影响。研究结果能对山东省植被未来的管理和规划提供科学支撑,同时对沿海地区生态环境调控和可持续发展起到了促进作用。     

黄土高原不同植被覆被类型NDVI对气候变化的响应

植被与气候是目前研究生态与环境的重要内容。为探究黄土高原地区植被与气候因子之间的响应机制,利用线性趋势分析、Pearson相关分析、多元线性回归模型以及通径分析的方法,对黄土高原2000—2015年全区和不同植被覆被类型区内NDVI与气候因子的变化趋势以及相互作用关系进行分析。植被覆被分类数据和植被指数数据分别来源于ESA CCI-LC(The European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative Land Cover)以及MODND1T/NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)。结果表明:(1) 2000—2015年黄土高原全区植被年NDVI_(max)显著增加的区域占总面积的74.25%,不同植被覆被类型年NDVI_(max)分别为常绿阔叶林常绿针叶林落叶阔叶林落叶针叶林镶嵌草地农田镶嵌林地草地灌木,并且都呈显著增加趋势,其中常绿阔叶林和农田增加幅度最大,为0.012/a。(2)黄土高原全区NDVI与气温、日照、降水和相对湿度等气候因子之间没有显著相关性,但在不同植被覆被类型区,气候因子对NDVI存在显著作用,且不同植被覆被类型差异明显。(3)在全区和不同植被覆被类型区NDVI仅对降水的响应比较一致,气温无论在整个区域尺度还是不同植被覆被类型区对植被的影响均不显著。(4)常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、常绿针叶林及镶嵌林地等以乔木为主的植被覆被类型受年均相对湿度和年总日照时数的显著负效应驱动,草地、镶嵌草地等以草本为主的植被覆被类型则受到年总降水量的显著正效应影响。这说明对植被类型进行区分,更有利于揭示气候对植被的作用机制。     

西南地区灌丛归一化植被指数动态及其与气候因子的相关性

基于西南地区1982-2006年的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和气象数据,使用ANUS-PLIN、ArcGIS和SPSS软件分析了该区6种灌丛类型NDVI的季节和年际变化,及其与气候因子的相关性.结果表明:25年来,3种高海拔亚高山灌丛(亚高山常绿针叶灌丛、亚高山落叶阔叶灌丛、亚高山革质常绿阔叶灌丛)年均NDVI显著增大,其他3种中低海拔灌丛(温带落叶灌丛、亚热带热带旱生肉质多刺灌丛和亚热带热带常绿落叶阔叶灌丛)增加不显著;除亚热带热带旱生肉质灌丛外,其他5种灌丛年均温均呈显著增加趋势;亚高山常绿针叶灌丛年降水量呈增加趋势,但不显著;其他5种灌丛年降水量呈减少趋势,其中温带落叶灌丛减少显著.3种亚高山灌丛月NDVI与温度和降水均达到极显著正相关,且与前一个月的温度、降水相关性最大,存在明显的滞后效应;位于中低海拔的其他3种灌丛NDVI与温度和降水的相关性明显降低.在高海拔亚高山区,气候变暖导致了年均NDVI增加,温度是3种亚高山灌丛NDVI年际变化的驱动因子;在中低海拔,温度的显著上升没有引起NDVI的显著增加.     

中国东部南北样带主要植被类型归一化植被指数对气候变化的响应及不同时间尺度的差异性

植被的动态变化及其与环境的关系已成为全球变化研究的热点问题。陆地样带是进行全球变化驱动因素梯度分析的有效途径。该研究依托中国东部南北样带(NSTEC), 对南北样带不同时间尺度的气候因子和植被活动变化特征进行了分析, 并重点阐述了具有代表性的12种植被类型对气候因子的响应方式。研究结果表明: 南北样带植被的归一化植被指数(NDVI)的变化同时受控于气温和降水, 但是在不同的空间和时间尺度上植被NDVI的响应方式各异。在年时间尺度上, 只有温带落叶灌丛(TDS)的NDVI受气温控制; 而温带禾草草原(TGS)和亚热带和热带针叶林(STCF)的NDVI同时受气温和降水调控。其他植被类型的年NDVI与年平均气温和年总降水量没有直接显著的联系, 而受年内气温变化和降水分配状况的影响更大。在月时间尺度上, NDVI与气温的关系在不同类型植被之间存在很大差异。一般而言, 植被NDVI与前4个月内的气温关系最为密切, 并且从1月份到4月份气温的滞后时长在缩短。其中, 温带针叶林(TCF)、温带落叶阔叶林(TDBF)、TDS、STCF和亚热带热带草丛(STG)等植被类型, 5-8月的NDVI与气温普遍呈负相关关系。草原和灌丛植被类型当月NDVI与当月降水量主要以正相关为主, 而森林类型当月NDVI与当月降水量主要以负相关为主。     

Influence of host plant-derived and abiotic environmental parameters on the composition of the diazotroph assemblage associated with roots of Juncus roemerianus

Environmental factors governing the distributions of plant root-associated bacteria are poorly understood. Most plant species occurring in salt marsh estuaries are restricted to very specific habitats within the marsh and plant-derived and abiotic environmental features covary. We examined diazotrophic bacteria inhabiting the rhizoplanes of different populations of the black needlerush, Juncus roemerianus , growing in two different habitats, in order to examine the relative influence of plant-derived and abiotic environmental parameters on diazotroph assemblage composition. Juncus roots were collected from a monotypic Juncus patch in the low intertidal marsh, and from the main monotypic Juncus stand in the high marsh. A total of 235 bacterial pure cultures were isolated from the roots using combined nitrogen-free media. Physiologically similar strains were grouped, producing 58 different groups. Strains representing 49 of these groups tested positive for nifH , and substrate utilization profiles of these strains were compared quantitatively. Three major substrate utilization clusters were identified and all contained both Juncus patch and main stand isolates. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of nifH amplicons recovered from roots and from vegetated sediments taken from the main stand and from two patches was also performed. Juncus root nifH amplicon profiles from all three sampling sites were very similar. Profiles of amplicons from vegetated sediments were also similar across sites, but less similar than the root profiles. Results from two independent methodological approaches indicated a strong impact of the plant host relative to that of the abiotic environment on the composition of the root-associated diazotroph assemblage.     

The salt marsh vegetation at Vinjekilen,Bamble, SE Norway,with special reference to the Puccinellietum maritimae

In the proposed nature reserve Vinjekile the vegetation types have been studied by means of transects and vegetation samples. The transects have been levelled, their altitudes related to the National Zero Altitude, NN54. The study area, ca 5 ha, constitutes a bay where a small brook built a delta. Puccinellia maritima was found dominating in different zones from-8 to 40 cm NN54. On gently sloping marshes the Puccinellietum maritimae forms a pioneer vegetation in the lower geolittoral zone, descending towards the hydrolittoral mud flats. At higher altitudes, 30–40 cm NN54, Puccinellia was found in local depressions and associated with Juncus gerardii. The mean lower limit of the Puccinellietum corresponds with the mean annual water level, and forms a zero altitude. The 6 transects also show the horizontal and vertical distribution of Zosteretum marinae, Ruppietum maritimae, Salicornietum strictae, Bolboschoenetum maritimi, Bolboschoeno-Caricetum pa paleaceae, Juncetum gerardii and some other communities which have been described in a synoptic table.Nomenclature follows Lid (1974). The phytosociological classification follows mainly Beeftink (1965). The terms geolittoral, hydrolittoral and sublittoral are used according to Gillner (1960) and Borg (1980).Acknowledgements: I thank the following persons for information and assistance invarious ways; Sigmund Tvermyr, Skien; Per Skjøthaug, Norges geografiske oppmåling; Per Wiik, Bamble Oppmålingsvesen; Kristoffer Hvalvik and Ingrid Hagen. Vinjekilen.     

闽江口芦苇与短叶茳芏湿地土壤无机硫形态分布特征及其影响因素

选择闽江口鳝鱼滩的芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地以及二者交错带湿地为对象,研究了不同类型湿地土壤无机硫赋存形态的分布特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明,芦苇与短叶茳芏在空间扩展过程中形成的交错带湿地土壤的水溶性硫(H_2O-S)、吸附性硫(Adsorbed-S)和盐酸可溶性硫(HCl-Soluble-S)含量在0—40 cm土层上整体要高于芦苇湿地和短叶茳芏湿地,而盐酸挥发性硫(HCl-Volatile-S)含量则与之相反。在垂直方向上,不同类型湿地土壤的H_2O-S、Adsorbed-S和HCl-Soluble-S含量整体均自表层向下呈先降低而后增加的变化,而盐酸挥发性硫(HCl-Volatile-S)含量则与之相反。3种类型湿地土壤中不同形态无机硫平均含量整体均表现为HCl-Soluble-S H_2O-S Adsorbed-S HCl-Volatile-S,且其总无机硫(TIS)平均含量分别占全硫(TS)含量的22.29%—39.99%(芦苇湿地)、32.39%—33.33%(交错带湿地)和30.20%—30.86%(短叶茳芏湿地)。与芦苇湿地和短叶茳芏湿地相比,交错带湿地土壤的H_2O-S、Adsorbed-S、HCl-Soluble-S和TIS平均含量整体均呈增加趋势,增幅分别为36.94%和54.31%、34.84%和13.03%、73.25%和67.59%以及45.72%和45.28%;与之不同,HCl-Volatile-S平均含量则呈降低趋势,降幅分别为2.78%和22.24%。不同类型湿地土壤中H_2O-S、Adsorbed-S和TIS含量的变化主要受有机质含量和细颗粒组成的控制,而HCl-Soluble-S和HCl-Volatile-S含量主要受土壤氧化还原环境和金属元素分布的影响。研究发现,芦苇与短叶茳芏的空间扩展明显增加了交错带湿地土壤的H_2O-S、Adsorbed-S、HCl-Soluble-S和TIS含量,但降低了HCl-Volatile-S含量,说明二者的空间扩展在整体提高交错带湿地土壤有效硫供给能力的同时,亦降低了挥发性硫化物可能对二者生长产生的不利影响,这对于保持二者在交错带湿地中的竞争力具有重要生态意义。     

黑河中游荒漠生态系统归一化植被指数对降水的响应

降水是荒漠生态系统主要的水分来源, 是植被结构和功能变化的根本驱动力。该研究以黑河中游砾质荒漠(砾漠)和沙质荒漠(沙漠)为研究对象, 基于2000-2012年中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)获取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据以及日降水数据, 运用多元线性回归法, 分析了砾漠和沙漠植被生长季(5-9月)、生长季早期(5-6月)和晚期(7-9月)累积NDVI (NDVI_INT, INT表示某时间段的累积值)对冷季降水(P_c, 前一年9月至当年2月累积降水)、暖季降水(P_w, 当年3月至8月累积降水)、前一年生长季NDVI_INT (NDVI_INT-pys)以及干湿气候期(干旱期: 2001-2003; 湿润期: 2004-2007年)的响应。研究结果表明: (1)砾漠植被生长季NDVI_INT年际变化的影响因素排序为NDVI_INT-pys > P_c > P_w, 沙漠植被NDVI_INT则为P_w > NDVI_INT-pys; 砾漠生长季NDVI_INT早期NDVI_INT年际变化的影响因素排序为NDVI_INT-pys > P_c, 晚期则为NDVI_INT-pys > P_c = P_w; 而沙漠生长季早期NDVI_INT年际变化的影响因素为NDVI_INT-pys, 晚期是P_w。(2)在干湿气候期内, 降水量并非是影响荒漠NDVI_INT变化的关键因子。干湿气候期交替时, 砾漠NDVI_INT较沙漠增加明显; 湿润期内, 湿润期持续的长短是影响两种生境植被NDVI_INT的关键因子, 以沙漠较为明显。黑河中游砾漠和沙漠植被生产力对冷暖季降水及干湿气候期响应具有明显的差异, 但总体显示出荒漠植被生产力对降水响应具有滞后性特征。以上结论可为揭示荒漠植被生产力对降水的响应机理提供参考。     

Changes in normalized difference vegetation index of deserts and dunes with precipitation in the middle Heihe River Basin

AimsPrecipitation is the major water source for desert ecosystems, with its temporal dynamics significantly driving the changes of ecosystem structure and function in desert regions. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the changes in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with seasonal precipitation and different climate years in two cover types (desert and dune).MethodsBased on the daily rainfall dataset of 2000-2012 in the middle Heihe River Basin in Northwest China and the NDVI extracted from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) images, we performed linear regression analysis to examine the correlation of NDVI_INT (accumulated NDVI) with precipitation in two cover types (desert and dune). Two measures of the precipitation are P_c (cool-season precipitation from last September to late February) and P_w (warm-season precipitation in between March and August), while NDVI was characterized with NDVI_INT-pys (previous-year during the different climate years (dry: 2001-2003, wet: 2004-2007)) and the different periods of a growing season (i.e. whole growing season from May through September, early growing season in between May and June, and late growing season in between July and September).Important findings We found that: (1) the determinants of growing season NDVI_INT and their order were NDVI_INT-pys > P_c > P_w for the deserts, while the order was P_w > NDVI_INT-pys for the dunes. The determinants and their order of NDVI_INT in early growing season were NDVI_INT-pys > P_c for the desert, while they were NDVI_INT-pys > P_c = P_w for the late growing season. However, for the dunes, NDVI_INT of the early and late growing season appeared determined by NDVI_INT-pys and P_w, respectively. (2) During the dry and wet periods, precipitation was not a significant factor influencing NDVI_INT for the desert and dune. However, significant increases in NDVI_INTwere observed at dune under wet condition. With the wet years continued, the length of the wet years become an important determinant of NDVI_INT at both cove types, particularly at dune. In addition, it appeared that different changes in NDVI with precipitation existed between the two cover types, but with very similar effects of time-lag. These findings provide useful references for further understanding the mechanisms of NDVI changes with precipitation.     

黄土高原泾河流域长时间序列的归一化植被指数动态变化及其驱动因素分析

泾河流域土地开发历史悠久, 是黄土高原水土流失的典型区域。研究气候变化和人类活动影响下泾河流域的植被覆盖变化及其原因, 对黄土高原的植被恢复、水土保持和景观管理等都具有重要意义。该研究应用GIMMS归一化植被指数NDVI、土地覆盖分类数据和气候数据, 采用趋势分析和相关分析方法, 研究了泾河流域1982-2005年植被覆盖变化趋势及其驱动因素。研究表明: 泾河流域24年间79.64%的区域NDVI无显著变化趋势, NDVI趋势显著增加的区域占16.33%, 主要集中在流域中部和南部, NDVI趋势显著减小的区域占4.03%, 主要集中在流域北部。流域所有气象站点的降水量均无显著变化趋势, 气温均呈显著升高趋势。分析发现气候变化不能很好地解释NDVI趋势的空间分异, 人为因素更为重要。从土地利用分析结果来看, NDVI不同趋势下各土地利用类型比例无明显变化, 但NDVI显著增加区以耕地为主, 显著减小区以草地为主, 由此推断NDVI的显著增加趋势主要由耕地NDVI增加引起, 显著减小趋势可能与林地减少和草地退化有关。通过分析不同分区的土地利用数据和社会经济资料, 着重探讨了造成植被覆盖显著变化趋势的人为因素。     

火烧迹地柽柳灌丛资源岛特征及植被的自然恢复

干旱半干旱地区灌丛资源岛特征及形成机制多有报道,但资源岛土壤对群落稳定性与火烧迹地植被的自然恢复作用尚不明确。以酒泉盐碱地柽柳灌丛地火烧3年后,自然恢复的柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)及其冠下草本群落为研究对象,构建柽柳枯立株体量指数(SSI, Shrub Size Index)和恢复力综合指数,探讨了资源岛特征与植被恢复、冠下草本群落多样性的关系,量化不同大小柽柳灌丛的恢复力稳定性。结果表明:(1)在不同SSI的柽柳枯立株下土壤有机质和含水率明均显高于灌丛间地,形成了明显的资源岛特征。土壤有机质最大值出现在0—10 cm土层,中灌丛的肥力积聚效果最明显。(2)土壤主要以中性盐为主,在0—40 cm土层,灌丛区域土壤可溶性盐低于冠外,呈明显的盐谷特征,中灌丛的盐谷分布最为明显。(3)随着枯立株SSI的增大,柽柳新生枝条的数量及其高度均有所增大,冠下植物的高度、盖度、密度和地上植物量也明显高于灌丛间地,且灌丛越大恢复效果越明显。(4)灌下植物Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数和Pielou指数随着枯立株SSI的增大均先降后升,多样性...     

Classification of South Swedish Isoetid vegetation with the help of numerical methods

Relevés of Isoetid vegetation from 60 lakes in southern Sweden have been classified with the help on numerical methods. A community system is constructed, at the variant level by clustering with the TABORD program, and at the community and subcommunity levels by reference to traditional floristic characteristics. The diagnostic species were selected with the help of PCA. Isoëtes lacustris, Lobelia dortmanna and Littorella uniflora determined the community composition together with Eleocharis acicularis. The differentation of the syntaxa along the first three ordination axes of a PCA was clear. The complex water depth factor determines clearly the position of the small syntaxa (variants) in the PCA ordination space. At high levels of similarity the relevés were grouped effectively with the TABORD program, so that the clusters are floristically homogeneous and easy to identify on the basis of floristicsociological criteria. At higher syntaxon levels a selective use of diagnostic species was made.     

闽江口芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展对湿地土壤磷赋存形态的影响

选择闽江口鳝鱼滩的芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地以及芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展形成的交错带湿地为对象,研究了不同湿地土壤磷赋存形态的分布特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明,不同湿地土壤中各形态磷含量整体表现为HCl-Pi > NaOH-Pi > Residual-P > NaHCO₃-Pi > NaOH-Po > Sonic-Pi > Resin-Pi > NaHCO₃-Po。其中,难分解态磷占TP的比例最高（Resin-Pi、NaHCO₃-Pi、NaHCO₃-Po）,为48.3%-51.1%;中等易分解态磷次之（NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po、Sonic-Pi、Sonic-Po）,为37.4%-38.8%;而易分解态磷最低（HCl-P、Residual-P）,为11.5%-12.9%。交错带湿地土壤中易分解态磷、中等易分解态磷和难分解态磷含量相对于纯群落湿地均发生了明显改变,其值相比芦苇湿地分别提高了10.6%、19.2%和22.6%,相比短叶茳芏湿地分别提高了1.6%、11.5%和16.6%,原因主要与二者空间扩展过程中交错带湿地土壤的理化性质特别是粒度组成、pH以及Fe、Al含量均较纯群落湿地发生明显改变有关。芦苇与短叶茳芏的空间扩展整体改变了湿地土壤的全磷（TP）含量和储量,相对于芦苇湿地和短叶茳芏湿地,交错带湿地土壤的TP含量分别增加了20.0%和7.1%,而磷储量分别增加了12.0%和18.0%。研究发现,芦苇与短叶茳芏的空间扩展不但改变了湿地土壤中磷的赋存状况,而且亦可能改变不同磷形态之间的转化。交错带湿地土壤磷赋存状况有助于缓解芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展过程中对磷养分的竞争压力,从而可能在一定程度上维持交错带湿地系统的相对稳定。     

Decomposition of Spartina anglica,Elytrigia pungens and Halimione portulacoides in a Dutch salt marsh in association with faunal and habitat influences

Decomposition of Spartina anglica, Elytrigia pungens and Halimione portulacoides was studied for 20.5 months in situ in two habitats on a salt marsh in The SW Netherlands. Litter bags of three different mesh sizes were used to exclude meio- and/or macrofauna. The middle-marsh habitat was flooded more frequently than the plant-debris habitat in the highest marsh zone. Decomposition of the three species followed an exponential pattern of decay: instantaneous decay rates varied from 0.0026 to 0.0054 per day. Decay rates were significantly influenced by habitat factors and fauna, while there was a significant interaction between plant species and habitat. In case of a significant meio- and/or macrofauna effect, this became noticeable 12–16 weeks after the start of decomposition and resulted in a difference of 5–10% ash-free dry weight remaining after 20.5 months. Nematodes were the dominant microfaunal group in the plant litter. Densities were influenced by habitat conditions but not by resource quality, season and meio- and/or macrofauna. Only initial C/N and C/P ratios were correlated with differences in decomposition rates between the plant species. During the later stages of decomposition N and P concentrations of the plant litter were higher in the plant-debris habitat than in the middle-marsh habitat, probably as a result of fluctuating detritivores densities. The course of the decomposition process differed per plant species and per habitat. The results of this study underline the importance of knowledge of long-term decomposition rates.     

Coastal vegetation structures and their functions in tsunami protection: experience of the recent Indian Ocean tsunami

This study explored the effects of coastal vegetation on tsunami damage based on field observations carried out after the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004. Study locations covered about 250 km (19 locations) on the southern coast of Sri Lanka and about 200 km (29 locations) on the Andaman coast of Thailand. The representative vegetation was classified into six types according to their habitat and the stand structures of the trees. The impact of vegetation structure on drag forces was analyzed using the observed characteristics of the tree species. The drag coefficient, including the vertical stand structures of trees, C _d-all, and the vegetation thickness (cumulative trunk diameter of vegetation in the tsunami direction) per unit area, dN _u (d: reference diameter of trees, N _u : number of trees per unit area), varied greatly with the species classification. Based on the field survey and data analysis, Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata (hereafter R. apiculata-type), kinds of mangroves, and Pandanus odoratissimus, a representative tree that grows in beach sand, were found to be especially effective in providing protection from tsunami damage due to their complex aerial root structure. Two layers of vegetation in the vertical direction with P. odoratissimus and Casuarina equisetifolia and a horizontal vegetation structure of small and large diameter trees were also important for increasing drag and trapping floating objects, broken branches, houses, and people. The vertical structure also provided an effective soft landing for people washed up by the tsunami or for escaping when the tsunami waves hit, although its dN _u is not large compared with R. apiculata-type and P. odoratissimus. In addition, the creeks inside mangroves and the gaps inside C. equisetifolia vegetation are assumed to be effective for retarding tsunami waves. This information should be considered in future coastal landscape planning, rehabilitation, and coastal resource management.     

不同水淹深度对鄱阳湖洲滩湿地植物生长及营养繁殖的影响

水淹深度是影响湿地植物生长和繁殖的关键因子,不同湿地植物对淹水深度存在着不同响应。然而,在水情不断变化的背景下,鄱阳湖洲滩湿地植物种群和群落如何变化还不清楚。为了探究淹水深度对湿地植物生长的影响,并预测鄱阳湖洲滩湿地植被分布的趋势,采用控制实验模拟了不同水淹深度(0、0.5、1 m和2 m)下鄱阳湖湿地3种优势植物(灰化薹草(Carex cinerascens)、南荻(Miscanthus lutarioriparius)和虉草(Phalaris arundinacea))的生长和繁殖情况。实验结果表明:1)水淹对灰化薹草总生物量的影响最显著。遭受水淹时,灰化薹草把大部分的生物量集中在地下部分;随着水淹深度逐渐增加,南荻的生物量逐渐减少;不同深度水淹对虉草生物量没有产生显著影响(P0.05)。就生物量而言,虉草对水淹的适应性强于其他两种植物。2)不同水淹深度下,灰化薹草的株高都显著降低;而南荻只在2 m水淹梯度下株高才显著降低。在枯水年时,下降的水位有利于南荻向较低高程迁移。3)不同深度水淹对灰化薹草的分株没有产生显著影响(P0.05);而虉草在经过2 m水淹后分株数显著高于其他水淹深度。在丰水年时,相比于灰化薹草和南荻,升高的水位对虉草的繁殖影响较小。在一个水位周期性变化的湿地生态系统中,不同深度的水淹对植物的生长及退水后的繁殖产生了严重影响,研究结果为预测水文变化对湿地植被的生存和分布提供了重要的依据。     

Effects of growing conditions on the growth of and interactions between salt marsh plants: implications for invasibility of habitats

A common but often less tested explanation for the successful invasion of alien species is that invasive alien species outcompete their co-occurring natives, which may not always be the case. In this study, we established artificial environmental gradients in a series of pot experiments with controlled environments to investigate the effects of salinity, sediment type and waterlogging on the performance of and interactions between Phragmites australis (native) and Spartina alterniflora (alien), which generally co-exist in the saline intertidal zones of Chinese and American coasts. Significant effects of salinity and waterlogging were detected on biomass production and morphological characteristics of S. alterniflora and P. australis, and the competitive interactions between the two species were found to vary with all three environmental factors in our experiments. Relative Neighbor Effect (RNE) analyses indicate that competitive dominance of S. alterniflora occurred under the conditions of high salinity, sandy sediment and full immersion, whereas P. australis showed competitive dominance under the conditions of low salinity and non-immersion. Our results suggest that S. alterniflora might outcompete P. australis under conditions present in early salt marsh succession, which support the viewpoint that the outcomes of competition between co-occurring native and invasive alien plants depend on the growing conditions. The implication of this study is that in response to the environmental changes expected from seawater intrusion and sea-level rise, the range of S. alterniflora is expected to expand further in the Yangtze River estuary in the future.