食管鳞癌p53、c-erbB-2蛋白表达研究

为探讨p53、c-erbB-2蛋白表达与食管鳞癌生物学行为的关系,应用免疫组化LSAB法研究181例食管鳞癌中p53、c-erbB-2蛋白的表达。结果发现,正常食管粘膜均无p53、c-erbB-2蛋白的表达。47％食管鳞癌出现p53表达,p53阳性病例癌旁非典型增生上皮出现p53表达,p53阴性病例癌旁非典型增生上皮亦为阴性。p53阳性表达率与患年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、组织学分级,临床TNM分期无关,且与预后无关。51.4%食管鳞癌呈现c-erbB-2蛋白表达,癌旁非典型增生上皮无c-erbB-2表达。c-erbB-2阳性率与肿瘤组织学分级、浸润深度、淋巴结转移及肝转移有关,c-erbB-2阳性表达预后较差。结果提示,p53表达在食管鳞癌发生中起重要作用;c-erbB-2表达在食管鳞癌浸润转移中起重要作用。同时进行p53、c-erbB-2蛋白免疫组化检测,有助于对食管鳞癌进行早期诊断,监测病情和判断预后。     

Anxa2, Stat3 在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨膜联蛋白A2(Anxa2)和细胞信号转导和转录激活因子3(Stat3)在口腔鳞癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法:选择口腔鳞癌石蜡标本80例为实验组,20例正常口腔黏膜组织为对照组。应用免疫组织化学法检测Anxa2和Stat3蛋白的阳性表达,并进行结果判定,采用x2和Spearman等级相关分析法分析二者表达差异性及其相关性。结果:Anxa2、Stat3在病例组中的阳性表达率,分别为81.3%(65/80)、87.5%(70/80),明显高于对照组中的表达率,25.0%(5/20)、30.0%(6/20),且差异有统计学意义(P0.05),Anxa2和Stat3蛋白表达水平与口腔鳞癌的分期、淋巴结转移及分化程度有密切关系。Spearman等级相关分析Anxa2和Stat3在口腔鳞癌组织中蛋白的表达呈正相关(r=0.302,P0.01)。结论:Anxa2、Stat3在OSCC的发生和转移过程中均具有重要的作用,且二者间也有相互作用的关系。     

原发性口腔鳞癌组织及血清中内皮抑素表达的意义

目的：探讨原发性口腔鳞癌患者组织和血清中内皮抑素表达及与肿瘤分期、分级的关系。方法：采用免疫组化方法检测36例口腔鳞癌和12例正常口腔粘膜组织中内皮抑素表达情况。ELISA法检测36例口腔鳞癌患者术前血清内皮抑素水平,14例健康者血清做对照。结果：内皮抑素主要见于肿瘤组织细胞质。正常口腔粘膜中内皮抑素表达率为7.15%,口腔鳞癌组织中内皮抑素阳性率为76.44%,其中G1、G2、G3级阳性率分别为47.21%、79.17%、90.90%,病理分级间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。口腔鳞癌患者血清中内皮抑素水平（49.62±1.72）ng/mL显著高于健康对照者（5.60±0.37）ng/mL（P〈0.05）,TNM分期III、IV期肿瘤患者血清内皮抑素水平显著高于I和II期（P〈0.05）。结论：口腔鳞癌患者组织和血清中内皮抑素表达显著升高,并与肿瘤分期、分级相关,检测内皮抑素表达有助于判断口腔鳞癌恶性程度。     

The use of p63 as an effective immunomarker in the diagnosis of pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas on de-stained bronchial lavage cytological smears

M. Uke, B. Rekhi, D. Ajit and N. A. Jambhekar
The use of p63 as an effective immunomarker in the diagnosis of pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas on de‐stained bronchial lavage cytological smears Objectives: A diagnosis in pulmonary onco‐cytopathology primarily necessitates distinguishing small cell carcinoma (SCLC) from non‐small cell carcinoma (NSCLC), which includes squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Lately, p63 antibody has been used for distinguishing squamous cell carcinoma from SCLC and adenocarcinoma. We present an analysis of p63 expression in cytological smears from 100 bronchial lavage specimens comprising 51 cases of SCLC and 49 cases of NSCLC. Methods: A single Papanicolaou‐stained conventional smear was de‐stained and re‐fixed with cold acetone and methanol for immunocytochemical staining with p63 antibody. Staining results were graded as 0 (nil), 1+ (focal), 2+ (moderate, diffuse) and 3+ (strong, diffuse). Results: Out of 100 cases, 21 were cytologically diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. Twenty of these showed 2+ or 3+ p63 positivity, whereas one, which was adenocarcinoma on histology, showed 1+ staining. Of seven cases cytologically diagnosed as adenocarcinoma, six showed no p63 staining, whereas one, which was squamous cell carcinoma on histology, showed 1+ staining. All 48 cases cytologically diagnosed as SCLC were confirmed as such on histology and showed no p63 staining. Four cases were cytologically designated as poorly differentiated carcinomas, of which three showed no p63 staining and one showed 3+ staining. The former three were found to be SCLC on histology while the latter was squamous cell carcinoma. The remaining 20 cases were cytologically designated as NSCLC. Of these, eight showed no p63 staining, whereas 10 showed 1+ and two showed 2+ staining. The former eight were adenocarcinoma on histology and the latter two were squamous cell carcinoma. The 10 cases that showed 1+ p63 staining were adenocarcinomas (n = 5), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 4) and NSCLC, not otherwise specified (n = 1). Positive staining was seen in normal basal cells, which acted as an internal control. Overall sensitivity of p63 for squamous cell carcinoma was 100% and specificity was 90.4%. Conclusions: p63 immunostaining on processed cytology smears can be used to help identify squamous cell carcinoma. Its diffuse expression was specific for squamous cell carcinoma while focal staining was also seen in adenocarcinoma.     

P-cadherin expression predicts clinical outcome in oral squamous cell carcinomas

P-cadherin, a transmembrane molecule similar to E-cadherin involved in the cell-cell adhesion, and catenins form complexes between its cytoplasmic domain and the cytoskeleton. Five cell lines, 108 specimens of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), 9 metastasis and 10 of normal oral mucosa were examined to evaluate P-cadherin expression and cellular localization by immunohistochemistry and western-blotting. In normal oral mucosa there was a membranous expression only in basal and parabasal layers. 91 cases (84%) showed membranous/cytoplasmic positivity, whereas 17 cases (16%) were negative. In particular, while well-differentiated carcinomas showed P-cadherin upregulation, the protein was homogeneously hypo- or unexpressed in low-differentiated carcinomas. There was a statistically significant correlation between P-cadherin expression and tumour grading: G3 tumours had a lower score than G1-G2 tumours (P<0.05). When analysed for prognostic significance, patients with no P-cadherin expression (score 0) had poorer overall and diseases-free survival rates than the P-cadherin-expressing group (score 1) (P=0.0463 and P=0.0471, respectively). Western blotting analysis of cell lines and tissue samples confirmed immunohistochemical findings. When cell staining pattern of positive cases was examined, 52 cases showed a prevalent membranous pattern, while 39 had a prevalent cytoplasmic pattern. Cases with prevalent cytoplasmic staining showed high rates of lymph node metastases (P>0.05), and regional relapse (P <0.05) and poorer survival rates than the group with prevalent membranous expression (P<0.0001). An absent P-cadherin expression could constitute a hallmark of aggressive biological behaviour in oral squamous cell carcinoma.     

人口腔鳞癌组织中HIF—1a和NF—κB的表达及意义

目的：探讨缺氧诱导因子（HIF—1a）和核因子-κB（NF—κB）口腔鳞癌中的表达及相互关系,研究它们的表达与肿瘤临床病理指标的联系。方法：应用SP染色法检测HIF—1a和NF—κB在49例口腔鳞癌组织、10例正常口腔黏膜组织中的阳性率。结果在口腔鳞癌中HIF—1a和NF—κB的阳性表达率分别为80．0％和78．4％,其阳性率及表达等级均显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,在中-低分化组和有淋巴结转移组中的表达显著高于高分化组和无淋巴结转移组（P〈0．05）。HIF—1a表达与NF—κB表达成等级正相关（r=0．45,P〈0．05）。结论：HIF-1a或NF—κB与口腔鳞癌生物学行为有密切关系,二者的联合检测,有助于口腔鳞癌恶性程度和生物学特性的判断。     

肺活检材料的4种肿瘤标记物表达及与肺癌预后的关系

应用增殖细胞核抗原 （ＰＣＮＡ）、ｒａｓ－ Ｐ２１、Ｐ５３ 单克隆抗体和ＣｅｒｂＢ２ 多克隆抗体, 对７１ 例肺癌的纤支镜活检标本和１０ 例正常肺组织进行免疫组织化学染色研究。结果发现： １０ 例正常肺组织均为阴性表达。７１ 例肺癌中, 上述４ 种抗体的阳性表达率分别为： ７０４２％ 、８０２８％ 、５６３４％ 和８１６９％ 。除ＣｅｒｂＢ２ 与肺癌分型相关外, 均与肺癌分型、分化及ＴＮＭ 分期无关。但与预后均呈负相关。结果表明： 上述４ 种抗体是有效的、可作为判断肺癌预后的肿瘤标记物     

NUMB在口腔白斑和鳞癌中的表达变化及意义

目的:研究NUMB在口腔白斑和鳞癌中的表达及意义。方法:采用免疫组织化学法检测88例口腔正常黏膜、口腔白斑及口腔鳞癌石蜡包埋组织中NUMB蛋白的表达。结果:NUMB在口腔正常黏膜(95.7%)、口腔白斑(75%)及口腔鳞癌(4.7%)中均有阳性表达但是表达频率依次降低。NUMB在各个组中的阳性表达率具有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论NUMB阳性表达率随口腔组织恶性程度增高而减少的趋势提示该基因可能在口腔正常黏膜到口腔白斑再到口腔鳞癌的转化中起作用,NUMB有可能成为早期发现癌变的分子生物学标志之一。     

MACC1和C-Met在口腔白斑和口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨分析MACC1和C-Met在正常口腔黏膜、口腔白斑及口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达及其临床意义。方法:采用免疫组化SP法检测20例口腔黏膜、20例上皮异常增生白斑、50例口腔鳞癌组织中的MACC1、C-Met蛋白的表达情况,采用X2和spearman等级相关分析对结果进行判定。结果:MACC1、C-Met蛋白在异常增生型白斑和口腔鳞癌中的阳性表达率分别为50%、76%,35%、66%,均明显高于正常口腔黏膜(17.6%,5.0%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。MACC1和C-Met蛋白表达与口腔鳞癌的分期、淋巴结转移及分化程度密切相关(P0.05)。Spearman等级相关分析显示口腔白斑及口腔鳞癌中MACC1和C-Met的表达呈现正相关(P0.05)。结论:MACC1和C-Met在上皮不典型增生性白斑和口腔鳞癌中高表达,二者在口腔黏膜白斑的癌变和口腔鳞癌的发生发展中可能起重要作用。     

HSP 27 as possible prognostic factor in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

HSP27 belongs to the Heat shock protein (HSP) family, which plays essential functions in cells under physiological conditions and prevents stress-induced cellular damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological role of HSP27 in oral tumorigenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-nine cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma and 10 cases of normal mucosa were analysed for HSP27 expression by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, the western blot analysis was performed on two cases of normal mucosa and five cases of OSCC. RESULTS: Normal oral mucosa showed a suprabasal expression of HSP27. Twenty-four cases of SCC (30.7%) showed a diffuse staining for HSP27, and 48 cases (60.3%) showed instead a decrease in staining, which was diffuse, homogeneous, or with alternation of positive and negative areas in a single tumor ("mosaic" pattern). Only 7 cases of OSCC (7.5%) were completely negative for HSP27. Frequency of lymph node metastases was higher in HSP27-negative tumours (3/7, 42.8%) than in HSP-reduced (16/48, 33.3%) or positive ones (5/26, 19.2%). Regard staging, stages I and II had a higher score than stages III and IV (stage I > stage II > stage III > stage IV). There was also a statistically significant correlation between HSP27 expression and grade: HSP27 expression was reduced in poorly differentiated tumours (P < 0.05). When analysed for prognostic significance, patients with negative/reduced HSP27 expression had poorer survival rates than the group with positive HSP27 expression (P < 0.05). The statistical analysis of these findings showed no significant correlation between HSP27 expression, sex, and tumour size. CONCLUSION: Cases with reduced expression were more aggressive and poorly differentiated. These data suggest that HSP27 expression may be useful in order to identify cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma with more aggressive and invasive phenotype providing novel diagnostic and prognostic information on individual patient survival with oral cancers.     

CD9在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达水平及其临床意义

目的:口腔鳞状细胞癌是一类极易发生局部侵袭和淋巴结转移的恶性肿瘤,CD9蛋白在多种肿瘤的发生发展及侵袭转移过程中起到重要作用,本研究旨在分析CD9蛋白在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达水平及其临床意义。方法:收集我院诊断明确的口腔鳞癌肿瘤患者石蜡标本合计80例,通过免疫组化手段对CD9蛋白表达水平进行评价,并根据CD9蛋白的表达水平分组,分析患者的临床病理学特征与CD9蛋白的关系。结果:CD9在正常组织和癌旁组织正常表达,在肿瘤组织中表达率低,其表达水平和口腔鳞癌的分化程度,淋巴结转移及最终分期有相关性(P0.05)。结论:本研究结果揭示,CD9在口腔鳞状细胞癌的发生发展中起到重要作用,CD9蛋白水平的低表达或不表达可能预测着肿瘤具有更明显的恶性生物学行为,并可能成为口腔鳞状细胞癌预后的生物学指标及基因治疗的新靶点。     

Prediction of recurrence using exfoliative cytology and melanoma‐associated antigen‐A mRNA analysis following wide excision of oral squamous cell carcinoma: short report

N. Mollaoglu, P. Metzler, J. Zenk, E. Nkenke, F. W. Neukam and J. Ries
Prediction of recurrence using exfoliative cytology and melanoma‐associated antigen‐A mRNA analysis following wide excision of oral squamous cell carcinoma: short report Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common cancer. The local recurrence of OSSC might result from the existence of occult cancer cells around tumour margins. Exfoliative cytology has lately gained great importance as a method for obtaining RNA samples from suspicious oral mucosal lesions in order to carry out molecular diagnosis. In addition, melanoma associated‐A antigens (MAGE‐A) are expressed in various tumours and their detection is a highly accurate sign that cancer cells are present. Objective: The prediction of a recurrence using MAGE‐A mRNA expression analysis to follow‐up OSCC cases using a newly established molecular diagnostic technique applied to cytological materials. Methods: RNA was extracted from three recurrent OSCC cases and from 20 healthy volunteers as a control group using a cytobrush. The expression of MAGE‐A3, A4, A6, A10 and A12 was investigated in these specimens using quantitative real‐time (RT‐PCR). Results: There was no expression of MAGE‐A in the specimens of normal oral mucosa. However, the expression analysis of five different MAGE‐A genes indicated a high potential for malignant change in biopsy‐proven recurrent OSCC cases. Except for MAGE‐A10, the rest of the genes were expressed in different ratios by the three recurrent cases, which had been determined on histopathology to be OSCC or carcinoma in situ. Conclusion: It is suggested that analysis of MAGE‐A expression may be used as a risk prediction method in the diagnosis of recurrence after wide excision of OSCC to enhance the accuracy of exfoliative cytology, which has limitations due to false negative and false positive results.     

Expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in naturally occurring squamous cell carcinomas in dogs.

Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in humans and is also a frequently diagnosed neoplasm in dogs. Induction of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, has been implicated in the oncogenesis of various cancers in humans, including squamous cell carcinomas. However, expression of COX-2 has not been reported in spontaneous squamous cell carcinomas of non-human species. Canine squamous cell carcinomas share several similarities with the human disease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether COX isoenzymes were expressed in naturally occurring cases of squamous cell carcinomas in dogs. Canine normal skin (n=4) and squamous cell carcinomas (n=40) were studied by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting analysis using polyclonal antibodies selective for COX-1 or COX-2. COX-2 was strongly expressed by neoplastic keratinocytes in all cases of squamous cell carcinomas, whereas no COX-2 was detected in normal skin and in the non-neoplastic skin and oral mucosa included in the tumor tissue samples (p<0.01). Immunoblotting analysis confirmed the restricted expression of COX-2 (72,000--74,000 molecular weight doublet) in squamous cell carcinomas only. In contrast, faint COX-1 staining was found in normal skin and in squamous cell carcinomas. This study demonstrates for the first time that COX-2 is induced in canine squamous cell carcinomas, and provides a new model to investigate the role and regulation of COX-2 gene expression in naturally occurring squamous cell carcinomas. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:867-875, 2001)     

细胞衰老和凋亡相关蛋白表达在宫颈鳞癌变中的意义

目的：许多细胞周期调控因子和衰老相关标志物如p14ARF、p15INK4b、p16INK4a 和p53 在G1 细胞周期阻滞和癌基因诱导的衰老中意义重大。这些关键的调节蛋白在多种恶性肿瘤中经常发生突变或是缺失。在本研究中将探讨这些因子在宫颈癌发生中的意义。方法：在本研究中在正常宫颈上皮、宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈鳞癌中,应用免疫组织化学方法检测p14ARF、p15INK4b、p16INK4a、Bcl-2、p53 表达,并分析它们的表达与宫颈癌变的相关性。结果：p16INK4a 在正常宫颈鳞状上皮10%（2/20）表达阴性,在大部分CIN 和宫颈鳞癌中表达阳性,其中在85%（17/20）CIN 和75%（15/20）鳞癌中呈弥漫性强阳性表达,CIN 和宫颈鳞癌中的阳性表达率显著高于正常上皮（P〈0.01）,CIN 和宫颈鳞癌的间表达率无显著差异。p15INK4b 在正常宫颈鳞状上皮中65%（13/20）表达弱阳性,在100% （20/20）CIN 和95%（19/20）宫颈鳞癌中表达弥漫性阳性,各组之间阳性表达率无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。p14ARF在40%（8/20）正常宫颈上皮细胞中表达呈弱阳性（1＋）,在宫颈鳞癌中表达呈弥漫性强阳性90%（18/20）,在45%（9/20）CIN中表达阳性,各组之间阳性表达率无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。Bcl-2 在20%（4/20）正常宫颈上皮表达呈弱阳性,在18/20CIN中其表达强度和比率均增加,阳性表达率为90%（18/20）,Bcl-2 在鳞癌中700%（14/20）呈强阳性和弥漫阳性,CIN 和宫颈鳞癌中的阳性表达率显著高于正常上皮（P〈0.01）,CIN 和宫颈鳞癌的间表达率无显著差异。P53 免疫组化染色显示在正常宫颈上皮为表达为20%（4/20）,在大多数CIN25%（5/20）和鳞癌中核阳性85%（17/20）,在鳞癌中的阳性表达率显著高于正常宫颈上皮和CIN 病变（P〈0.05）。结论：宫颈鳞癌变涉及包括细胞凋亡和细胞衰老在内的多种信号分子表达异常,这些分子可能在宫颈鳞癌发生发挥重要作用并在宫颈癌早期诊断中有重要意义。     

Comparison of Selected Protein Levels in Tumour and Surgical Margin in a Group of Patients with Oral Cavity Cancer

Oral cavity cancer belongs to head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma group. The purpose of the study was to assess the levels of certain proteins in a tumour and surgical margin in a group of patients with oral cavity cancer. The levels of DAPK1, MGMT, CDH1, SFRP1, SFRP2, RORA, TIMP3, p16, APC and RASSF1 proteins were measured by ELISA in tissue homogenates. The protein levels of DAPK1, MGMT, CDH1, SFRP2 and RASSF1 were significantly higher in tumour tissue than in the margin, contrary to TIMP3 which was lower in the tumour itself. DAPK1 level in the tumour was significantly higher in females than in males, the MGMT and p16 levels were lower in the tumours with lymph node metastasis (N1 + N2) than in N0 samples. The CDH1 expression was higher in a group with smoking habits, whereas TIMP3 was lower in this group. Changes in the levels of proteins in tumour and surgical margin may be either reflective of tumour occurrence and development, or they might be also responsible for the progress and reoccurrence of the disease. Levels of the studied proteins might be good prognostic factors; however, further studies are required.     

环氧化酶-2在口腔鳞癌中的表达及其意义

目的探讨环氧化酶-2(COX-2)的表达与口腔鳞癌生物学行为的关系及其意义.方法采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测10例正常口腔黏膜、12例炎症组织和62例口腔鳞癌中COX-2的表达,并结合临床病理资料进行分析.结果口腔鳞癌中COX-2的表达明显高于正常口腔黏膜和炎症组织(P<0.001).COX-2的表达与口腔鳞癌的部位、大小、临床分期及淋巴结转移无明显相关,但与病理分级相关性显著,随分化程度的降低而增强(P=0.002).结论 COX-2很可能在口腔鳞癌的发生、发展中扮演重要角色,抑制COX-2的活性有望成为口腔鳞癌防治的新途径.     

人胚鼻咽上皮发育分化与c—erbB—2的表达变化

应用免疫组织化学方法对人胚鼻咽的ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２表达情况进行了研究．结果表明,人胚鼻咽上皮的ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２表达没有发育阶段性与鼻咽部位置的差异,而与鼻咽上皮的种类密切相关．在假复层纤毛柱状上皮中,以纤毛层的ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２表达阳性信号最强;在典型的过渡型上皮中,ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２阳性反应细胞主要分布于上皮的下五分之四左右的区域,表层细胞无阳性信号出现;而在复层鳞状上皮中,ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２阳性细胞的位置进一步下移,主要分布于上皮的下三分之二左右的区域．这些结果提示,ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２在人胚鼻咽上皮中的表达随细胞分化程度的增加而降低直至完全没有表达．     

Absence of differentiation-related expression of keratin 10 in earlystages of vulvar squamous carcinoma

Using specific monoclonal antibodies (DE-K10 and DE-SCK respectively), the expression of some differentiation-related epidermal keratins was studied in 38 human vulvar squamous carcinomas. In the epidermis, expression of keratin 10 (K10) strictly paralleled the extent of differentiation; it was absent in the basal layer, appeared in the first suprabasal layers and increased in concentration towards the granular layer. However, K10 was rarely detected (1 case out of 12) in early stages of vulvar squamous carcinomas (tumours less than 2 cm, clinical stage I) regardless of the tumour grade. In larger and more advanced tumours (greater than 2 cm, clinical stages II and III), K10 was detected in 21 out of 26 cases. Its expression appeared to be related to maturation of malignant keratinocytes, being preferentially detected in more-differentiated parts. Occasionally however, cells that did not show histological signs of keratinisation were also K10-positive. Modified stratum corneum keratins (recognized specifically by monoclonal antibody DE-SCK) were detected in the most keratinized areas (horn pearls and their close vicinity) of some K10-positive tumours, i.e., in a pattern close to their normal expression in terminally differentiated epidermal cells. These data suggest differences in the regulation of K10 expression during the differentiation processes in the normal keratinising squamous epithelium and in squamous carcinomas. While the normal pattern of vulvar epithelial differentiation is accompanied by an increasing expression of K10, malignant keratinocytes, also when these are histologically moderately or well differentiated, cease expressing this keratin in the early stages of tumour development.