THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON THE RATE OF DEVELOPMENT AND MORTALITY OF TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM (HERBST) (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE)

The speed of development and the developmental mortality of Tribolium castaneum were studied over a series of temperatures between 15 and 40°C. at 10, 30, 70 and 90% R.H. using wheatfeed as food.
Eggs did not hatch at any humidity at 17·5°C. or less, nor at 10% R.H. at 40°C. At all other conditions about 80% of eggs hatched. Humidity does not affect the duration of the egg period. The effect of temperature on the egg period is shown graphically, the shortest period occurring at 37·5°C.
Larvae fail to develop into normal adults at 20°C. and also fail at 90 and 30% R.H. at 40°C. At 20°C. and 70% R.H. pupae may be formed but they do not become normal adults. The rate of larval development is affected by both temperature and humidity. Development is quickest at the highest humidity used at any temperature and at 35°C. for each humidity. Larval mortality is less than 20% except at 40°C. and at combinations of low humidity and low temperature. The results correspond with published results using similar foodstuffs.
Groundnuts were used as a food in a series of experiments at 30°C. and another series at 70% R.H. Larvae on this food were much more susceptible to the effects of humidity and were unable to develop at 20 or 40°C. at 70% R.H. In all conditions development was slower and mortality higher than on wheatfeed.
The pupal period is not affected by humidity and is shortest at 37·5°C.
The conditions in which Park found that cultures of T. castaneum became extinct, 24°C. and 30% R.H., lie inside the zone in which development is possible. The possible causes for this discrepancy are discussed.     

NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON THE CONFUSED FLOUR BEETLE,TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM DUVAL

The confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) was chosen for this study because it lives in a food which ordinarily contains no living organisms. The death rates are greater in cultures which are handled daily than in those which are not handled but when all are handled alike the results are comparable. The results from experiments with individual beetles in various kinds of flour were plotted with instars (larval stages) on the ordinate and time in days on the abscissa, using the results from control experiments in wheat flour to determine the length of the various instars from an "x = y" formula. The curves of development were found to be straight lines throughout all but the last instar. The curve for the last instar during which the larva transformed deviated from the straight line in certain foods, notably rice flour. When mass cultures were used the death and transformation curves were plotted for each synthetic food. A comparison of the curves from wheat flour and the synthetic foods shows that the first parts of the curves are very much alike in all cases and that a few resemble the control in every respect except that the transformation curve has been moved back for a considerable time. The death curves for the mass cultures are not smooth but show sudden increase in death at approximately the times of molting. These curves may therefore be compared with the records from individual beetles.     

擬穀盜Tribolium confusum Duval之形態及生活史

(一)本文對擬穀盜(偽步行蟲科)之各期,加以形態上之研究,及飼育上之實驗。 (二)成蟲無顯著之副性特徴。惟雄蟲通常較雌蟲為小(附表一及附表二)。(三)成蟲不飛翔。後翅之外角無脈,其前緣脈已消失。(四)雄性外生殖器官為陽莖,包括莖管舆其莖基及内莖。雌性外生殖器官為筒状之產卵器及雌生殖孔,並具刺毛一對。(五)幼蟲呈圓柱形;頭部具咀嚼口器,有單眼及四節之觸角各一對。胸部分三節,各具胸足一對。腹部為九節,末節具肛突及管状之肛門。(六)蛹屬外露型。雌蛹在尾毛之前方,另具一對細小之附器;在雄蛹中,此附器變為一退化之杯狀突出。(七)生活史各期,在冬季尋常室温之下,即摄氏表十度左右,皆入半墊狀態以越冬。(八)成蟲交尾次數甚多。倘室温適宜,雌蟲在飼育種蟲之瓶中,隨時皆可產卵。(九)幼蟲共有八個齡期(附表三),平均每期經過十七日:然亦有變異(附表四)。蛹期為七日至八日。全部變態自第一齡起至羽化止,最短約經三個月,最長約為六個月,平均為四個半至五個月,故每年至多祇有兩個世代(附表四)。(十)季節之變灌,能影響各幼蟲齡期所經過之日數,而發生一定之變異。自秋末至春初,各齡期經過之日數中,有極大之差數,其餘各月在温暖氣候之中,其差數較小...     

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON THE CLOTHES MOTH LARVA, TINEOLA BISELLIELLA HUM. (LEPIDOPTERA)

Methods for breeding clothes moths with very little attention are described.
Experiments were made in which fasting clothes moth larvae were exposed to a number of temperatures (35, 30, 22 and 10° C.), and four humidities at each temperature (0, 30, 60 and 90 per cent.). The rate of loss of weight of the larvae was determined, and al 50 the amount of solid matter lost.
In moderately dry or moderately moist air, the larvae maintained their water balance, but in very dry air the proportion of solid matter in their bodies rase, and in moist air it fell. A considerable amount of dry matter was lost by excretion and the production of silk, in addition to metabolism. These processes were not affected by humidity.
The results suggest that the rate at which water is evaporated from the !arvae is proportional to the saturation deficiency of the air.     

温湿度对越冬异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis)存活的影响

为了明确温度和相对湿度对越冬异色瓢虫存活的影响,采用二次正交旋转组合设计,试验了秋冬季收集的异色瓢虫自然种群在不同温湿度组合下,经不同时间后的存活率和存活时间。结果表明,在试验条件下最佳温湿度组合为０℃,ＲＨ７５％。此条件下处理６个月以上时存活率仍达８０％以上,存活时间近９ｄ;温度对异色瓢虫的存活影响最大,湿度次之,温湿度的交互作用最不重要;由试验结果建立了不同处理时间下,温湿度与存活率和存活时间之间关系的一系列二次回归方程。对方程分析表明：０～４℃为异色瓢虫越冬的适宜温度,小于０℃的低温引起存活率下降和存活时间缩短,ＲＨ７０％～８０％为异色瓢虫越冬的适宜湿度,低于ＲＨ６０％和高于ＲＨ９０％不利于存活;处理后的异色瓢虫的存活率和存活时间随着处理时间的延长而减小。但处理时间为６个月以内时,存活率的下降幅度较小     

宽额甲属分类研究(鞘翅目,拟步甲科)

对宽额甲属Ascelosodis昆虫进行了分类研究.描述采自中国西藏3新种,即小粒宽额甲A.granata sp.nov.,郑氏宽额甲A.zhengi sp.nov.和班戈宽额甲A.baingoinana sp.nov..给出了已知种名录和检索表.模式标本保存于河北大学博物馆.     

漠甲亚科八种幼虫记述（鞘翅目：拟步甲科）

漠甲亚科Ｐｉｍｅｌｉｉｎａｅ是一类广布于古北区的耐旱沙漠昆虫,幼虫在沙土内发育,危害植物嫩芽和根部,经济意义较大。本文记述了采自宁夏、甘肃、内蒙古和新疆的８个种,即多毛扁漠甲、谢氏宽漠甲、泥脊漠甲［１］、洛氏脊漠甲［１］、光滑胖漠甲［１］、蒙古漠王、谢氏宽漠王和大宽漠王的幼虫,并给出它们的检索表。幼虫标本保存于宁夏农学院。     

温度对中华鳖卵孵化和胚胎发育的影响

在25℃,27．5℃,30℃,32．5℃和35℃条件下,分别研究了中华鳖（Trionyx sinensis)卵的孵化和胚胎的发育。卵黄和卵壳的湿重分别占卵重的85．10％和14．90％,含水量分别为76．63％和21．01％。中华鳖胚胎重随孵化时间呈逻辑斯谛曲线增长,孵化温度越高,胚胎发育速度r越大。25℃－30℃的胚胎发育仅表现为‘S’型生长曲线的前,中段,在孵化后期发育速度未受到明显的抑制,32．5℃和35℃温度条件下,后期发育速度受到了较大的影响。孵出稚鳖湿重和干重均与初始孵重存在极显著的经性相关关系。孵化温度对孵出稚鳖湿重没有显著影响,但对孵出稚鳖干重的影响极显著。随孵化温度的升高,孵出稚鳖干重吾‘U’形变化,在适中温度下,胚胎的生长效率最低。卵黄干重随孵化时间呈指数递减,温度越高,孵黄的利用速度越快。在孵化过程中,卵重,卵干重和卵内水总量都随孵化时间的延长,孵化温度的上升而略有下降。孵化期随温度升高呈双曲线缩短,其相关关系可用方程I＝30．6＋109／（T－22．5）来表示。中华鳖卵的最适孵化温度在32．5℃左右,胚胎孵化后期比早期对温度的需求可能要低一些。     

中国真轴甲属分类(鞘翅目,拟步甲科)

对中国真轴甲属Eucyrtus Pascoe进行了分类整理,包括2个新纪录种:E.splendens splendens (Lacordaire,1859)和E.deyrollei deyrollei Kraatz,1880,编制了真轴甲属中国已知种检索表.     

中国彩菌甲属分类研究(鞘翅目,拟步甲科)

记述中国彩菌甲属Ceropria Castelnau et Brullé 13种,包括2新种:异色彩菌甲C.variabilies sp. nov.,深沟彩菌甲C.punctata sp. nov..提供了中国已知种检索表.模式标本保存在河北大学博物馆.     

THE INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY, PHOTOPERIOD, AND TEMPERATURE ON THE DORMANCY AND ACTIVITY OF HELIX LUCORUM L. (GASTROPODA, PULMONATA)

The dormancy of Helix lucorum from N. Greece is controlled primarilyby low humidity. Photoperiod and temperature have no directeffect, except in the anomalous combination of long cool daysor short hot days. Adults hibernate more readily than juveniles.The duration of hibernation (before rejection of the calcareousepiphragm) is only slightly shorter at high temperatures. (Received 15 December 1985;     

中国及毗邻地区胖鳖甲属分类研究(鞘翅目,拟步甲科)

对中国及其毗邻地区的胖鳖甲属Syachis Bates,1879进行了分类研究,描述1新种,即西藏胖鳖甲S.xizanganasp.nov.,提供了已知种目录及其检索表.所有研究标本和新种模式标本保存于河北大学博物馆.新种与分布喀喇昆仑山的S cugiae Gridelli,1934在外形上近似,两者的主要区别是:前者前胸背板侧缘弱弧形弯曲,侧缘有皱纹状刻点;额两侧平坦.后者前胸背板两侧强烈弯曲,侧缘附近有细刻点;额两侧有短纵脊.