不同类型饲用玉米群体光合生理特性的研究

对两种类型饲用玉米的群体生理特性进行了研究,结果表明：青贮型玉米的叶面积和叶面积系数较大,吐丝前叶面积增长快,吐丝后叶片衰老略快,拔节至吐丝25d期间作物生长率较高,光合势和干物质积累量大,是决定生物学产量的关键时期,青贮型玉米科多8号的适宜密度在67500株／hm^2左右;粮饲兼用型玉米叶面积和叶面积系数较小,吐丝前叶面积增长较快,吐丝后叶片衰亡较慢,吐丝后至成熟期期间干物质积累量和光合势大,作物生长率高,是决定其生物学产量和籽粒产量的关键时期,粮饲兼用型玉米陕单310的耐密性较好。     

青饲玉米有益突变体筛选的研究

自60年代以来,由于植物细胞组织培养技术的迅速发展,已可获得玉米的再生植株[1～3],其后又发现再生植株中广泛存在着无性系变异,这种遗传变异的利用被确认为一种新的改良作物的重要手段[3～5]。本研究采用体细胞无性系变异突变体筛选技术,选育出生育期较短、分蘖性强、又能保持紫多114原有优良性状的自交系,组配出新的杂交组合,取得了预期的效果。1　材料和方法1.1　实验材料以多秆多穗玉米(Zeamays)自交系紫多114为材料,取幼穗、幼胚、幼茎、幼叶、叶鞘和胚轴等不同外植体培养并进行了比较研究。幼穗为不同发育时期的雄穗,剥掉外圈的叶片,…     

优良饲草与地被植物—香槟草

原产于加拿大和美国北部的香槟草,又名松香草,属于菊科多年生宿根草本植物。近几年才引入我国,经栽培试种后,发现此种植物不仅可作为优质的饲草,而且还是园林绿化中很有前途的一种地被植物(见题图)。     

茶子饼粕的饲用研究

本文报道了茶子饼粕的化学成分、饲用价值、脱皂方法、饲喂效果。研究结果表明茶子饼粕可以作为一种新的饲料资源加以利用。     

饲用植酸酶热稳定性的研究*

植酸酶是一种能将植物性饲料中植酸(盐)降解为肌醇和无机磷酸盐的酶类。其作为单胃动物的饲料添加剂,对提高畜禽业生产效益及降低植酸磷对环境的污染有重要意义。针对目前饲用植酸酶存在的热稳定性不高的问题,介绍了国内外近年来的研究进展,并提出了解决的方法。     

饲用复合酶的浸提条件及稳定性

研究了黑曲霉Aspergillus niger 238发酵曲的最佳浸提条件。结果表明以5倍2％CaCl2溶液,于30℃,120r/min条件下浸提1．5h为佳。通过浓缩得到了浓缩酶液,对浓缩酶液的稳定性进行了初步研究。     

鼢鼠肉营养价值的初步研究

鼢鼠是一种有害动物 ,对农业和林业危害很大。对它的肉质进行营养价值研究 ,从营养学角度为人们提供食用科学依据 ,是合理利用生物资源、变害为益的一种途径。经过对它的肉质氨基酸进行分析 ,结果表明 :其肉质中含有 16种氨基酸 ,8种 (除色氨酸外 )人体必需氨基酸俱全 ,必需氨基酸指数高达 85 .0 0 ,属于高营养蛋白质源。     

喀斯特石漠化地区野生饲用灌木、半灌木资源及其开发利用

喀斯特地区野生饲用灌木资源充裕,但有效的开发和利用比较滞后。通过深入挖掘喀斯特地区野生饲用灌木、半灌木资源及其利用价值,详细阐述了灌木、半灌木的营养、饲用、药用、生态价值,具体分析了野生饲用灌木、半灌木开发利用存在的问题及对策。     

饲用微生物的应用及研究现状

1　饲用微生物应用概况饲用微生物又称益生菌、活菌制剂 ,是近年来出现的一类新型饲料添加剂。它是指由许多有益微生物及其代谢产物和生长促进物质组成的 ,可直接饲喂动物的活菌制剂。具有调节动物胃肠道微生物态平衡、维持胃肠道的正常功能、提高宿主的健康水平 ,从而实现其防病、治病、促进生长等功能。由于它是有益活菌制剂 ,又具有无毒、无副作用、无污染、无残留、不产生抗药性等抗生素所不具备的优点 ,所以倍受关注。在饲料行业和畜牧业用有益微生物替代抗生素作为兽药和饲料添加剂 ,现已得到广泛的重视和应用 ,并显示出其光辉的前景…     

半干旱区立式深旋耕和有机无机肥配施对饲用玉米水分利用效率和产量的影响

合理的耕作和施肥管理措施是提高黄土高原半干旱区饲用玉米产量和水分利用效率的关键。本研究于2017—2019年在甘肃省农业科学院定西试验站开展大田试验,设置了传统旋耕+有机无机肥配施(TOF)、深旋耕+有机无机肥配施(DOF)和立式深旋耕+有机无机肥配施(VROF)3个处理,并以传统旋耕+单施无机肥(TF)为对照,测定了饲用玉米干物质量、土壤含水量、产量,计算了土壤耗水量、水分利用效率和经济效益等指标,探究不同处理对饲用玉米产量、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响。结果表明: 与其他处理相比,VROF花期0～300 cm土层土壤贮水量降低了16.9～79.9 mm,干旱年份花前耗水量增加了9.7～22.4 mm、花后耗水量增加了11.0～19.8 mm,总土壤耗水量提高了8.6%～12.4%;立式深旋耕+有机无机肥配施能够促进饲用玉米生育期耗水,使得成熟期干物质量增加3.9%～13.4%,株高、穗长、穗粒数、百粒重和双穗率也明显增加,秃顶长显著降低,籽粒产量增加4.3%～51.5%、生物产量增加4.3%～25.7%,籽粒和生物量水分利用效率分别提高2.7%～36.9%和3.6%～13.5%,单位总产值增加5.1%～32.9%、纯收益提高6.9%～80.5%。可知,立式深旋耕结合有机无机肥配施能够调控饲用玉米生育期耗水,使饲用玉米干物质积累、株高、百粒重等农艺和经济性状指标明显增加,显著提升产量和水分利用效率,并提高总产值和纯收益,是适宜于西北黄土高原半干旱区饲用玉米种植的抗旱增产增效技术。     

云南会泽引种玛卡中氨基酸组成与含量对营养与风味的影响

采用柱前衍生-液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)对云南会泽引种玛卡中水解氨基酸与游离氨基酸的种类与含量进行了测定。通过对玛卡中水解氨基酸的分析,发现玛卡中含有全部18种氨基酸,人体所必需的8种氨基酸占总氨基酸比例为36.75%,表明玛卡是具有较高营养价值的农作物,人体所必需的氨基酸中苯丙氨酸、络氨酸、蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸含量不足,影响了其整体营养价值;对影响感官的游离氨基酸进行分类,研究了各类味觉氨基酸对玛卡风味的影响。     

Plant Regeneration from the Protoplast Culture of Multitiller and Multispike Forage Maize and Seeding of the Regenerated Plant

This paper deals with systematic studies on the protoplast culture of multitiller and multispike forage maize, including selection of genotypes, induction and subculture of embryogenic calli, cell suspansion culture and protoplast culture. Methods such as liquid culture, nurse culture and agarose bead culture were used for protoplast culture. Four cell clones were obtained. Of which calli and embryoids derived from protoplasts were induced from 79, 55 and 79-8 three genotypes, and regenerated plants were acquired from 79 and 79-8. One of the regenerated plants, after being transplanted into soil, developed normally with flowering and earing. After self and cross pollinations three ears with normally developed seeds were obtained. These seeds germinated well in germination test.     

碱蒿营养器官的扫描电镜观察研究

用扫描电子显微镜对碱蒿（Artemisia anethifolia）营养器官的解剖学特征进行了观察与研究。结果表明：碱蒿属于典型的泌盐盐生植物。叶肉质化,表皮上气孔为无规则型气孔,密集下陷,有较多的盐囊泡和分杈腺毛分布,表皮细胞外壁加厚,外壁的外层角质化,为等面叶,栅栏组织细胞排列疏松,叶中央为发达的储水组织,木质部有多束维管束;茎表皮上有少许气孔,并分布有腺毛和众多盐囊泡,表皮细胞外壁加厚形成角质层,皮层宽度较小,皮层薄壁组织细胞内可见淀粉粒,中柱后生木质部为口径大的导管,原生木质部为口径小的导管,管内充满盐晶体,中间有发达的贮水薄壁细胞;根的表皮细胞排列疏松,外皮层细胞排列紧密而整齐,中部皮层薄壁细胞层数较多,细胞中贮藏有许多淀粉粒,内皮层细胞排列紧密,初生木质部导管发达,内部周围存在大量盐晶体,根的次生木质部有通气组织。这些解剖结构均表现出碱蒿具有适应盐碱、干旱生境的结构特征。     

药物诱导玉米远缘杂种孤雌生殖获得异源种质纯系及其育种研究

药物诱导玉米远缘杂种（自３３０×ＤＰ）ＢＣ１孤雌生殖,可在早代（Ｐａ２）克服远缘杂种疯狂分离、遗传性不稳定问题。在２～３年内选育出优良的异源种质纯系５４０,并组配出优良杂交种遗单６号（５００３×５４０）。它的主要特点：大穗、高产、优质、抗病、抗倒伏、成熟后茎叶持绿。细胞学鉴定指出,纯系５４０的第２对同源染色体的一条染色体长臂和第５对同源染色体的长臂均显示异染色质末端带,这是二倍体多年生类玉米的带型特征,从而证明,５４０是具有二倍体多年生类玉米种质的纯系。药物诱导孤雌生殖技术为玉米远缘杂交育种开辟了广阔的前景     

Nutritive value of forage biomass from sainfoin mixtures

Forage quality characteristics of field-grown mixtures of sainfoin with cocksfoot (50:50%), sainfoin with tall fescue (50:50%), and the same with the addition of subterranean clover in their composition (33:33:33%) were measured. Forage biomass from the mixtures of sainfoin with cocksfoot had generally higher forage quality than mixtures with tall fescue. It had higher crude protein content (11.52% of dry matter (with 1.07% units), significantly higher digestibility (61.74%) (with 6.51% units), higher neutral detergent fiber content (53.42%) (with 3.22% units), higher nutritive value (Unité Fourragère Viande – Unité Fourragère Lait, 0.690–0.583) and higher protein feeding value (Total Digestible Protein – Protein digestible dans l’intestine in dependence of nitrogen – Protein digestible dans l’intestine in dependence of energy), 72–70–79 g/kg of dry matter. Forage biomass showed more balanced basic chemical composition after the addition of subterranean clover, i.e.: higher crude protein content (with 0.30% units) and lower crude fiber content (with 0.14% units) for mixtures with cocksfoot; higher digestibility (with 0.29% units) for mixtures with cocksfoot; lower neutral detergent fiber content (with 0.45% units) for mixtures with cocksfoot and with 3.15% units for mixtures with tall fescue, higher energy feeding value (Unité Fourragère Viande – Unité Fourragère Lait) (with 0.007–0.012 for mixtures with cocksfoot and with 0.009–0.014 for mixtures with tall fescue), higher protein feeding value for both mixtures with cocksfoot and tall fescue. Forage biomass from mixtures of sainfoin with cocksfoot and Trifolium subterraneum ssp. brachycalicinum had the highest crude protein (11.89% of dry matter), the lowest crude fiber content (27.07% of dry matter) and the highest digestibility (62.81% of dry matter).     

转基因抗矮花叶病玉米的遗传、表达及抗病性研究

目的：研究目的基因在转基因植株及其后代中遗传表达的稳定性,以及目的基因表达与抗病性的关系,最终得到转基因纯合株系。方法：以采用花粉介导法将RDV运动蛋白缺陷型（RDV MP^-）基因导入玉米自交系478的转基因种子（T0）作为试验材料,对其或其后代进行潮霉素抗性筛选、PCR检测、目的基因表达产物含量测定、农艺性状筛选,以及田间接种病毒的抗病鉴定。结果：通过潮霉素抗性筛选从T0种子获得了11株疑似转化植株;对T1、T2、T3代转基因植株的PCR分析证实目的基因已导入玉米植株,并显示随着转化植株世代交替,目的基因可稳定遗传给下一代,且目的基因在待测材料中的检出比例也随着代数的增加而提高;目的基因表达量的测定结果为1．83-11．57ng／mg叶片鲜重之间;田间接种玉米矮花叶病病毒试验结果证明转化植株比对照植株的抗矮花叶病能力有了显著提高,个别株系在T1代的发病率就为0,T1、T2、B代转化植株的抗病性逐代提高,比临近对照的抗病性提高2～5级;目的基因表达量与植株（系）的抗病性显著相关,r=0．923,P〈0．01;入选纯合系的农艺性状也有较大变化,穗粒数比对照系增加约5％。结论：通过以上方法,可以筛选到转基因抗病玉米纯合株系。     

Forage nutritional characteristics and yield dynamics in a grazed semiarid steppe ecosystem of Inner Mongolia,China

In the steppe of Inner Mongolia, forage is the only source of feed for sheep. The forage intake of sheep can be characterized in both quantity and quality terms, which are determined by environmental and anthropogenic factors and grazing has a strong effect on steppe productivity and the grassland ecosystem. Evaluation of forage quality and quantity is therefore of critical importance. The effects of grazing intensity, interannual variability effects, and species composition on aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and forage nutritional characteristics were investigated in a controlled grazing experiment along a gradient of 7 grazing intensities (from non-grazed to very heavily grazed) over six years (2005–2010) on typical steppe in Inner Mongolia. Forage nutritional characteristics were defined by the nutritional value (concentrations of crude protein (CP), cellulase digestible organic matter (CDOM), metabolizable energy (ME) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF)) and the nutritional yield. The forage nutritional yield is a function of ANPP and the forage nutritional value. Forage nutritional value increased but ANPP and nutritional yields decreased with increasing grazing intensity. The inter-annual variation of ANPP, forage nutritional value and yield were weakly linked to the inter-annual variability of precipitation. However, ANPP and nutritional value also varied during the growing season, depending on the seasonal distribution of precipitation and temperature, which influence forage digestibility (CDOM) and metabolizable energy (ME), with higher CDOM and ME under high seasonal precipitation and low seasonal mean temperature. Forage nutritional value and yield, as well as ANPP, were predominantly determined by the dominant species rather than by species diversity. The results suggest that forage nutritional yield in the Inner Mongolian steppe is predominantly determined by the ANPP and only to a minor extent by forage nutritional value, and is predominantly determined by the dominant species and only to a minor extent by species diversity. Therefore, herbage productivity seems to be the most limiting factor in managing this steppe ecosystem as a feeding resource for livestock and to be the best ecological and environmental indicator for grassland management practices.     

乳状鱼蛋白的营养评价

乳状鱼蛋白是以鱼类为原料采用酶水解方法制作的一种鱼蛋白制品。以低值淡水鱼鲢鱼整鱼为原料制作的乳状 鱼蛋白,其营养成分和氨基酸组成具有如下特点:蛋白质含量丰富,脂肪含量较高(质量分数分别为18.4%和7.1%),其组成 中不饱和脂肪酸质量分数约占70%,且EPA和DHA的总量达到12.1%;此外,铁、锌含量较高,质量分数分别为30.7mg/k 和42.2mg/kg。组成蛋白质的各必需氨基酸除甲硫氨酸和胱氨酸外,其他均接近或超过FAO/WHO模式或全蛋蛋白。由大鼠 生长试验结果表明,其蛋白质的PER和NPR均高于酪蛋白,因此可以认为乳状鱼蛋白是食品加工的良好的蛋白质源。     

萝卜花粉的营养成分研究

萝卜花粉的营养成分测定表明,其蛋白质含量28.38%,总糖含量33.33%,氨基酸总量27.59%,总黄酮含量3.57%,维生素和矿质元素含量亦较丰富。萝卜花粉资源丰富,营养成分齐全,具有很好的开发利用价值。     

玉米遗传转化系统的研究进展

本文介绍了近年来玉米遗传转化系统的建立、基因导入手段、方法等方面的研究进展。 Abstract：This review introduced the research process of the establishement of genetic transformation system in Maize. The method and integration and expression of exogenous genes were also discussed.