固定化纤维二糖酶的研究

黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger LORRE 012）的孢子中富含纤维二糖酶,将这些孢子用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋后,可以方便有效地固定纤维二糖酶。固定化后的纤维二糖酶性能稳定,半衰期为38 d,耐热性和适宜的pH范围均比固定化前有所增加,其K_m和V_max值分别为6.01 mmol/L和7.06 mmol/(min·L)。利用固定化纤维二糖酶重复分批酶解10 g/L的纤维二糖,连续10批的酶解得率均可保持在97%以上;采用连续酶解工艺,当稀释率为0.4 h^-1,酶解得率可达98.5%。玉米芯经稀酸预处理后,其纤维残渣用里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）纤维素酶降解,酶解得率为69.5%;通过固定化纤维二糖酶的进一步作用,上述水解液中因纤维二糖积累所造成的反馈抑制作用得以消除,酶解得率提高到84.2%,还原糖中葡萄糖的比例由53.6%升至89.5%,该研究结果在纤维原料酶水解工艺中具有良好的应用前景。     

游离及固定化果糖基转移酶部分酶学性质的比较研究

 从诱变、筛选的米曲霉GX0 0 10菌株所产生的果糖基转移酶 ,经过纯化和固定化操作分别制备游离酶和固定化酶 ,对两者的酶学性质进行了比较研究 .结果表明 ,两者在蔗糖转化为蔗果低聚糖的酶促反应中 ,最适pH为 5 5,在pH5 0～ 7 5之间酶活性相对稳定 .游离酶和固定化酶的适宜温度范围分别是 4 5～ 52℃和 4 0～ 55℃ .在 55℃保温 60min ,酶活性保存率分别是 61 6%和 87 5% .固定化酶的热稳定性提高 .0 1mmol LHg2 +和 1mmol LAg+能完全抑制游离酶的活性 ,但只能部分抑制固定化酶的活性 ,1mmol L的Ti2 +能完全抑制两者的活性 .以蔗糖为底物时 ,游离酶的米氏常数Km=2 15mmol L ,而固定化酶Km =386mmol L .游离酶只能使用一次 ,固定化酶反复使用 54次后 ,剩余活力为 55 2 % .用 55% (W V)蔗糖溶液与固定化酶在pH5 0 ,4 6℃下作用 12h ,可获得61 5% (总低聚糖 总糖 )产物 ,其中蔗果五糖含量达到 7 2 % .     

酿酒酵母异源表达纤维二糖转运蛋白LacY与纤维二糖利用菌株的构建北大核心

【目的】在酿酒酵母体内设计代谢通路,使酿酒酵母能利用纤维素水解产物纤维二糖生产乙醇。【方法】首先,用大肠杆菌DH5α总DNA为模板克隆编码大肠杆菌乳糖透过酶的LacY基因。为过表达LacY基因,以质粒YEplac181作为载体,将酿酒酵母PGK1p强启动子加到LacY基因之前,CYC1t终止子加到LacY基因之后,构建质粒YEplac181-PGK1p-LacY-CYC1t。之后,将纤维二糖转运蛋白LacY表达质粒和β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase,BGL)表达质粒pRS316-PGK1p-gh1-1-CYC1t依次转入野生型酿酒酵母W303-1A中,使野生型酿酒酵母W303-1A异源表达可转运纤维二糖的LacY蛋白和β-葡萄糖苷酶GH1-1,构建可利用纤维二糖的酿酒酵母工程菌W303-1A GL。最后,通过发酵测定酿酒酵母工程菌W303-1A GL的纤维二糖利用情况和乙醇产量,并对纤维二糖代谢通路中纤维二糖酶活力进行测定。【结果】本研究构建了纤维二糖转运蛋白LacY和β-葡萄糖苷酶GH1-1协同表达的酿酒酵母工程菌W303-1AGL。W303-1AGL可以有效利用纤维二糖发酵生产乙醇,W303-1A GL发酵24 h时乙醇产量达到3.25 g/L,得率为0.325 g乙醇/g纤维二糖,利用葡萄糖产乙醇理论得率为0.511 g乙醇/g纤维二糖,达到葡萄糖产乙醇理论得率的64%,细胞密度最高在第54 h达到OD600=10.84,胞内β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶活在72 h最高,可达到0.51 U/mg。【结论】本研究成功构建了能有效利用纤维二糖的重组酿酒酵母工程菌W303-1A GL,为提高纤维素乙醇生产效率、降低纤维素乙醇生产成本提供了新思路。     

纤维二糖差向异构酶在毕赤酵母中的表达及酶学性质研究

首先将来源于Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus的纤维二糖差向异构酶基因CsCEm进行密码子优化,然后进行全基因合成,再将其引入到载体pPIC9K中,构建重组质粒pPIC9K-CsCEm并转化入毕赤酵母GS115,得到酵母工程菌株.经微孔板筛选、摇瓶筛选得到酶活最高的重组工程茵GS115-4-19.该菌株经甲醇诱导144 h后,摇瓶发酵液上清酶活达到0.42 U/mL.酶学性质研究结果表明:该酶的最适pH为7.5,且在pH 6.0 ～8.0范围内相对酶活都在80％以上;在pH 4～9的缓冲液中放置24 h后仍保持原酶活力的80％以上;最适温度为80℃,在60℃～80℃保温30 min后,相对酶活在80％以上.动力学研究结果表明该酶对底物乳糖的Km和Vmax分别为(120.27±9.96) mmol/L和(1.035±0.05) mmol/L/min.纤维二糖差向异构酶在毕赤酵母中的成功表达为生物酶法合成乳果糖提供了重要参考.     

纤维剩余物酶解工艺研究

富含单宁的塔拉豆荚经水解制备没食子酸,其剩余物中富含纤维素。本研究探讨了酶解各因素对塔拉纤维剩余物还原糖产率的影响,在单因素实验的基础上,进行料液比、酶解温度、p H和酶解时间四因素L16(4)5正交优化实验,其优化工艺条件为料液比1∶6 g·m L-1,酶解温度55℃,p H6,酶解时间48 h。在此条件下,酶解塔拉纤维剩余物还原糖产率均值为43.95%。     

海藻酸钠固定化β-葡萄糖苷酶的研究

以海藻酸钠为载体,研究了β-葡萄糖苷酶固定方法及其条件,并利用固定化β-葡萄糖苷酶进行了酶解试验。结果表明,采用交联-包埋方式,在海藻酸钠质量分数3．5％、给酶量100U／g载体、戊二醛体积分数1％、氯化钙质量分数2％的条件下固定β-葡萄糖苷酶2h,可以获得较佳的固定化效果。其固定率达到65％,重复分批利用20次仍能保持90％以上的酶解得率。利用固定化β-葡萄糖苷酶连续酶解纤维二糖时,在不同进料速度下有着不同的催化效率,当进料速度为1．5mL／min、1．0mL／min时,酶解得率分别达到96,7％和99．0％;与木霉纤维素酶协同水解纤维素时,在β-葡萄糖苷酶总酶活与滤纸酶活之比为0．5（FPA为2．0U／mL）的条件下,酶解滤纸纤维素和微晶纤维素60h的得率比单独采用木霉纤维素酶分别增加了20．4％和29．3％。研究结果对于解决酶法水解纤维资源得率低、酶使用成本高这一关键问题提供了一种有效的方法。     

纤维素酶解过程的分析和测定

用多元回归法定量分析了绿色木霉Trichoderma ciride 纤维素酶系的三类组分及其协同效应在纤维索粉酶解中的作用。结果表明,纤维素的溶解由CBH组分和EG组分的协同作用所决定,任一单一组分或其它组分间协同作用的效应都很微弱。而还原糖的生成则主要是在此基础上由纤维二糖酶所促进的。当纤维素粉分解近70％时,x光衍射分析表明,其无定形区酶解73．6％,结晶区酶解66．6％,两者几乎同时被分解。由此,提出了一个同时测定纤维素酶系的纤维溶解活力和糖化活力的方法。     

亚硫酸盐甘蔗渣浆酶解液发酵制备乙醇

以亚硫酸盐甘蔗渣浆酶解液作为原料,利用C. shehatae发酵制取燃料乙醇。结果表明：还原糖最适初始质量浓度为葡萄糖140 g/L、木糖60 g/L、酶解液总糖80 g/L。利用初始葡萄糖55.06 g/L、木糖11.18 g/L、纤维二糖4.51 g/L的亚硫酸盐甘蔗渣浆酶解液发酵,经18 h获得乙醇22.98 g/L。乙醇得率为67.23%,葡萄糖利用率为99.27%,木糖利用率为32.96%,C. shehatae适合作为蔗渣为原料的乙醇发酵菌株。     

脂肪酶固定化及其稳定性研究

目的:研究脂肪酶的固定化工艺及其稳定性。方法:以四甲氧基硅烷(TMOS)和甲基三甲氧基硅烷(MTMS)为前驱体的溶胶-凝胶法(sol-gel)固定化黑曲霉属脂肪酶。结果:最优固定化条件是:TMOS 0.5mmol、MTMS 2.5mmol,水与硅烷前驱体摩尔比(R)12,PEG400 120μL,给酶量120mg。酶的固定化效率为93.7%,比活力为游离酶的2.2倍。固定化酶和游离酶在60℃处理2h,其残余酶活分别为91.8%和0;在pH 11的缓冲液中处理2h,其残余酶活分别为95.2%和82%。结论:酶经固定化后其活力、热稳定性和pH稳定性均有提高。     

嗜热毛壳菌外切葡聚糖纤维二糖水解酶的纯化和部分性质研究

研究液体发酵嗜热毛壳菌(Chaetomium thermophilum)产生的一种外切葡聚糖纤维二糖水解酶的分离纯化及特性。粗酶液经硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子层析、Sephacryl S-100分子筛层析、Q Sepharose Fast Flow强阴离子层析等步骤后获得凝胶电泳均一的外切葡聚糖纤维二糖水解酶。经12.5%SDS-PAGE和凝胶过滤层析方法测得该酶的分子量大小约为66.3kDa和67.1kDa。该酶反应的最适温度和pH值分别为65℃和5.0。在60℃以下酶比较稳定,在70℃酶的半衰期为1h,在80℃下保温20min仍具有20%的活性,该酶的热稳定性较中温真菌的同类酶高,与国外报道的嗜热真菌的同类酶热稳定性接近。以pNPC为底物的Km值为0.956mmol/L。     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of corncob and ethanol production from cellulosic hydrolysate

 Enzymatic hydrolysis of corncob and ethanol fermentation from cellulosic hydrolysate were investigated. After corncob was pretreated by 1% H₂SO₄ at 108 °C for 3 h, the cellulosic residue was hydrolyzed by cellulase from Trichoderma reesei ZU-02 and the hydrolysis yield was 67.5%. Poor cellobiase activity in T. reesei cellulase restricted the conversion of cellobiose to glucose, and the accumulation of cellobiose caused severe feedback inhibition to the activities of β-1,4-endoglucanase and β-1,4-exoglucanase in cellulase system. Supplementing cellobiase from Aspergillus niger ZU-07 greatly reduced the inhibitory effect caused by cellobiose, and the hydrolysis yield was improved to 83.9% with enhanced cellobiase activity of 6.5 CBU g⁻¹ substrate. Fed-batch hydrolysis process was started with a batch hydrolysis containing 100 g l⁻¹ substrate, with cellulosic residue added at 6 and 12 h twice to get a final substrate concentration of 200 g l⁻¹. After 60 h of reaction, the reducing sugar concentration reached 116.3 g l⁻¹ with a hydrolysis yield of 79.5%. Further fermentation of cellulosic hydrolysate containing 95.3 g l⁻¹ glucose was performed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 316, and 45.7 g l⁻¹ ethanol was obtained within 18 h. The research results are meaningful in fuel ethanol production from agricultural residue instead of grain starch.     

应用固定化里氏木霉糖化玉米秆纤维素的研究

采用多孔聚酯材料固定里氏木霉（TrichodermareeseiRutC30）菌丝细胞,将固定化细胞在生长限制条件下重复分批培养,使纤维酶的合成与玉米秆纤维原料的酶解糖化耦合在一个反应器中同时进行。在30℃、初始pH4.8、摇瓶转速150r／min的条件下,连续重复进行12次分批培养试验。每批玉米秆用量为60g／L,培养周期4．5d,共54d。培养液中含滤纸酶活力平均为0.70IU／ml,还原糖26．41g／L,糖化率达到理论值的89.11％。固定化菌丝形态正常,菌量保持在10g／L左右。在间歇添料条件下,玉米秆原料的总量可提高到120g／L,7d后还原糖浓度达52.81g／L,糖化率为89．20％。利用固定化里氏木霉同时产酶和糖化植物纤维原料,工艺简便、成本低廉、易于连续自动化操作,是一条有效利用可再生纤维素资源的新途径。     

The enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of pretreated wheat straw to ethanol

Autohydrolysis and ethanol-alkali pulping were used as pretreatment methods of wheat straw for its subsequent saccharification by Trichoderma reesei cellulase. The basic hydrolysis parameters, i.e., reaction time, pH, temperature, and enzyme and substrate concentration, were optimized to maximize sugar yields from ethanol-alkali modified straw. Thus, a 93% conversion of 2.5% straw material to sugar syrup containing 73% glucose was reached in 48 h using 40 filter paper units/g hydrolyzed substrate. The pretreated wheat straw was then fermented to ethanol at 43 degrees C in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process using T. reesei cellulase and Kluyveromyces fragilis cells. From 10% (w/v) of chemically treated straw (dry matter), 2.4% (w/v) ethanol was obtained after 48 h. When the T. reesei cellulase system was supplemented with beta-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger, the ethanol yield in the SSF process increased to 3% (w/v) and the reaction time was shortened to 24 h.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose lung immobilized β-glucosidase

The production of sugars by enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is a multistep process which includes conversion of the intermediate cellobiose to glucose by β-glucosidase. Aside from its role as an intermediate, cellobiose inhibits the endoglucanase components of typical cellulase enzyme systems. Because these enzyme systems often contain insufficient concentrations of β-glucosidase to prevent accumulation of inhibitory cellobiose, this research investigated the use of supplemental immobilized β-glucosidase to increase yield of glucose. Immobilized β-glucosidase from Aspergillus phoenicis was produced by sorption at controlled-pore alumina with about 90% activity retention. The product lost only about 10% of the original activity during an on-stream reaction period of 500 hr with cellobiose as substrate; maximum activity occurred near pH 3.5 and the apparent activation energy was about 11 kcal/mol. The immobilized β-glucosidase was used together with Trichoderma reesei cellulase to hydrolyze cellulosic materials, such as Solka Floc, corn stove and exploded wood. Increased yields of glucose and greater conversions of cellobiose of glucose were observed when the reaction systems contained supplemental immobilized β-glucosidase.     

Kinetics of cellobiose hydrolysis using cellobiase composites from Ttrichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger

The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose involves the formation of cellobiose as an intermediate. It has been found necessary(1) to add cellobiase from Aspergillus niger (NOVO) to the cellobiase component of Trichoderma reesei mutant Rut C-30 (Natick) cellulase enzymes in order to obtain after 48 h complete conversion of the cellobiose formed in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass. This study of the cellobiase activity of these two enzyme sources was undertaken as a first step in the formation of a kinetic model for cellulose hydrolysis that can be used in process design. In order to cover the full range of cellobiose concentrations, it was necessary to develop separate kinetic parameters for high- and low-concentration ranges of cellobiose for the enzymes from each organism. Competitive glucose inhibition was observed with the enzymes from both organisms. Substrate inhibition was observed only with the A. niger enzymes.     

High-yield cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei ZU-02 on corn cob residue

Cellulase production using corn cob residue from xylose manufacture as substrate was carried out by Trichoderma reesei ZU-02. It was found that on the same cellulose basis, the cellulase activity and yield produced on corn cob residue were comparable with that on purified cellulose. Under batch process, the optimum concentration of substrate was 40 g/l and the optimum C/N ratio was 8.0. In 500 ml flasks, cellulase activity reached 5.25 IU/ml (213.4 IU/g cellulose) after seven days' cultivation. In a 30 m(3) stirred fermenter for large scale production, cellulase and cellobiase activity were 5.48 IU/ml (222.8 IU/g cellulase) and 0.25 IU/ml (10.2 IU/g cellulose), respectively, after four days' submerged fermentation. The produced cellulase could effectively hydrolyze the corn cob residue, and the yield of enzymatic hydrolysis reached 90.4% on 10% corn cob residue (w/v) when the cellulase dosage was 20 IU/g substrate.     

Characterization of the cellulolytic activity of a Bacillus isolate.

A group I Bacillus strain, DLG, was isolated and characterized as being most closely related to Bacillus subtilis. When grown on any of a variety of sugars, the culture supernatant of this isolate was found to possess cellulolytic activity, as demonstrated by degradation of trinitrophenyl-carboxymethyl cellulose. Growth in medium containing cellobiose or glucose resulted in the greatest production of cellulolytic activity. The cellulolytic activity was not produced until the stationary phase of growth, and the addition of glucose or cellobiose to a culture in this phase had no apparent effect on enzyme production. Fractionation of the culture supernatant showed that the molecular weight of the enzymatic activity was less than 100,000. Maximum cellulolytic activity in assays was observed at pH 4.8 and at 58C, although maximum thermal stability of the activity. Kinetic experiments suggested that more than one enzyme was acting upon trinitrophenyl-carboxymethyl cellulose. Exocellular protein produced by this Bacillus isolate showed roughly one-fifth the cellulolytic activity displayed by Trichoderma reesei C30 on noncrystalline, cellulosic substrates. In contrast to T. reesei cellulase, the Bacillus enzymatic activity showed no ability to degrade crystalline forms of cellulose, nor was cellobiase activity detectable.     

Hydrolysis of animal manure lignocellulosics for reducing sugar production

Converting animal manure into value-added products provides a potential alternative for treatment and disposal of such materials. Lignocellulosics are a major component of animal manure and represent an undeveloped bioresource. In this work, a process was developed for hydrolyzing manure lignocellulosics into fermentable sugars. When raw dairy manure was pre-treated with 3% sulfuric acid at 110 degrees C for 1 h, hemicellulose was completely degraded into mainly arabinose, galactose and xylose. The pretreated materials were then treated with cellulolytic enzymes, Celluclast-1.5L and Novozyme-188, to hydrolyze the cellulose. The optimal enzyme loadings were identified as 13 FPU cellulase/g substrate and 5 IU beta-glucosidase/g substrate. The optimal temperature and pH were determined to be 46 degrees C and 4.8, respectively. A substrate concentration of 50 g/l favored both glucose concentration (in hydrolysate) and glucose yield (based on per 100 g manure). It was also found that a reduced particle size of 590-mum resulted in a high glucose yield with further decreases in particle size not increasing the yield. For each particle size investigated, the addition of 2% tween-80 resulted in at least 20% improvement in glucose yield. The optimized hydrolysis process achieved a glucose yield of 11.32 g/100 g manure, which corresponded to about 40% cellulose conversion.     

Evaluation of nanoparticle-immobilized cellulase for improved ethanol yield in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation reactions

Ethanol yields were 2.1 (P = 0.06) to 2.3 (P = 0.01) times higher in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) reactions of microcrystalline cellulose when cellulase was physisorbed on silica nanoparticles compared to enzyme in solution. In SSF reactions, cellulose is hydrolyzed to glucose by cellulase while yeast simultaneously ferments glucose to ethanol. The 35°C temperature and the presence of ethanol in SSF reactions are not optimal conditions for cellulase. Immobilization onto solid supports can stabilize the enzyme and promote activity at non-optimum reaction conditions. Mock SSF reactions that did not contain yeast were used to measure saccharification products and identify the mechanism for the improved ethanol yield using immobilized cellulase. Cellulase adsorbed to 40 nm silica nanoparticles produced 1.6 times (P = 0.01) more glucose than cellulase in solution in 96 h at pH 4.8 and 35°C. There was no significant accumulation (<250 μg) of soluble cellooligomers in either the solution or immobilized enzyme reactions. This suggests that the mechanism for the immobilized enzyme's improved glucose yield compared to solution enzyme is the increased conversion of insoluble cellulose hydrolysis products to soluble cellooligomers at 35°C and in the presence of ethanol. The results show that silica-immobilized cellulase can be used to produce increased ethanol yields in the conversion of lignocellulosic materials by SSF.     

Properties of cellulase immobilized on agarose gel with spacer

Cellulase produced by fungus Trichoderma viride was immobilized on agarose beads (Sepharose 4B) activated by cyanogen bromide and also on activated agarose beads that contained spacer arm (activated CH-Sepharose 4B and Affi-Gel 15). The CMCase activity retained by immobilized cellulase on activated Sepharose containing the spacer tended to be higher than that immobilized without spacer, although the extent of protein immobilization was lower. Also, the higher substrate specificity for cellulase immobilized on beads with spacer was obtained for cellobiose, acid-swollen cellulose, or cellulose powder. The hydrolysis product from their substrates was mainly glucose.