花椒种籽油的含蜡量测定与脱蜡

花椒种籽油的含蜡量测定与脱蜡是长期困扰花椒种籽油处理的一项关键技术,本研究通过分析混合压榨制备的花椒种籽油,花椒籽种壳油及种仁油的含蜡量,研究了5种脱蜡方法脱除花椒籽油中蜡质的脱蜡效果,确定了脱除花椒籽油中蜡质的有效方法,研究结果表明,花椒籽油的含蜡量在15－20％,左右,而这些蜡质基本上都含在种壳油内一即种壳上,种仁油基本不含蜡质,脱除花椒籽油中蜡质的合理方法应是：（1）含蜡量相对较低的精制粗油可选用表面活性剂法脱蜡;（2）当含蜡量相对较高时,为降低脱蜡过程中油的耗损率可选用分步脱蜡法脱蜡;（3）需进行碱炼的油,可在碱炼过程中将蜡质与游离脂肪酸一半除去。     

花椒种籽油的脱色方法研究

选择不同的脱色方法分别对处理方式不同的花椒种子籽油进行脱色实验,结果表明,化学脱色法对不同处理的花椒种籽油都有脱色能力。但由于未从根本上除去油中的色素和其它使油色加深的物质反而增大了油的粘度,碱为地的脱色效果明显较化学脱色法,处理后的油色可以满足食品及工业用油对色度的要求;脱蜡碱炼后进行吸附剂脱色的实验表明,如处置不当油的色度不会下降反而可能升高,蛋白质类发生降解形成了油溶性的红褐色物质,是导致花椒种籽油色泽加深的主要原因。     

花椒籽油的提取和组分分析

选用石油醚、无水乙醇、正己烷三种溶剂对花椒籽油进行索氏提取,结果青花椒籽油的得率分别为:5.34%、5.49%、4.80%;红花椒籽油的得率分别为:18.69%、24.41%、17.20%;红花椒籽油得率是青花椒籽油得率的3~4倍。花椒籽油经皂化后采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析不同溶剂提取的花椒籽油脂肪酸组分,并用峰面积归一化法测定各种组分相对含量。结果鉴定的主要组分为棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、油酸和亚油酸,这四种组分占95%以上;青花椒籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量在83.43%以上;其中棕榈油酸占60%以上,油酸占20%左右,亚油酸占5%左右。红花椒籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量在69%以下;其中棕榈油酸占12%余,油酸占40%左右,亚油酸占10%左右。而红花椒籽油中棕榈酸含量在30%左右,约是青花椒籽油中棕榈酸含量(11%左右)的3倍。     

木瓜籽毛油精炼条件筛选及其理化指标分析

以磷脂含量为指标对木瓜〔Chaenomeles sinensis ( Thouin) Koehne〕籽毛油水化脱胶过程中脱胶剂种类、脱胶剂添加量、脱胶时间、加水量和脱胶温度进行单因素实验,并在此基础上对脱胶时间、加水量和脱胶温度进行L9(33)正交实验;以酸价为指标对碱炼脱酸过程中的碱液(NaOH溶液)浓度、碱炼温度和超碱用量进行单因素实验和L9(33)正交实验;并比较了毛油、脱胶油、脱酸油和精炼油的主要理化指标变化。单因素实验和正交实验结果表明：在木瓜籽毛油水化脱胶过程中采用不同的脱胶剂种类(包括柠檬酸、草酸和蒸馏水)、脱胶剂添加量(质量分数0.1%~0.5%)、脱胶时间(10~70 min)、加水量(质量分数1%~6%)和脱胶温度(65℃~85℃),毛油中的磷脂含量均有明显差异;而碱炼脱酸过程中采用不同的碱液浓度(质量分数6%~14%)、碱炼温度(40℃~80℃)和超碱用量(质量分数0.15%~0.40%),毛油酸价也有明显变化。总体上看,木瓜籽毛油水化脱胶的适宜条件为添加质量分数0.2%柠檬酸为脱胶剂、脱胶温度75℃、加水量为质量分数4%、脱胶时间50 min;碱炼脱酸的适宜条件为碱液浓度为质量分数12%、碱炼温度80℃、超碱用量为质量分数0.30%。理化指标的测定结果表明：与毛油相比,脱胶油、脱酸油和精炼油的碘值略升高但差异不明显、过氧化值明显升高、磷脂含量和皂化值均明显下降,而脱酸油和精炼油的酸价也明显下降。研究结果显示：经过脱胶、脱酸、水洗干燥一系列过程后获得的木瓜籽精炼油的理化指标基本符合国家食用植物油卫生标准。     

高温煎炸对于牡丹籽油品质变化的影响

摘 要：对牡丹籽油在煎炸过程中过氧化值、酸值、色泽、脂肪酸组成等4项评价指标的变化进行了试验研究,目的在于探讨反复煎炸对牡丹籽油质量变化的影响。结果表明,牡丹籽油煎炸12次后（每次温度220℃,时间20min）,感官指标变化明显,卫生指标酸值过氧化值符合食品安全国家标准,油脂中的α 亚麻酸相对百分比含量前4次变化不明显,第5~12次逐渐呈下降趋势。     

固定化脂肪酶催化花椒籽皮油转酯化反应研究

采用固定化脂肪酶催化花椒籽皮油制备生物柴油,研究了该转酯化反应的工艺条件.结果表明:在脂肪酶用量25%(质量分数).含水量10%(质量分数),正己烷用量15%(质量分数).醇油比3:1.分三次添加甲醇,于反应温度45℃下反应时间24 h,固定化脂肪酶使花椒籽皮油的棕榈酸甲酯的转化率达到82.5%.     

花椒籽黑色素提取和脱蛋白技术研究

采用二次回归正交旋转组合试验优化了花椒籽黑色素的浸提工艺,并用蛋白酶酶解-Sevag法联用脱除花椒籽黑色素中的蛋白.结果表明:影响花椒籽黑色素提取效果的因素依次为温度>NaOH浓度>料液比,花椒籽黑色素提取的优化工艺参数为NaOH浓度为1.20 mol/L,料液比为1∶24.64,温度为70℃下提取2 h,共2次,所得花椒籽色素粗品为棕黑色无定型粉末,得率为6.1%,色价为201.62,蛋白质含量为44.83%~48.63%.碱性蛋白酶脱蛋白条件为温度50℃,pH 9,加酶量为粗色素溶液(浓度为1 mg/mL)体积的6%,再用Sevag法处理3次,蛋白质脱除率可达81.23%,花椒籽黑色素色价可提高1.5倍.     

青花椒碱体外抑制白色念珠菌的方法效果比较探究

白色念珠菌通常被认为是侵害人类最常见的真菌病原体,随着真菌耐药性不断升高且日益严重,开发新型抗白色念珠菌的植物药成为近些年来研究热点。本文比较和分析了不同方法下青花椒碱体外抑制白色念珠菌的效果,实验结果表明200、400和800 mg/L的青花椒碱溶液在体外对白色念珠菌具有显著地抑制作用,旨在为开发抑制白色念珠菌的天然植物药物提供参考依据。     

凤丹籽油理化特性及脂肪酸GC-MS分析

凤丹,因产于安徽铜陵凤凰山而得名。采用索氏提取法提取得到凤丹籽油,并对其部分理化特性进行测定;经甲酯化处理后,应用气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)联用仪分析鉴定其组分,采用峰面积归一化法确定各组分含量。结果表明:凤丹籽含油率为34.86%;凤丹籽油的相对密度(d204)0.91、酸值(KOH)3.85 mg/g、碘值(I)175.63 g/100 g、皂化值(KOH)113.66 mg/g、过氧化值2.91 meq/kg;凤丹籽油中共分离鉴定出21种组分,主要是亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸等,不饱和脂肪酸占89.00%,饱和脂肪酸占10.77%;除脂肪酸外,还检测出少量的酚类和烷烃。凤丹籽油是一种高不饱和脂肪酸含量的油脂,可作为油脂新资源进行深度开发。     

精制蚕蛹油中碱液和过氧化值的控制

作者采用碱皂化的方法来达到精炼蚕蛹油的目的。实验表明,碱的浓度以１０％￣１３％比较合适,超碱量必须视酸值大小,通过小样试验来确定。精制油的过氧化值与皂化后中性油的洗涤温度、洗涤次数及搅拌速度有密切关系,必须严格控制。     

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from sunflower seed oil residue via microwave assisted K2CO3 activation

Sunflower seed oil residue, a by-product of sunflower seed oil refining, was utilized as a feedstock for preparation of activated carbon (SSHAC) via microwave induced K(2)CO(3) chemical activation. SSHAC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption and elemental analysis. Surface acidity/basicity was examined with acid-base titration, while the adsorptive properties of SSHAC were quantified using methylene blue (MB) and acid blue 15 (AB). The monolayer adsorption capacities of MB and AB were 473.44 and 430.37 mg/g, while the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, Langmuir surface area and total pore volume were 1411.55 m(2)/g, 2137.72 m(2)/g and 0.836 cm(3)/g, respectively. The findings revealed the potential to prepare high surface area activated carbon from sunflower seed oil residue by microwave irradiation.     

压榨法制备牡丹籽油的α-亚麻酸含量检测与抗氧化研究

介绍了物理压榨法制备牡丹籽油的方法，且对制备出的牡丹籽油和市售牡丹籽调和油进行了α-亚麻酸（ALA）含量检测以及对两种牡丹籽油的抗氧化性能进行对比分析。研究结果表明，牡丹籽油的α-亚麻酸含量为43.12%，牡丹籽调和油α-亚麻酸含量为29.99%；清除DPPH自由基能力牡丹籽油是调和油的1.29倍；清除ABTS自由基能力牡丹籽油是调和油的1.51倍；对Fe²⁺还原能力牡丹籽油是调和油的3.62倍；清除-OH自由基能力牡丹籽油是调和油的1.44倍。说明牡丹籽具有更强的抗氧化能力。     

Seed Structure Characteristics to Form Ultrahigh Oil Content in Rapeseed

Background

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop in the world, and increasing its oil content is a major breeding goal. The studies on seed structure and characteristics of different oil content rapeseed could help us to understand the biological mechanism of lipid accumulation, and be helpful for rapeseed breeding.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Here we report on the seed ultrastructure of an ultrahigh oil content rapeseed line YN171, whose oil content is 64.8%, and compared with other high and low oil content rapeseed lines. The results indicated that the cytoplasms of cotyledon, radicle, and aleuronic cells were completely filled with oil and protein bodies, and YN171 had a high oil body organelle to cell area ratio for all cell types. In the cotyledon cells, oil body organelles comprised 81% of the total cell area in YN171, but only 53 to 58% in three high oil content lines and 33 to 38% in three low oil content lines. The high oil body organelle to cotyledon cell area ratio and the cotyledon ratio in seed were the main reasons for the ultrahigh oil content of YN171. The correlation analysis indicated that oil content is significantly negatively correlated with protein content, but is not correlated with fatty acid composition.

Conclusions/Significance

Our results indicate that the oil content of YN171 could be enhanced by increasing the oil body organelle to cell ratio for some cell types. The oil body organelle to seed ratio significantly highly positively correlates with oil content, and could be used to predict seed oil content. Based on the structural analysis of different oil content rapeseed lines, we estimate the maximum of rapeseed oil content could reach 75%. Our results will help us to screen and identify high oil content lines in rapeseed breeding.     

低温等离子体生物质炼制技术

生物质炼制是世界各国的战略性研究方向。目前,主要有汽爆、酸、碱等炼制技术,而低温等离子体因具有独特的化学活性和高能量等优势而倍受青睐。本论文系统阐述了基于低温等离子体技术的生物质预处理、降解制糖、选择性功能改性、液化、气化等炼制技术的研究进展,并探讨了低温等离子体生物质炼制的机理及其今后研究发展方向。     

Quantitative and qualitative assessment on the suitability of seed oil from water plant (Trichilia emetica) for soap making

Despite widespread and its local available as a naturalized hedge and shade plant, the potential of Trichilia emetica was not utilized in soap making by the majority of local community in various parts of Dodoma, Tanzania. This study aimed to assess the quantity (yields) and quality (Acid Values (AVs), %Free Fatty Acids (%FFAs) and Saponification Values (SVs) of seed oil from water plant (T. emetica), suitable for soap making application. Solvent extraction method was used during oil extraction, where by 50gm of preheated and powdered seed materials were immersed in 250 ml of n-hexane in 1:5 (w/v) to dissolve the oil contained in the seed cake. The oil was collected by vaporizing solvent out through Rotary evaporation at 60 °C. Also standard titration methods were used to obtain SVs, AVs and %FFAs of the extracted oil. Results showed that T. emetica seeds contained higher quantity of oil (48.4%−50.2%) than many reported commercial plant seed oils. Also, the study found higher AV (7.4 mgKOH/g−7.8 mgKOH/g), %FFA (3.7% to 3.9%) and SVs (189.5 mgKOH/g − 191.4 mgKOH/g) than the maximum acceptable limits of 0.50 mg KOH/g, 0.020% and 175 mgKOH/g − 187 mgKOH/g prescribed by ASTM standards (2002). The obtained results showed that, T. emetica seeds yielded high oil quantity with low qualities due to higher levels of acidity. But high SVs guarantees the possibility of using T. emetica seed oil in soap making. However, the oil requires purification in order to bring levels of acidity to acceptable standards and guarantee its normal use in soap making.     

Life Cycle Assessment of Kerosene Used in Aviation (8 pp)

Goal, Scope, and Background The main goal of the study is a comprehensive life cycle assessment of kerosene produced in a refinery located in Thessaloniki (Greece) and used in a commercial jet aircraft. Methods The Eco-Indicator 95 weighting method is used for the purpose of this study. The Eco-Indicator is a method of aggregation (or, as described in ISO draft 14042, 'weighting through categories') that leads to a single score. In the Eco-indicator method, the weighing factor (We) applied to an environmental impact index (greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, etc.) stems from the 'main' damage caused by this environmental impact. Results and Discussion The dominant source of greenhouse gas emissions is from kerosene combustion in aircraft turbines during air transportation, which contributes 99.5% of the total CO2 emissions. The extraction and refinery process of crude oil contribute by around 0.22% to the GWP. This is a logical outcome considering that these processes are very energy intensive. Transportation of crude oil and kerosene have little or no contribution to this impact category. The main source of CFC-11 equivalent emissions is refining of crude oil. These emissions derive from emissions that result from electricity production that is used during the operation of the refinery. NOx emissions contribute the most to the acidification followed by SO2 emissions. The main source is the use process in a commercial jet aircraft, which contributes approximately 96.04% to the total equivalent emissions. The refinery process of crude oil contributes by 2.11% mainly by producing SO2 emissions. This is due to the relative high content of sulphur in the input flows of these processes (crude oil) that results to the production of large amount of SO2. Transportation of crude oil by sea (0.76%) produces large amount of SO2 and NOx due to combustion of low quality liquid fuels (heavy fuel oil). High air emissions of NOx during kerosene combustion result in the high contribution of this subsystem to the eutrophication effect. Also, water emissions with high nitrous content during the refining and extraction of crude oil process have a big impact to the water eutrophication impact category. Conclusion The major environmental impact from the life cycle of kerosene is the acidification effect, followed by the greenhouse effect. The summer smog and eutrophication effect have much less severe effect. The main contributor is the combustion of kerosene to a commercial jet aircraft. Excluding the use phase, the refining process appears to be the most polluting process during kerosene's life cycle. This is due to the fact that the refining process is a very complicated energy intensive process that produces large amounts and variety of pollutant substances. Extraction and transportation of crude oil and kerosene equally contribute to the environmental impacts of the kerosene cycle, but at much lower level than the refining process. Recommendation and Perspective The study indicates a need for a more detailed analysis of the refining process which has a very high contribution to the total equivalent emissions of the acidification effect and to the total impact score of the system (excluding the combustion of kerosene). This is due to the relative high content of sulphur in the input flows of these processes (crude oil) that results to the production of large amount of SO2.     

Preparation of microcapsules with multi-layers structure stabilized by chitosan and sodium dodecyl sulfate

The microcapsules with oil core and multi-layers shell were developed from poly-cationic chitosan (CS) and anionic SDS in multistep electrostatic layer by layer deposition technique combined with oil in water emulsification process. The net charge of microcapsules determined by zeta potential indicated that microcapsules are highly positive charged because of poly-cationic nature of CS, and charge neutralization of microcapsules occurred after alkali treatment. The granulometry measurement showed increase in average diameter of microcapsules by alkali treatment suggesting swelling or formation of small aggregates. The morphology analysis of microcapsules by optical microscopy corroborated the results of granulometry, and diameter of microcapsules was found to be decreased in multistep process due to tight packing of layers in outer shell of microcapsules. The alkali treatment of microcapsules to solidify outer shell was optimized with 0.02N NaOH to reduce microcapsules aggregation and gel formation by CS chains as found in optical micrographs.