共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Alejandro Rosas 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(4):555-566
Recent developments in evolutionary game theory argue the superiority of punishment over reciprocity as accounts of large-scale
human cooperation. I introduce a distinction between a behavioral and a psychological perspective on reciprocity and punishment
to question this view. I examine a narrow and a wide version of a psychological mechanism for reciprocity and conclude that a narrow version is clearly distinguishable from punishment, but inadequate for
humans; whereas a wide version is applicable to humans but indistinguishable from punishment. The mechanism for reciprocity
in humans emerges as a meta-norm that governs both retaliation and punishment. I make predictions open to empirical investigation
to confirm or disconfirm this view.
相似文献
Alejandro RosasEmail: |
2.
Harold Levrel Christian Kerbiriou Denis Couvet Jacques Weber 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2009,18(7):1719-1732
Sustainability is said to be the science of integration, be it integration of scale, discipline or of stakeholders’ interests.
One way to integrate such diverse elements is to develop sustainable development indicators. Numerous national and international
organizations have attempted to develop such indicators, among which interaction indicators are of critical importance because
they enable us to link up human activities, ecological dynamics, and social goals. Among the various ways to develop such
indicators, the most common ones are the pressure–state–response (PSR) indicators, as well as others coming from this framework.
With realistic methodology one shall observe how PSR indicators might appear as an operational tool to face rapid social and
ecological changes within a French biosphere reserve in Brittany. Results suggest that such a framework is insufficient to
describe, understand and manage social and ecological interactions.
相似文献
Harold LevrelEmail: |
3.
Mohan Matthen 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(5):675-689
The specialization of visual function within biological function is reason for introducing “homology thinking” into explanations
of the visual system. It is argued that such specialization arises when organisms evolve by differentiation from their predecessors.
Thus, it is essentially historical, and visual function should be regarded as a lineage property. The colour vision of birds and mammals do not function the same way as one another, on this account, because each is an adaptation
to special needs of the visual functions of predecessors—very different kinds of predecessors in each case. Thus, history
underlies function. We also see how homology thinking figures in the hierarchical classification of visual systems, and how
it supports the explanation of visual function by functional role analysis.
相似文献
Mohan MatthenEmail: |
4.
Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
相似文献
Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
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T. Ryan Gregory 《Evolution》2008,1(4):358-389
The origin of complex biological structures has long been a subject of interest and debate. Two centuries ago, natural explanations
for their occurrence were considered inconceivable. However, 150 years of scientific investigation have yielded a conceptual
framework, abundant data, and a range of analytical tools capable of addressing this question. This article reviews the various
direct and indirect evolutionary processes that contribute to the origins of complex organs. The evolution of eyes is used
as a case study to illustrate these concepts, and several of the most common misconceptions about complex organ evolution
are discussed.
相似文献
T. Ryan GregoryEmail: |
10.
Peter Godfrey-Smith 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(3):429-437
Jablonka and Lamb's claim that evolutionary biology is undergoing a ‘revolution’ is queried. But the very concept of revolutionary
change has uncertain application to a field organized in the manner of contemporary biology. The explanatory primacy of sequence
properties is also discussed.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
11.
In the Indian state of Goa, communally owned agricultural land has persisted through indigenous state rule, colonial occupation
and postcolonial liberation. We show that in Goa, and indeed elsewhere in the world, communally owned land provides protection
against scarcity, risk, and state revenue demands in wet rice agriculture. When wet rice agriculture is the primary agricultural
activity, communally owned land is an effective way to utilize resources. These findings add to the literature that challenges
the inevitability of the tragedy of commonly owned resources.
相似文献
Paul AxelrodEmail: |
12.
The recent contribution by Jarmila Kukalová-Peck on Hennigian phylogenetics and hexapod limb evolution is critically evaluated.
相似文献
Michael S. Engel (Corresponding author)Email: |
13.
Advances in biotechnology have now created a capacity to produce therapeutically active proteins on a commercial scale, opening
the potential for their application in an array of disease conditions. The process of translation of the variety of different
therapeutic proteins into the medicines used in clinics is now occurring. To assist in this translation, new formulations
to deliver proteins could play an important role. These new formulations need to more adequately address the pharmacological
and therapeutic requirement for each particular protein/peptide and, in that way, either improve present therapies or extend
with new entries the current list of protein based medicines used in clinic.
相似文献
Snjezana StolnikEmail: |
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Causal Explanation of Indonesian Forest Fires: Concepts, Applications, and Research Priorities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andrew P. Vayda 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2006,34(5):615-635
Problems with studies, claims, and assumptions that have been made about the causes of fires in Indonesia's tropical moist forests are identified, and the kinds of concepts, methods, prioritizing, and data needed to resolve the problems are discussed. Separate sections are devoted to studying ignitions, studying fire susceptibility and fire behavior, and using the goal of causal explanation to guide interdisciplinary research.
相似文献
Andrew P. VaydaEmail: |
16.
In this paper we review and argue for the relevance of the concept of open-ended evolution in biological theory. Defining
it as a process in which a set of chemical systems bring about an unlimited variety of equivalent systems that are not subject
to any pre-determined upper bound of organizational complexity, we explain why only a special type of self-constructing, autonomous
systems can actually implement it. We further argue that this capacity derives from the ‘dynamic decoupling’ (in its minimal
or most basic sense: the phenotype–genotype decoupling) by means of which a radically new way of material organization (minimal
living organization) is achieved, allowing for the long-term sustenance of systems whose individual-metabolic and collective-historical
pathways become thereafter deeply intertwined.
相似文献
Kepa Ruiz-MirazoEmail: |
17.
Threatened species and the spatial concentration of humans 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Public policies that encourage high-density human living arrangements have been predicated explicitly on the assumption that
certain spatial distributions of a fixed-size human population are less environmentally damaging than others. We examine the
empirical validity of this assumption across 127 countries by analyzing whether the concentration of human presence in each
country is related statistically to the percentage of species that were on the IUCN Red List in 2004. Our findings indicate
that concentration of the human population is associated with reduced imperilment among amphibians but increased imperilment
among reptiles, and birds.
相似文献
Ram PanditEmail: |
18.
Terry Harmer 《Cluster computing》2007,10(3):277-285
Gridcast is an R&D project investigating grid ideas and technologies in the broadcasting technical infrastructure. In this
paper I discuss the business and technical issues in building infrastructures to support broadcasters and outline the structure
of the Gridcast grid-based service oriented architecture for broadcasting playout support.
相似文献
Terry HarmerEmail: |
19.
Mark B. Couch 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(4):505-519
Arguments for multiple realization depend on the idea that the same kind of function is realized by different kinds of structures.
It is important to such arguments that we know the kinds used in the arguments have been individuated properly. In the philosophical
literature, though, claims about how to individuate kinds are frequently decided on intuitive grounds. This paper criticizes
this way of approaching kinds by considering how practicing researchers think about the matter. I will consider several examples
in which the practice of researchers on comparative vision conflicts with the standard account of these issues.
相似文献
Mark B. CouchEmail: |
20.
Strategies of abstraction 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Richard Levins 《Biology & philosophy》2006,21(5):741-755
Abstraction is seen as an active process which both enlightens and obscures. Abstractions are not true or false but relatively
enlightening or obscuring according to the problem under study; different abstractions may grasp different aspects of a problem.
Abstractions may be useless if they can answer questions only about themselves. A theoretical enterprise explores reality
through acluster of abstractions that use different perspectives, temporal and horizontal scales, and assumes different givens.
相似文献
Richard LevinsEmail: |