近40年艾比湖湿地自然保护区生态干扰度时空动态及景观格局变化

以新疆艾比湖湿地为研究区,利用1972、1998、2007年及2013年4个时期的Landsat遥感影像作为数据源,并结合湿地的土地覆被状况,参考《全国土地利用分类》建立艾比湖湿地生态干扰类型分类系统。借助生态干扰度指数、景观格局指数以及GIS空间分析方法,探讨艾比湖湿地的生态干扰度的时空动态及景观响应机制。结果表明:(1)1972—2013年,研究区的生态干扰度总体呈现较为稳定的趋势,但其空间分布发生变化。生态干扰度类型之间的转化速率有加快的趋势。(2)1972—2013年,边缘密度指数(ED),平均形状指数(MSI),面积加权的平均斑块分形指数(AWMPFD)及景观分离度(DIVISION)4项景观格局指数大体呈上升的趋势,2013年区域的景观指数较为稳定。(3)景观格局指数与生态干扰程度有密切的一致性。生态干扰度与景观格局指数空间分布相关性大小依次为:边缘密度指数(ED)景观丰度密度(PRD)香农多样性指数(SHDI)平均形状指数(MSI)面积加权的平均斑块分形指数(AWMPFD)景观分离度(DIVISION)。客观系统的认识和评价艾比湖湿地的生态系统及环境,可为干旱区实现自然环境的保护,协调土地利用及环境保护之间的关系提供较为实用的参考。     

长江平原区乡村景观的结构、管理及其对土壤氮磷的影响

通过实地研究主要位于宜兴市域的区域乡村景观代表性样方,评价并阐明了人口密集的长江平原区乡村景观的结构、管理与土壤全氮、全磷密度和储量的关系.景观绘图是基于1m分辨率的IKONOS影像并采用生态立地分类及绘图标准,通过直接解译和实地检验对均质景观缀块进行分类和绘图;依据区域权重分层取样方法,在生态立地缀块中随机设定取样点进行土壤或底泥取样;通过自助法对12个样方重取样,用区域多变量最优化方法计算样方的区域权重,并结合不确定性分析模型评价区域土地利用/覆被、土壤全氮和全磷储量.结果表明:在85.24×103km2的长江平原区乡村景观面积范围内,0～30cm土壤全氮、全磷储量分别为29.87Tg N和 19.79Tg P.最大的5种土地利用/覆被的类型为水田、水产养殖、非渗漏性建筑用地、旱地1年生作物和闲置水域,占区域总面积的82.9%;其土壤全氮、全磷储量分别占区域总量的82.6%和80.8%.其中平原稻田面积为38.93×103km2,占总面积的45.5%;其0～30cm土壤全氮、全磷储量分别高达15.26Tg N和9.13Tg P,分别占总储量的51%和45%.揭示了人口密集的乡村景观中土地利用/覆被方式对区域土壤全氮、全磷的影响模式.这种在小尺度下对土地管理调查,土壤全氮、全磷及其它生态特征研究方法的精确度明显优于传统的基于30～1000m分辨率遥感影像的土地覆被研究.     

1980—2015年南四湖流域景观格局及其脆弱性

流域景观格局及脆弱性变化对流域生态环境具有重要影响.为保障南四湖流域生态环境安全,本研究以流域1980—2015年7期土地利用数据为基础,通过计算景观格局指数分析南四湖流域景观格局变化,利用景观适应度(LAI)和景观敏感度指数(LSI)构建景观格局脆弱度(LVI),并分析其空间分布与变化.结果表明: 1980—2015年,南四湖流域耕地面积比例下降4.6%,建设用地增加39.7%,其他土地利用类型呈波动变化,林地、草地、未利用地面积减少,水域面积增加.耕地一直是南四湖流域的优势景观类型.耕地和水域破碎度增加,其他地类破碎度降低.流域景观整体破碎度有所缓和,景观类型之间形成了较好的连接性,景观格局的不规则性和复杂性下降并朝着均匀化和多样化方向发展.各时期流域景观脆弱度大体上表现出东部高于西部、北部高于南部的趋势,其空间分布与流域地形,以及景观类型的分布、土地利用变化有关.研究期间,流域LVI整体下降,东部景观脆弱度严重地区的景观格局开始趋于分散,逐渐被低一级脆弱区所取代,西北部地区脆弱度的回升最明显,南部及西南部一直是低脆弱区.     

长江下游平原区乡村景观的结构、管理和土壤有机碳研究

通过实地研究主要位于宜兴市域的区域乡村景观代表性样方,评价并阐明了人口密集的长江下游平原区乡村景观的结构,土地管理与土壤有机碳储量的关系。景观绘图是基于1m分辨率的IKONOS影像并采用生态立地分类及绘图标准,通过直接解译和实地检验对边界清晰的均质景观缀块进行分类和绘图;依据区域权重分层取样设计方法,在生态立地斑块中随机设定取样点进行土壤和淤泥取样;利用区域权重系数进行区域土地利用/覆被和土壤有机碳储量评价计算。结果表明:在2.13×106hm2的长江下游平原区乡村景观面积范围内,0~30cm土壤有机碳储量为76.97Tg。该区域土地利用/覆被的主要类型为水田,水产养殖,非渗漏性建筑用地,旱地1年生作物和水浇地多年生作物,这5种类型的面积百分数和土壤有机碳储量百分数分别为83%和85%。其中平原稻田面积为0.89×106hm2,占总面积的42%;其0~30cm土壤有机碳储量高达36.60Tg,占总储量的48%。通过区域分层取样和小尺度景观斑块的区域权重推绎分析,揭示了人口密集的乡村景观中土地利用/覆被方式对当地和区域土壤有机碳的影响模式。这种在小尺度下对土地管理调查,土壤有机碳和其它生态特征研究的方法明显优于传统的基于30~1000m分辨率遥感影像的土地覆被研究和基于土壤类型的区域土壤有机碳储量评价方法。     

景观多样性分析及其制图研究

景观多样性是生物多样性研究的主要内容之一。景观多样性是指景观结构、功能和动态的多样性和复杂性。本文讨论了景观多样性的概念、测度和空间制图。提出了景观多样性包括类型多样性、格局多样性和斑块多样性。景观多样性可用多样性指数、优势度、相对丰富度、修改的分维数等指数来测定。一个多样性指数Ｄ＿ｉ＝（ｉ－１）／（ｍ－１）×１００％被给出用于景观多样性制图,黄土高原泉家沟流域被选为研究区域。在地理信息系统的支持下,通过时栅格化的土地利用类型图进行分析操作产生出了研究区域的景观多样性图。对景观多样性进行空间制图有助于分析景观生态过程,研究结果可直接用于景观和土地利用规划、野生动植物保护及立地分析。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的大洋河河口湿地景观格局变化

综合考虑遥感数据源的高分辨率特性以及大洋河河口湿地土地覆被与土地利用现状,建立了适合不同分辨率的河口湿地景观分类体系,并通过高分辨率遥感数据计算了研究区景观格局指数和景观格局转移矩阵,分析了1984-2008年研究区景观格局动态.结果表明：1984-2008年,研究区湿地景观组分变化剧烈,湿地景观由天然湿地向人工湿地转化,湿地核心区域面积缩减,天然湿地最大斑块面积指数下降,破碎化程度加剧;人工湿地分布面积扩大,斑块数下降,聚合度增大,且最大斑块面积指数的增大趋势明显.研究期间,人类活动对湿地影响的加大以及河堤的修筑和围海养殖面积的增加是大洋河河口湿地面积减少的主要原因,也是该地区湿地功能退化的主要原因之一.制定科学合理的长期发展规划、建立湿地自然保护区、保护河道、制定严格的围海养殖用地监管制度和大力发展资源型旅游产业是河口湿地保护的主要措施.     

基于地形梯度特征的福州市景观格局演变

地形是土地景观格局变化的重要因素.为揭示不同地形梯度下景观格局的时空特征和变化规律,以1995、2005和2015年3期福州市遥感影像和数字高程模型(DEM)数据为基础,运用地形位指数、土地利用分布指数、地学信息图谱分析和景观指数等方法,探讨景观格局的地形梯度效应以及形成原因.结果表明: 研究期间,研究区林地主要位于中低、中高和高等级地形位,农地、水体、建设用地和未利用土地主要集中位于低等级地形位.1995—2015年,福州市林地、农地和未利用土地面积减少,建设用地和水体面积增加.景观类型变化以稳定型为主,主要分布于中低、中高及高等级地形梯度区域;景观格局在地形梯度上变化差异明显,低地形位区域景观类型主要转向建设用地,而在中低及中高地形位区域,主要发生农地与林地的交替转变.研究区景观格局破碎化、景观异质性和景观多样性等属性逐年上升,随着地形梯度升高而降低.     

土地经济生态位在县域景观格局分析中的应用——以新疆精河县为例

本文将土地经济生态位的理论和方法引入到景观生态学当中,为区域景观格局表征提供了新的方法.选择典型的生态脆弱区精河县为研究对象,以1990、1998、2011和2013年4期Landsat影像为数据源,运用生态位态势理论计算研究区各土地利用类型的土地经济生态位,并结合景观生态学理论探讨土地经济生态位在县域景观格局分析中的应用.结果表明: 研究期间,精河县耕地、建设用地和草地的土地经济生态位与相应的景观斑块数、聚合度、破碎化指数和分维数具有较好的相关性;土地经济生态位的变化对县域景观格局具有驱动作用,可表征精河县经济发展方向.土地经济生态位与可直接获得经济效益的土地利用类型关系密切,且与景观指数相结合能够很好地解释精河县景观格局的特征.     

干旱区绿洲土地利用/覆被及景观格局变化特征——以新疆精河县为例

从宏观上运用3S技术,利用1972年MSS、1990年Landsat TM、2001年Landsat ETM+和2005年CBERS 4个时期遥感影像数据,将GIS和景观生态学的数量分析方法相结合,运用ArcGIS以及Fragstats,分析了干旱区绿洲精河县1972～2005年间的土地利用/覆被和景观格局的变化.结果表明:(1)1972～2005年的33a中,精河县LUCC的总体变化趋势是绿洲面积有小幅度扩张,其中人工绿洲面积扩张尤为显著,天然绿洲面积减少.(2)研究区水域面积的变化受艾比湖湖面面积的变化影响较大,变化不显著,但总体上呈缓慢增长的趋势.(3)盐渍地面积的变化经历了先扩张后减小的一个过程.1990年达到最大值,但到2005年面积又有很大程度减少.沙地面积小幅度减小,其他地类的面积始终呈增加趋势.(4)景观在各个研究时段也发生显著变化.总的来说,整个研究区景观的密度持续增大,最大斑块指数先减小后增大,面积加权形状指数减小,形状趋于规则;斑块间的最邻近距离减小.表明1972年时景观中的优势斑块类型的连接性较2005年好,逐渐向具有多种要素的密集格局演变,景观更加破碎.同时不同斑块间的分离度增大,也说明景观破碎化程度加深.从香农多样性指数和香农均度指数的变化可以看出,景观的多样性增加,且均度增强.景观多样性及破碎化程度增加,也反映了土地利用越来越丰富.总之,要实现区域土地资源的可持续发展和景观生态功能的良性发挥,必须注重土地利用格局优化,维护景观生态过程与格局的连续性.     

二维与三维景观格局指数在山区县域景观格局分析中的应用

景观格局指数是景观格局分析中常用的定量分析工具,而传统二维景观格局指数却忽略了地形对景观的影响,在定量描述山区景观格局时可能存在一定局限.本文以典型山地丘陵区山东栖霞市为研究区,在地形结构分析的基础上,选择面积/密度(类型面积、平均斑块大小)、边缘/形状(边缘密度、景观形状指数、平均斑块分维数)、多样性(香农多样性指数、香农均匀度指数)、聚散性(聚集度)4个方面的8个景观格局指数,比较分析传统二维景观格局指数与三维景观格局指数对山区景观格局及其动态变化定量描述的差异.结果表明:三维类型面积、平均斑块大小和边缘密度与其相应二维指数差异显著,三维景观形状指数、平均斑块分维数、香农多样性指数和香农均匀度指数与其相应二维指数差异不显著,三维聚集度与二维聚集度无差别.由于采用斑块表面面积和表面周长计算三维景观格局指数,采用各斑块的投影面积和投影周长计算二维景观格局指数,所以在描述山区景观面积、密度、边界等指标时三维景观格局指数相对精确,但在测定景观形状、多样性和聚散性等指数时,则与传统的二维景观格局指数差异不显著.三维景观格局指数引入了地形特征,对景观格局及其动态变化的反映相对精确.     

The Role of Landscape Patterns of Habitat Types on Plant Species Diversity of a Tropical Forest in Mexico

The relationships among landscape characteristics and plant diversity in tropical forests may be used to predict biodiversity. To identify and characterize them, the number of species, as well as Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were calculated from 157 sampling quadrats (17,941 individuals sampled) while the vegetation classes were obtained from multi-spectral satellite image classification in four landscapes located in the southeast of Quintana Roo, Mexico. The mean number of species of trees, shrubs and vines as well as the mean value of the total number of species and the other two diversity indices were calculated for four vegetation classes in every one of the four landscapes. In addition, the relationships between landscape patterns metrics of patch types and diversity indices were explored. The multiple statistical analyses revealed significant predictor variables for the three diversity indices. Moreover, the shape, similarity and edge contrast metrics of patch types might serve as useful indicators for the number of species and the other two diversity variables at the landscape scale. Although the association between the three diversity indices and patch types metrics showed similar behavior, some differences were appreciated. The Shannon diversity index, with its greater sensitivity to rare species, should be considered as having a greater importance in interpretation analysis than Simpson index.     

Classification of the heterogeneous structure of urban landscapes (STURLA) as an indicator of landscape function applied to surface temperature in New York City

Defining landscape structure and key relationships between landscape structure and function is challenging in urban areas characterized by density and patchy spatial patterns. In order to trace the spatial and temporal patterns of urban landscape structures, compare patterns across cities, or inform urban design principles, we need to classify the landscape in a way that captures context and landscape heterogeneity, but can be broadly applied across different cities or landscape variations within a city. In this study, we introduce a simple and reproducible approach for classifying the structure of urban landscapes (STURLA) that utilizes heterogeneous, composite classes which represent combinations of built and natural features, and examine the response of a landscape function – surface temperature.This classification approach is unique in that it develops composite (as opposed to homogeneous) classes, which are defined a posteriori, based on compositions of adjacent structural elements that emerge in the urban landscape, using a cellular grid to define units of analysis. We test the separability of classes that emerge from this approach, and find that it is possible to discern classes – comprised of the mix of land and building covers common in urban areas – which have meaningfully distinct temperature signatures. This classification approach may be extended to multiple cities and ecological indicators in order to offer insight into the relationship between urban landscape structure and ecosystem response, in a way that accounts for interactions among different types of urban landscape surfaces. We suggest that this approach can support spatial prioritization of landscape function needs in urban development and design approaches for improving particular types of functioning, such as reductions in urban heat.     

景观健康概念、特征及其评价

景观健康是近年来出现景观生态学与新兴的生态系统健康学领域的一个新的生态学概念,旨在探讨人类强烈活动干扰下遭受严重污染与退化,甚至会逐渐消失的景观生态系统的健康问题。本文针对目前所存在的有关景观健康的基本概念,景观健康的特征与标准进行了详细介绍,并就景观健康评价指标的确立,评价时空尺度与等级以及评价方法分别进行了探讨。最后,还强调了在进行景观健康评价时应运用比较的,综合的以及发展的观点开展研究。     

基于三维景观指数的城市景观美学特征定量表达——以深圳市为例

城市景观由自然元素与人工元素构成,以建筑为主体,辅以外部空间环境。对城市景观美学价值的研究有利于探讨如何提升城市形象及居民生活环境,为城市规划设计纳入了感性与理性结合的合理途径。景观美学特征以不同方式影响整体景观质量,合理运用景观指数对城市景观美学特征进行量化表达,是评估景观质量的重要前提。在整理借鉴景观美学相关研究的基础上,结合景观生态学理论基础,以城市空间内部审美者的角度将城市景观五大美学特征,包括自然性、开阔性、多样性、奇特性和协调性,转化为可定量表达的二维及三维景观指数。量化指标易使用数据进行快速评估,对于城市规划设计有着积极意义。     

Why sampling scheme matters: the effect of sampling scheme on landscape genetic results

There has been a recent trend in genetic studies of wild populations where researchers have changed their sampling schemes from sampling pre-defined populations to sampling individuals uniformly across landscapes. This reflects the fact that many species under study are continuously distributed rather than clumped into obvious “populations”. Once individual samples are collected, many landscape genetic studies use clustering algorithms and multilocus genetic data to group samples into subpopulations. After clusters are derived, landscape features that may be acting as barriers are examined and described. In theory, if populations were evenly sampled, this course of action should reliably identify population structure. However, genetic gradients and irregularly collected samples may impact the composition and location of clusters. We built genetic models where individual genotypes were either randomly distributed across a landscape or contained gradients created by neighbor mating for multiple generations. We investigated the influence of six different sampling protocols on population clustering using program STRUCTURE, the most commonly used model-based clustering method for multilocus genotype data. For models where individuals (and their alleles) were randomly distributed across a landscape, STRUCTURE correctly predicted that only one population was being sampled. However, when gradients created by neighbor mating existed, STRUCTURE detected multiple, but different numbers of clusters, depending on sampling protocols. We recommend testing for fine scale autocorrelation patterns prior to sample clustering, as the scale of the autocorrelation appears to influence the results. Further, we recommend that researchers pay attention to the impacts that sampling may have on subsequent population and landscape genetic results. The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Landscape dynamics and their effect on the functional connectivity of a Mediterranean landscape in Chile

Land use and cover changes have been identified as a major factor contributing to shape landscape structure and biodiversity patterns, particulary in areas with a long history of human occupation and habitat fragmentation, such as the Mediterranean landscapes. However, the existing studies on landscape change indicators for Mediterranean areas have mostly focused in Europe, while for other Mediterranean zones, and especially for South America, there is a serious lack of knowledge concerning the impact of landscape dynamics on ecological processes. Further research on this topic is urgently needed, given the high biodiversity levels and the rapidly increasing rates of human modification in the Mediterranean landscapes of South America. For this purpose, we investigated the dynamics of a landscape in the semiarid region of the Mediterranean zone of Chile, and measured the effect of those dynamics on functional connectivity, during a period of about four decades (1975–2011). Landscape connectivity indicators were extracted from a series of Landsat images. The Equivalent Connnected Area index (ECA) was used as indicator of connectivity trends, and was evaluated for three representative distances of seed dispersal in the study area (150 m, 500 m and 1000 m). In addition, the patches that most contribute to maintain the present connectivity, and their roles as connectivity providers, were identified through a set of commensurable indicators: betweenness centrality and the fractions (intra, flux connector) of the Integral Index of Connectivity. We found that these indicators were useful to detect and summarize a number of previously unreported trends in these Mediterranean landscapes. First, population growth and economic development were compatible with an increase in functional connectivity for forest habitats, mainly because the abandonment of marginal agricultural lands and their subsequent conversion to espinals (Acacia caven) triggered vegetation succession towards secondary forests. Second, increased forest connectivity was not associated to a decrease in the characteristic heterogeneity of Mediterranean landscapes. Third, many patches of espinal, despite being commonly regarded as of poor conservation value, were crucial to promote connectivity by acting as stepping stones among other patches with higher habitat quality. The approach here presented provides a combined assessment of landscape structure, function and change that should be valuable and applicable to deliver operational indicators in dynamic landscapes in South America and other Mediterranean regions.     

景观指数分类、应用及构建研究

在景观生态学研究中,理解与把握景观格局变化的生态学原则至关重要,用景观指数描述景观格局及变化,建立格局与景观过程之间的联系,是景观生态学最常用的定量化研究方法,本文在综合前人对景观指数的基础上,对景观指数研究从景观指数的分类研究,指数对景观格局的描述研究,指数之间的相关性研究及指数构建研究等4方面进行了总结,并从单个景观指数与指数体系两个层次上提出了判定景观指数优劣及景观指数应用的一般性原则。     

基于分割的多尺度城市绿地景观

利用多分辨率分割生成3种尺度的城市绿地景观.以50像元和300像元的目标分割值生成小尺度和大尺度的景观影像目标层,利用最近邻法分类两个目标层.对小尺度景观分类后的结果进行分割生成中间尺度的景观影像目标层并进行分类.从3个景观尺度的分类目标层中矢量化提取出绿地信息并计算6个景观指数：多样性、优势度、均匀度和分维数、破碎度和内缘比.多样性、优势度、均匀度和分维数的最大值分别为2.2、0.681、0.948和0.326,最小分别为1.641、0.122、0.707和0.113.表明多样性、均匀度和破碎度随着景观尺度的增大而减小,优势度随着景观尺度的增大而增大.基于分割产生多尺度景观的方法可以满足城市绿地景观研究的需求.     

Estimating Long-Term Changes in China’s Village Landscapes

Over the past 50 years, China’s ancient agricultural village landscapes have been transformed by unprecedented social, technological, and ecological changes. Although these dense anthropogenic mosaics of croplands, settlements, and other used lands cover more than 2 million square kilometers across China, the nature of these changes and their environmental impacts remain poorly understood because their spatial scale is generally too small to measure accurately using conventional land-change methods. Here, we investigate the regional consequences of fine-scale landscape changes across China’s village regions from 1945 to 2002 using high-resolution, field-validated ecological mapping of a regionally stratified sample of village landscapes at five sites across China, with uncertainties estimated using model-based resampling and Monte Carlo methods. From 1945 to 2002, built surface areas increased by about 7% (90% credible interval = 2–17%) across China’s village regions, an increase equivalent to about three times the total urban area of China in 2000. Although this striking result is explained by a near doubling of already large village populations and by lower housing density per capita in rural areas, two unexpected changes were also observed: a 9% net increase (−4% to +21%) in regional cover by closed canopy trees and an 11% net decline (−30% to +3%) in annual crops. These major regional changes were driven primarily by intensive fine-scale land-transformation processes including tree planting and regrowth around new buildings, cropland abandonment, and by the adoption of perennial crops and improved forestry practices. Moreover, the fragmentation, heterogeneity, and complexity of village landscapes increased over time. By coupling regional sampling and upscaling with observations in the field, this study revealed that fine-scale land-change processes in anthropogenic landscapes have the potential for globally significant environmental consequences that are not anticipated, measured, or explained by conventional coarser resolution approaches to global and regional change measurement or modeling. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. E. C. Ellis conceived and managed research, and wrote the article; K. Peng, H. S. Xiao, H. Wang, S. C. Li, J. X. Wu, and J. G. Jiao conducted research; H. Ouyang, X. Cheng, and L. Z. Yang managed research; N. Neerchal and Y. Zhuang contributed methods and models.     

1940—2002年长江中下游平原乡村景观区域中土地利用覆被及其土壤有机碳储量变化

过去60a来,长江中下游平原的乡村地区发展迅速,引起土地利用覆被及其土壤有机碳储量明显地变化。通过选取区域代表性样方、基于1942年航片和2002年IKONOS影像研究小尺度土地利用覆被变化、土壤取样和收集1965年前土壤有机碳历史数据,用尺度推绎和蒙特卡洛不确定性分析方法,评价了19402002年长江中下游平原人口密集的乡村景观区域中土地利用覆被的面积及其030cm土壤(或底泥)有机碳储量的变化。结果表明:近60a来,在86×103km2的区域中有47%的面积发生土地利用覆被转化,其中耕地转化为非耕地的面积为21%(18×103km2)。土地利用覆被类型转化及其有机碳密度的变化导致该区域土壤有机碳储量的净增加。该区域稻田和闲置水域面积分别减少了21.5%(18.5×103km2)和6.7%(5.7×103km2),导致其土壤(或底泥)有机碳储量分别减少41.8TgC和12.9TgC;而水产养殖、非渗漏表面为主的建筑用地、种植木本作物和种植1年生作物的水浇地面积分别增加了14.2%(12.2×103km2)、7.7%(6.7×103km2)、3.5%(3.0×103km2)和2.0%(1.7×103km2),使其土壤(或底泥)有机碳储量分别增加32.2TgC、22.2TgC、12.2TgC和6.5TgC。近60a来,整个区域030cm土壤有机碳的储量增加了18.2TgC,其净增加的可能性为75%,形成了弱碳汇。这主要是由于区域稻田土壤有机碳密度增加了17%,使区域土壤有机碳储量增加了22.2TgC(其净增加的可能性为92%);而且,稻田转化为种植木本作物和种植1年生作物的水浇地也使区域土壤有机碳储量分别增加了1.3TgC(净增加的可能性为86%)和0.3TgC(净增加的可能性为70%);此外,闲置水域转化为水产养殖也使区域土壤有机碳储量增加1.3TgC(净增加的可能性为77%)。但是,稻田转化为水产养殖和非渗漏表面为主的建筑用地导致区域土壤有机碳储量损失6.3TgC和0.6TgC。因稻田土壤有机碳密度增加及稻田转化类型的土壤有机碳储量变化的影响,使整个区域形成弱碳汇,但如果稻田继续减少的话,很可能变成碳源。通过选取区域代表性样方、研究小尺度土地利用覆被变化、土壤取样和收集土壤历史数据,采用尺度推绎方法,研究揭示了19402002年长江中下游平原人口密集的乡村景观区域中土地利用覆被的面积及其土壤有机碳储量的变化。