2型糖尿病内脏脂肪含量与胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗的关系研究

目的:研究2型糖尿病患者内脏脂肪含量与胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法:对65例初诊2型糖尿病患者采用256 CT平脐经L4、5水平进行扫描并测量皮下及内脏脂肪含量,并以BMI不同进行分组,即体重正常组、超重组、肥胖组。采用稳态模式评估法(HOMA)计算胰岛素抵抗指数、胰岛B细胞分泌功能,测量入组患者的相关人体指标、空腹血生化检查指标。结果:超体重组、肥胖组患者腰围、体重指数(body mass index, BMI)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)、空腹血糖,(fasting blood-glucose, FBG)、空腹胰岛素(fasting insulin, FINS)INS、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(Homeostasis model assessment-β,HOMA-β)指标肥胖组、超重组均明显高于正常体重组(P0.05),超体重组、肥胖组内脏脂肪含量、内脏脂肪面积、皮下脂肪含量、脂肪总含量、脂肪百分比,超重组、肥胖组均明显高于正常体重组(P0.05),且肥胖组各项指标明显高于超重组(P0.05)。多元回归分析显示腹部脂肪总含量、内脏脂肪含量、皮下脂肪含量、内脏脂肪面积、BMI与胰岛素抵抗呈正相关,而其中内脏脂肪含量及面积关系最密切。结论:内脏脂肪含量是2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗及B细胞功能变化的独立影响因素。     

一个潜在的糖尿病新靶标——GPR40

G蛋白偶联受体40(GPR40)是典型的七次跨膜受体,在游离脂肪酸的刺激下,它能起到放大葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌效应,是一种潜在的治疗糖尿病药物的靶标。另外,GPR40还被认为和一些神经类疾病以及某些癌症有关。本文着重叙述了游离脂肪酸经由GPR40放大葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌机制,同时也介绍了GPR40的其他一些生理功能。     

胰岛β细胞中钠通道对胰岛素分泌的作用

胰岛β细胞是典型的兴奋性内分泌细胞,能响应机体葡萄糖水平的升高而分泌胰岛素,其功能受损会导致胰岛素分泌异常,进而引发多种疾病的发生,尤其与糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)的发生密切相关。近年来对胰岛素分泌及调控过程的研究受到越来越广泛的关注,尤其在胰岛素分泌相关的离子通道——钾离子、钙离子通道方面,取得了重要进展,但对钠通道研究较少。钠通道是广泛分布于细胞膜上、亚型众多的一类离子通道,它们通过参与动作电位形成、物质运输和胞间通讯等过程影响细胞的多种生理功能。在此,对胰岛β细胞上钠通道的种类、生理特性、功能等方面的研究进展进行综述,从而为后续胰岛β细胞钠通道的相关研究提供新思路。     

离子通道对胰岛β细胞中胰岛素分泌的调控作用

胰岛β细胞是胰岛细胞的一种,属于内分泌细胞,主要的生理功能是分泌胰岛素以应对葡萄糖水平的升高,其在维持葡萄糖稳态中起着重要作用。研究表明,胰岛素分泌受到多种机制的调控,其中包括多种离子通道。近年来,国内外学者越来越关注离子通道调控胰岛素分泌的过程。本文主要就钠离子通道、钾离子通道、钙离子通道以及3种离子通道之间的相互作用对胰岛素分泌的调控进行简述,同时,简单介绍了离子通道抑制剂在糖尿病临床中的应用,并展望了离子通道研究在未来糖尿病治疗方面的潜在应用价值。     

胰腺β细胞的离子通道和胰岛素分泌

1 .胰腺β细胞膜上几种重要的离子通道和动作电位β细胞内的离子通道特性和胰岛素分泌的机制研究是深入了解糖尿病的基础。 2 0世纪 70年代初 ,胰岛 (ｉｓｌｅｔ)电生理研究表明 ,葡萄糖刺激伴随着β细胞膜电势的变化 ,并推测其与胰岛素分泌相关[1] 。 2 0世纪 70年代末 ,Ｎｅｈｅｒ等[2 ] 发明了膜片钳记录技术 ,大大促进了包括β细胞在内的单细胞电生理的研究。1 .1　Ｋ 通道　　 2 0世纪 80年代前期 ,各种不同膜片钳构型的研究都表明 ,葡萄糖刺激下β细胞的膜电势变化源于膜上一种Ｋ 通道活性的改变 ,因其可直接被ＡＴＰ关闭而被命名为…     

Visfatin：内脏脂肪分泌的具有胰岛素效应的活性因子

越来越多的研究表明,脂肪组织是一个活跃的内分泌器官,其分泌多种脂肪因子,在代谢稳态维持中有重要的作用。日本学者Fukuhara A等利用差异显示的方法比较皮下脂肪和内脏脂肪的多种PCR产物时,发现在内脏脂肪特异性的高表达一种物质,序列测定证实其cDNA片段与编码前B细胞集落增强     

基因工程胰岛素分泌细胞的研究

在体外构建胰岛素分泌细胞系作为糖尿病患者的胰岛细胞的代用品是国外进行糖尿病基因治疗的主要内容。１．β细胞系工程β细胞是人胰腺郎格罕氏细胞,早已被用来治疗糖尿病［１］,但是用胰腺移植治疗糖尿病有免疫排斥、供体有限以及必须纯化胰腺等困难。β细胞工程则可避...     

肠道主要产丁酸细菌与内脏脂肪和胰岛素抵抗的相关性CSCD

目的 探讨4种肠道主要产丁酸细菌与内脏脂肪和和胰岛素抵抗的关系,为后续研究提供参考。方法 应用实时荧光定量PCR检测胰岛素抵抗组(76例,HOMA-IR≥2.68)和健康对照组(273例,HOMAIR<2.68)对象4种肠道主要产丁酸细菌的丰度变化。采用生物电阻抗法测量所有研究对象的内脏脂肪面积(visceral fat area,VFA)和体脂肪百分比(body fat percentage,BFP)。运用ROC曲线比较VFA和BFP对胰岛素抵抗的诊断价值。结果 VFA的ROC曲线下面积(0.751)显著高于BFP(0.647)。胰岛素抵抗组和健康对照组对象肠道4种产丁酸细菌的丰度差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示普拉梭菌(R=-0.106,P<0.05)和柔嫩梭菌(R=-0.115,P<0.05)与HOMA-IR呈负相关。VFA与普拉梭菌呈负相关(R=-0.105,P<0.05),BFP与普拉梭菌和柔嫩梭菌均无显著相关性。调整BMI和年龄因素后,回归分析显示普拉梭菌与甘油三酯和空腹血糖独立相关,柔嫩梭菌与尿酸独立相关。结论 VFA对胰岛素抵抗的诊断价值比BFP高。普拉梭菌和柔嫩梭菌与胰岛素抵抗存在相关性,且普拉梭菌与内脏脂肪相关。     

诱导回输胰岛素分泌细胞对大鼠糖尿病的疗效

目的:研究胰岛素分泌细胞的体外诱导方法及其对大鼠糖尿病的疗效.方法:分离培养大鼠骨髓干细胞,用尼克酰胺及肠促胰岛素类似物诱导其分化为胰岛素分泌细胞.将24只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、糖尿病组和诱导组.后两组建立糖尿病模型,将该胰岛素分泌细胞回输至诱导组体内,监测大鼠体重、血糖(空腹及OGTT 120分血糖)及空腹...     

lncRNA TUG1在胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素中的功能研究

目的:关于lncRNA TUG1在体内外胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素中的功能研究。方法:通过qRT-PCR检测lncRNA TUG1在小鼠胰腺,脑,肌肉等不同组织的表达。体外干扰MIN6胰岛素瘤细胞系lncRNA TUG1后,通过MTT法和流式细胞计数检测对β细胞增殖和周期影响;通过GSIS检测β细胞不同糖浓度刺激下的胰岛素分泌水平;采用qRT-PCR检测β细胞Insulin及相关特异转录因子Pdx1,Maf A,Neuro D,Glut2的变化;外源性封闭正常成年小鼠中lncRNA TUG1的表达后,采用ELISA法检测对血清胰岛素的影响,采用免疫组化检测对胰岛形态的影响。结果:lncRNA TUG1在胰腺组织中高度表达。干扰lncRNA TUG1后可致β细胞增殖活力受到抑制,糖刺激下的胰岛素分泌水平下降,Insulin及相关特异转录因子Pdx1,Maf A,Neuro D,Glut2减少;外源性封闭正常成年小鼠中lncRNA TUG1的表达后,血清胰岛素减少,胰岛面积减小。结论:干扰lncRNA TUG1后在体内外均可导致胰腺β细胞分泌胰岛素减少,提示lncRNA TUG1可在体内外影响β细胞的胰岛素分泌,lncRNA TUG1是调节胰岛β细胞功能的因素之一。     

Accretion of visceral fat and hepatic insulin resistance in pregnant rats

Insulin resistance (IR) is a hallmark of pregnancy. Because increased visceral fat (VF) is associated with IR in nonpregnant states, we reasoned that fat accretion might be important in the development of IR during pregnancy. To determine whether VF depots increase in pregnancy and whether VF contributes to IR, we studied three groups of 6-mo-old female Sprague-Dawley rats: 1) nonpregnant sham-operated rats (Nonpreg; n = 6), 2) pregnant sham-operated rats (Preg; n = 6), and 3) pregnant rats in which VF was surgically removed 1 mo before mating (PVF-; n = 6). VF doubled by day 19 of pregnancy (Nonpreg 5.1 +/- 0.3, Preg 10.0 +/- 1.0 g, P < 0.01), and PVF- had similar amounts of VF compared with Nonpreg (PVF- 4.6 +/- 0.8 g). Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in late gestation in chronically catheterized unstressed rats. Glucose IR (mg.kg(-1).min(-1)) was highest in Nonpreg (19.4 +/- 2.0), lowest in Preg (11.1 +/- 1.4), and intermediate in PVF- (14.7 +/- 0.6; P < 0.001 between all groups). During the clamp, Nonpreg had greater hepatic insulin sensitivity than Preg [hepatic glucose production (HGP): Nonpreg 4.5 +/- 1.3, Preg 9.3 +/- 0.5 mg.kg(-1).min(-1); P < 0.001]. With decreased VF, hepatic insulin sensitivity was similar to nonpregnant levels in PVF- (HGP 4.9 +/- 0.8 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)). Both pregnant groups had lower peripheral glucose uptake compared with Nonpreg. In parallel with hepatic insulin sensitivity, hepatic triglyceride content was increased in pregnancy (Nonpreg 1.9 +/- 0.4 vs. Preg 3.2 +/- 0.3 mg/g) and decreased with removal of VF (PVF- 1.3 +/- 0.4 mg/g; P < 0.05). Accretion of visceral fat is an important component in the development of hepatic IR in pregnancy, and accumulation of hepatic triglycerides is a mechanism by which visceral fat may modulate insulin action in pregnancy.     

Transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 expressed in pancreatic islet beta cells modulates insulin secretion in rats

Capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons including transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1, TRPV1, and neurohormonal peptides participate in the physiological regulation of pancreatic endocrine. However, the direct effect of capsaicin on insulin secretion remains unknown. Our present study showed that TRPV1 is expressed in islet beta cells as well as in neurons in rat pancreas, and also in rat beta cell lines, RIN and INS1. Capsaicin (10(-11)-10(-9) M) dose-dependently increased insulin secretion from RIN cells, and this effect was inhibited by either a TRPV1 inhibitor capsazepine or EDTA. Systemic capsaicin (10 mg/kg, s.c.) increased plasma insulin level 1 h after the treatment. We demonstrated for the first time that TRPV1 is functionally expressed in rat islet beta cells and plays a role in insulin secretion as a calcium channel. This study may account for the influences of capsaicin on the food intake and energy consumption as well as on the pathophysiological regulation of pancreatic endocrine.     

Insulin-stimulated insulin secretion in single pancreatic beta cells

Functional insulin receptors are known to occur in pancreatic beta cells; however, except for a positive feedback on insulin synthesis, their physiological effects are unknown. Amperometric measurements at single, primary pancreatic beta cells reveal that application of exogenous insulin in the presence or absence of nonstimulatory concentrations of glucose evokes exocytosis mediated by the beta cell insulin receptor. Insulin also elicits increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in beta cells but has minimal effects on membrane potential. Conditions where the insulin receptor is blocked or cell surface concentration of free insulin is reduced during exocytosis diminishes secretion induced by other secretagogues, providing evidence for direct autocrine action of insulin upon secretion from the same cell. These results indicate that the beta cell insulin receptor can mediate positive feedback for insulin secretion. The presence of a positive feedback mechanism for insulin secretion mediated by the insulin receptor provides a potential link between impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance.     

VIGR--a novel inducible adhesion family G-protein coupled receptor in endothelial cells

Using a signal sequence trap for selection of differentially expressed secretory and membrane proteins, we identified a novel member of the adhesion family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), termed vascular inducible GPCR (VIGR). VIGR contains C1r-C1s, Uegf and Bmp1 (CUB) and pentraxin (PTX)-like modules and a mucin-like spacer, followed by seven transmembrane domains. By surface biotinylation as well as by immunofluorescence analysis we demonstrate that endogenous, highly glycosylated VIGR is expressed on the cell surface of endothelial cells (ECs) upon LPS or thrombin treatment, and inducible expression is mediated by MAP kinases, but not NF-kappaB. We show that VIGR is selectively expressed in ECs derived from larger vessels, but not from microvessels. In summary, VIGR represents a novel GPCR of the adhesion family, which is unique in its long extra-cellular domain comprising CUB and PTX-like modules and in its inducibility by LPS and thrombin in a subset of ECs, suggesting an important function in cell-adhesion and potentially links inflammation and coagulation.     

Regulated expression of active biotinylated G-protein coupled receptors in mammalian cells

We have developed a mammalian expression system suitable for the production of enzymatically biotinylated integral membrane proteins. The key feature of this system is the doxycycline (dox)-regulated co-expression of a secreted variant of Escherichia coli biotin ligase (BirA) and a target protein with a 13-residue biotin acceptor peptide (BioTag) appended to its extracellular domain. Here we describe the expression and functional analysis of three G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): protease-activated receptors (PARs) 1 and 2, and the platelet ADP receptor, P2Y(12). Clonal Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) Tet-On cell lines that express biotinylated GPCRs were rapidly isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting following streptavidin-FITC staining, thereby circumventing the need for manual colony picking. Analysis by Western blotting with streptavidin-HRP following endoglycosidase treatment revealed that all three GPCRs undergo N-linked glycosylation. The expression of biotinylated GPCRs on the cell surface was regulated by the concentration of dox in the medium, reaching a maximum at approximately 1 microg/mL dox. Similarly, the extent of GPCR biotinylation was dependent on biotin concentration, with maximum and complete biotinylation achieved upon supplementation with 50 microM biotin. Biotinylated PAR1 and PAR2 were readily and specifically cleaved on the surface of intact cells by their cognate proteases, and were capable of transducing extracellular stimuli, resulting in the downstream phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Notably, P2Y(12) mediated agonist-induced ERK phosphorylation only when it was expressed at low levels on the cell surface, highlighting the utility of regulated expression for the production of functionally active GPCRs in mammalian cells.     

Subcutaneous fat modulates insulin sensitivity in mice by regulating TNF-alpha expression in visceral fat.

The distribution of fat in obese persons is related to the risk of developing various metabolic disorders, such as glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, and the combination of these conditions is known as the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of subcutaneous fat in regulating insulin resistance and its influence on TNF-alpha expression in visceral fat, by using mice that were subjected to subcutaneous lipectomy with or without subsequent fat transplantation. After partial subcutaneous lipectomy, mice showed significantly greater accumulation of visceral fat compared with sham-operated control mice. Lipectomy led to higher plasma insulin and lower plasma glucose levels after loading with glucose and insulin, respectively, compared with the levels in control mice. Insulin-induced phosphorylation of IRS-1 was decreased in the skeletal muscles of lipectomized mice. Subcutaneous transplantation of fat pads into lipectomized mice reversed the above-mentioned changes indicating insulin resistance in these animals. The fat storage area of adipocytes and TNF- alpha expression by adipocytes in visceral fat were significantly higher in the lipectomized mice than in controls, while subcutaneous transplantation of fat reduced both the fat storage area and TNF-alpha expression. The insulin resistance of lipectomized mice was also ameliorated by systemic neutralization of TNF-alpha activity using a specific antibody. These findings obtained in mice subjected to subcutaneous lipectomy with/without subsequent fat transplantation indicate that subcutaneous fat regulates systemic insulin sensitivity, possibly through altering fat storage and the expression of TNF-alpha by adipocytes in visceral fat. The balance between accumulation of subcutaneous fat and visceral fat may be important with respect to the occurrence of systemic insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome.     

Inverse relationship between glucose metabolism and glucose-induced insulin secretion in rat insulinoma cells

Slowly growing X-ray-induced rat insulinomas and derived cell lines have been used as a model system for glucose-induced insulin release. During perfusions of tumors transplanted under the kidney capsule, the carbohydrates glucose and D-glyceraldehyde increased insulin secretion. These stimuli and the amino acids leucine and alanine also provoked insulin release in freshly isolated tumor cells. Under these conditions, glucose utilization had a Km of 4.6 mM and maximal velocity of 0.9 nmol/min/10(6) cells. A continuous cell line was established from such a preparation. In culture, glucose-induced insulin secretion was no longer detectable while responses to D-glyceraldehyde and amino acids were retained. Glucose metabolism in the cell line showed a decrease in Km to 0.7 mM glucose and an increased maximal velocity of 1.4 nmol/min/10(6) cells. Attempts to revert these alterations were undertaken using glucose-deficient culture medium to diminish glycolytic flux. Basal insulin release was lowered, while the growth pattern of the cells remained unchanged. Another approach involved the use of sodium butyrate which has been demonstrated to promote differentiation in other cell systems. Whereas sodium butyrate markedly increased cellular insulin content, the secretory responses were not improved. These results provide evidence that the loss of glucose-induced insulin secretion is paralleled by alterations in glucose metabolism.     

Metabolic concomitants in pure, pancreatic beta cells during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion

The role of the redox potential in insulin secretion by beta cells stimulated with high glucose was investigated using an in vitro pancreas perfusion system. To assess glycolytic flux the sum of fructose-1,6-P2 + triose-P was determined in pure beta cells microdissected from lyophilized sections of the isolated perfused pancreas quick frozen during the early insulin secretory response. L-Glycerol 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate were measured as indicators of the free cytosolic [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio and NADH and NADPH were also measured. Fructose-1,6-P2 + triose-P was increased in beta cells simultaneously with the onset of insulin secretion indicating an increase in glucose metabolism had occurred. The ratio of [dihydroxyacetone phosphate]/[L-glycerol 3-phosphate] increased simultaneously with the onset of insulin secretion. NADH content increased only after initiation of insulin secretion and NADPH levels remained unchanged during the early secretory response to high glucose. These data contradict the hypothesis that insulin secretion is triggered by a more reduced cytosolic redox state and instead indicate that insulin secretion is initiated by other metabolic coupling factor(s) generated in beta cells stimulated by high glucose.