香辛料国际标准跟踪研究

国际香辛料标准更新频繁,我国香辛料贸易面临新挑战,实时了解国际标准发展动态、跟踪其制修订进程、收集信息,对香辛料产业化具有重要意义。     

中国香辛料产品加工标准体系研究

在调研和综合分析我国香辛料产品加工现状基础上,根据标准化原理和标准化体系研究方法,首次系统地对我国香辛料产品加工体系进行研究,用三维坐标形式全面展示加工体系的层次、产品门类和过程要素之间的关系,体系表中的262项香辛料加工过程控制标准,为香辛料提供可靠的过程质量保障.     

香辛料中二氧化硫的测定

香辛料产品在前期干制过程中,有时违规进行过量硫磺熏蒸处理,导致产品中SO2严重超标,在出口香辛料产品中．目前已增加了SO2残留量检项,本文通过介绍二氧化硫测定方法,力求提高和完善香辛料中二氧化硫测定方法的准确性、可靠性,以便更有效地监控SO2在香辛料中的使用。     

香辛料标准化状况及对策

香辛料是既古老又年轻的产品,在漫长的人类文明发展进程中,人们不断赋予其新的内涵、更准确的定义和更广的范畴。随着市场规模的扩大,香辛料产品的应用形式日趋多样化,精深加工和综合利用水平不断提高,对香辛料产品质量和标准化水平提出了更高的要求,作者通过多年香辛料标准化研究和制修订标准的经验和理解,就香辛料标准化状况和对策作简要论述。     

常用食用香辛料霉菌污染状况研究

以不同来源的桂皮、黑胡椒、白胡椒、孜然、小茴香、辣椒、八角、月桂叶、豆蔻、花椒等常用香辛料为实验材料,通过霉菌培养计数及黄曲霉毒素的测定,对常用香辛料加工流通过程中的霉菌污染情况及霉菌毒素残留情况进行了分析评价,并对样品污染霉菌进行了初步的分离鉴定。结果表明:实验所采集的11种香辛料的53个样品中,51%的样品霉菌总数超过国际通行标准,不同品种的香辛料霉菌污染情况存在较大的差异,孜然、小茴香、花椒的霉菌带菌量较高,桂皮、八角的霉菌带菌量较低;样品中黄曲霉素含量与霉菌污染程度存在一定的相关性,闪蒸、辐照处理能够有效减少香辛料中活菌数目,但对霉菌毒素含量影响较小。     

香辛料——芳香植物资源利用的重要方向

正香辛料贸易是一个古老的行业,也是一个充满活力的现代新兴产业,人类在5000年前就已将香辛料植物用于祭祀、治病祛瘟和调味等。我国夏商时期就有"香之为用,从上古矣"的描述,《吕氏春秋·本味》记录了"和之美者,阳朴之姜,招摇之桂",屈原《九歌》中有"蕙肴蒸兮兰藉,奠桂酒兮椒浆"的诗句。由此可见,中国是应用香辛料植物最早的国家之一。随着现代香辛料产业的兴起,研究和利用日益深入,为规范使用,专业机构给了     

中国天然香辛料标准化状况

本文介绍了中国香辛料产品标准化状况,存在问题及标准化发展方向。     

中国天然香辛料标准状况

本文介绍了中国香辛料产品标准化状况,存在问题及标准化发展方向。     

国际香辛料产品加工标准化现状(二)

阐述了国际标准化组织（ISO）、欧盟、印度、法国和德国香辛料产品加工标准化现状、发展趋势及其特点。     

香辛料植物及香辛料主要化学成分

香辛料是主要用于食品调味的植物器官和组织结构。简介了其香味物质、辣味物质和色素,并逐科介绍主要的香辛科植物。     

REPLY TO COMMENTS BY DR D H R HELLWIG ON PAPERS BY J.U. GROBBELAAR,M.K. SEELY & O.B. KOK

The aim of this study was to assess and compare the water quality of the Gwebi and Mukuvisi Rivers, on the basis of selected physicochemical variables and macroinvertebrate community structure. Five sites where selected on both rivers and these were sampled on three separate occasions between January and July of 1998. The water variables measured were the concentrations of iron, chromium, zinc, lead, copper, manganese, chlorides, fluorides, sulphates, total phosphates, nitrates, ammonia, total dissolved salts, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, as well as pH, conductivity, temperature, water surface velocity and discharge. The concentration of most of the chemical variables was relatively similar along the course of the Gwebi River, but there were drastic increases in the levels of iron, chromium, copper, zinc, chlorides, fluorides, sulphates, and ammonia along the Mukuvisi River. The two rivers were different with respect to the physicochemical variables, with the exception of the first site on the Mukuvisi, which was similar to sites on the Gwebi River. This was because of the differences in the levels of human activities on the two rivers. Industrial, sewage and domestic pollution has had an adverse effect on the water quality of the Mukuvisi River. There was a sharp decline in the number of macroinvertebrate taxa along the Mukuvisi River. The lower reaches of the river where dominated by oligochaetes and Chironimidae larvae. Sample score classification of water quality based on the South African Scoring System Version 4 (SASS4) showed that most of the Mukuvisi river had poor quality water quality, whilst much of the Gwebi River had fair quality water. The HABS1 habitat assessment index was used to assess habitat quality at each site. Although much of the Mukuvisi recorded fair to good habitat scores and had generally higher habitat scores than sites on the Gwebi, the SASS scores were generally lower compared to those along the Gwebi. The sample scores and average score per taxon (ASPT) of the SASS4 showed that the Mukuvisi River was of much lower quality than the Gwebi. Both the sample score and ASPT were negatively and significantly (p<0.05) correlated to most of the physicochemical variables. The water quality variables accounted for 61.1% and 59.0% of the differences in the sample score and ASPT respectively. There was a marginal decrease in the Margalef and Shannon indices along the Gwebi River, but the Simpson's index remained relatively constant. Along the Mukuvisi River, there was a clear and distinct decrease in the magnitude of all three diversity indices, indicating decreasing macroinvertebrate community structure. The change in water physicochemical variables accounted for 61.3%, 69.2% and 87.2% of the changes in the Margalef, Shannon and Simpson's index respectively. The study provides evidence that the changes in macroinvertebrate community structure along the Mukuvisi River is due to decline in the water quality. On the Gwebi, water quality is not the main factor determining macroinvertebrate community structure.     

The Evolution of Quality Systems in Human Bone Banking: The U.S. Experience

This paper illustrates the evolutionary changes that have taken place in human bone banking in the United States since the 1970s to the present, with an emphasis on quality control systems. Specific examples of quality controls are outlined, along with their intended purposes. Particular importance is placed on the gradual change in emphasis from bacteriological concerns to viral concerns and quality control systems.     

The LBI-method for automated indexing of diagnoses by using SNOMED. Part 2. Evaluation

We present a simple, formal, lexicon-based method for automated indexing of diagnoses based on the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED), called LBI-method. Part 1 gave an introduction to the LBI-method and presented its realisation as application system SALBIDH. Part 2 presents the design and the results of an evaluation study to judge the quality of the LBI-method. In this evaluation study the quality of automated indexing as well as the quality of the retrieval of patient data by using automated indexed diagnoses was examined. The results show that the retrieval based on SNOMED indices is at least as good as the retrieval based on ICD classes despite a lot of indexing errors. From this we gather that our system is not yet good enough for immediate routine use but that an appropriate indexing quality and, as a result, a higher retrieval quality can be achieved after few improvements of the LBI-method, especially after revision of the lexicons.     

Measuring the quality of later life.

This paper examines quality of life as a scientific construct with a wide range of applications. The assessment of patients'' quality of life is assuming increasing importance in medicine and health care. Illnesses, diseases and their treatments can have significant impacts on such areas of functioning as mobility, mood, life satisfaction, sexuality, cognition and ability to fulfil occupational, social and family roles. The emerging quality of life construct may be viewed as a paradigm shift in outcome measurement since it shifts the focus of attention from symptoms to functioning. This holistic approach more clearly establishes the patient as the centre of attention and subsumes many of the traditional measures of outcome. Quality of life assessment is particularly relevant to ageing populations both for healthy elderly and for those who develop chronic diseases where maintenance of quality of life rather than cure may be the primary goal of treatment. This paper introduces the concept of quality of life and describes the significant difficulties in definition, measurement and interpretation that must be addressed before such measures can be used as reliable and valid indicators of disease impact and treatment outcomes. It is argued that approaches to quality of life assessment in the elderly should incorporate advances in knowledge about the psychological adaptation to ageing. Consequently, the unique perspective of the individual on his or her own quality of life must be incorporated into outcome assessments aimed at improving the quality of health care. Incorporating measures of subjective outcome such as quality of life into policy decisions on resource allocation in health care will prove one of the major challenges for health services over the next decade.     

‘沙田’柚果生长期套袋对果实品质的影响

‘沙田’柚果生长期进行套袋,是提高果实品质的有效措施之一。在田间生长条件下,研究了套袋对‘沙田’柚果实品质的影响。结果表明,套袋促进了柚果生长发育,提高了商品率,降低了含酸量,较明显地提高其糖酸比,并增加了维生素C的含量,从而提高了柚果品质。     

Quality of life measures in health care. I: Applications and issues in assessment.

Many clinicians remain unsure of the relevance of measuring quality of life to their clinical practice. In health economics quality of life measures have become the standard means of assessing the results of health care interventions and, more controversially, the means of prioritising funding; but they have many other applications. This article--the first of three on measuring quality of life--reviews the instruments available and their application in screening programmes, audit, health care research, and clinical trials. Using the appropriate instrument is essential if outcome measures are to be valid and clinically meaningful.     

Cost-utility analysis.

Decisions have to be made about allocating health resources. Currently the best economic evaluation method for doing this is cost-utility analysis. This compares the costs of different procedures with their outcomes measured in "utility based" units--that is, units that relate to a person''s level of wellbeing. The most commonly used unit is the quality adjusted life year (QALY). QALYs are calculated by estimating the total life years gained from a procedure and weighting each year to reflect the quality of life in that year. To compare outcomes of different programmes the Rosser index is one measure that is widely used to assign quality of life scores to patients. Combined with a measure of life years gained from a procedure, this enables QALYs to be calculated and procedures ranked according to cost per QALY gained. In this article Ray Robinson explains the measures used and discusses how QALY league tables can be used to guide decisions on resource allocation.     

甘蔗野生种割手密远缘杂交后代品质性状的遗传研究

利用甘蔗品种Co419与野生种割手密云南75-1-2远缘杂交,ROC25与远缘杂交后代云野02-356进行回交,分别获得F1和BC1群体;利用R软件,分析了2个群体全部真实性后代品质性状的遗传表现.结果表明,杂交后代品质性状广义遗传力高,正态分布特性明显,品质性状间显著正相关;F1含糖量和纤维含量高于商业亲本,但甘蔗蔗糖分、蔗汁糖分、蔗汁锤度和简纯度等性状劣于商业亲本;BC1除含糖量高于双亲外,其他性状介于双亲之间,但主要性状均优于F1,后代性状恢复快.     

Systematic Quality Evaluation of Epimedium wushanense T. S. Ying Based on Two Quality Control Standards: Total Flavonoid Glycosides and Epimedin C

Two quality control standards, total flavonoid glycosides of Epimedii Folium and epimedin C of Epimedii Wushanensis Folium, were used to systematically evaluate the quality of Epimedium wushanense T. S. Ying, so as to provide reference for its germplasm screening and resource utilization. Seven representative populations of E. wushanense covering its main distribution areas were uniformly sampled during the flowering period. There were significant quality differences among the populations of E. wushanense. According to the quality standard of total flavonoid glycosides, all populations were superior to the quality standard of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for Epimedii Folium, with more than 1.5 % total flavonoid glycosides. The variation ranges of epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin and total flavonoid glycosides were 0.40–0.76 %, 0.51–0.83 %, 1.70–9.31 %, 0.40–1.23 % and 3.05–10.61 %, respectively. According to the quality standard of epimedin C, all populations were better than the quality standard of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for Epimedii Wushanensis Folium, with more than 1.0 % epimedin C. The variation range of epimedin C was 2.22–10.06 %. When comparing the results of the two methods, a trend of slightly lower mean values was found for total flavonoid glycosides, except for the HBXW population. The quality of E. wushanense was superior to both the quality standard of Epimedii Folium and Epimedii Wushanense Folium in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Epimedin C was the most abundant component. Among the investigated populations, HBXW and HBGK exhibited the highest quality, and may provide excellent genetic resources for standardized cultivation. In addition, the habitat of these populations can also serve a reference for cultivation conditions.     

Quality control management. Application to the production of unstable blood components

The quality controls of blood components, realised in Transfusion Centres, are necessary to check the true conformity of products in accordance with official standards. This controls are insufficient to enhance blood components quality. The practical application of the quality management allows us to reach this aim easier. After the quality display, after it efficiency and regulatory measurement and after a quality objectives selection, we consider that the professional training and the data presentation contribute to the necessary confidence for a better quality management. Finally, standardization and automatization of production processes constitute the only ways to improve the real quality, to decrease waste products and, of course, to increase the productivity.