铜山阿魏和草甸阿魏根的化学成分及其系统分类学意义

从铜山阿魏（ＦｅｒｕｌａｌｉｃｅｎｔｉａｎａＨａｎｄ．Ｍａｚｚ．ｖａｒ．ｔｕｎｓｈａｎｉｃａＳｈａｎｅｔＱ．Ｘ．Ｌｉｕ）和草甸阿魏（Ｆ．ｋｉｎｇｄｏｎｗａｒｄｉＷｏｌｆ）的根的乙醚提取物中共提取分离得１０种化合物,其中化合物９为一新化合物：１（７,８二甲氧基５,６甲二氧基苯）丙基（Ｚ）２甲基１丁烯酸酯。阿魏属的这两种植物分布于该属现代分布区的边缘,但都未检出本属植物的特征成分之一７氧倍半萜类香豆素,且两种植物所含成分较相似且较简单。作者推测存在着这样的可能性,即：和伞形科其他某些属植物一样,阿魏属也起源于中国的西南地区。     

绿色木霉对小球藻细胞壁的酶解作用

【目的】探讨绿色木霉分泌液能否分解小球藻细胞壁。【方法】用海藻酸钠和氯化钙固定绿色木霉,游离绿色木霉和固定化绿色木霉分别培养一段时间,离心培养液,用分光光度计法检测上清液中纤维素酶活性。在上清液中加入浓缩的小球藻悬浮液,用显微镜计数细胞壁破碎的小球藻。【结果】绿色木霉能同时分泌内切葡聚糖酶、外切葡聚糖酶及β-1,4葡萄糖苷酶3种纤维素酶,其中外切葡聚糖酶活性最高。固定化绿色木霉反复使用5次后,分泌的纤维素酶活性能保持到初次的67.4%。市售纤维素酶、游离绿色木霉、固定化绿色木霉初次及第5次分解小球藻细胞壁的效率分别为47.3%、86.5%、81.5%、52.1%。【结论】市售纤维素酶、游离绿色木霉、固定化绿色木霉都能分解小球藻细胞壁,其中固定化绿色木霉因可重复使用,具有潜在的应用前景。     

植物细胞壁组织化学定位染色方法和技术的比较研究

利用光学和荧光显微镜比较研究几种植物细胞壁组织化学定位染色方法和技术;结果表明:（1）硫酸消化法和硫酸氢黄连素-苯胺兰对染法研究凯氏带;对取材时间和部位要求高;建议两种方法配合使用;可相互印证是否具凯氏带;（2）苏丹7B染色法;蓝色激发光下不染色和硫酸氢黄连素-苯胺兰对染研究细胞壁栓质层3种方法中;不染色蓝色激发光下结果比苏丹7B染色法敏感显色;但苏丹7B染色法在普通光学显微镜下观察较为便捷;（3）木质化细胞壁染色方法中硫酸氢黄连素-苯胺兰对染法比间苯三酚-盐酸染色法易显色观察;（4）甲苯胺兰快速染色细胞壁取代常规苏丹Ⅲ/Ⅳ法;细胞边界和层次更清楚。     

复合诱变筛选产细胞壁水解酶木霉菌株及产酶条件的优化

利用复合诱变技术 ,筛选到一株产几丁质酶和葡聚糖酶能力较强的绿色木霉菌株(Trichodermaviride)LD 1 8。并对其产酶条件进行了优化 ,发现在麸皮∶诱导物∶麦秸粉 =2∶2∶7的固体培养基上 ,以 4g/L (NH4) 2 SO4为氮源 ,起始pH8 0 ,经 2 5℃培养 72h ,产生的真菌细胞壁水解酶 ,用以溶解食用菌、黑曲霉等丝状菌丝体的细胞壁 ,制备原生质体 ,效果较优。     

HPLC法测定新疆阿魏不同部位阿魏酸的含量

建立新疆阿魏中不同部位阿魏酸的高效液相色谱含量测定方法.采用PLATISIL ODS(250 mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,甲醇～0.1％冰醋酸水溶液(35∶ 65)为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长320 nm,柱温30℃.测得阿魏酸进样量在0.440～5.396μg/mL(r=0.9997)范围内与峰面积有良好的线性关系,平均回收率达97.8％,RSD为1.79％(n=9).新疆阿魏胶、根、茎和叶中的阿魏酸含量分别为0.2600、0.0362、0.0225和0.0275 mg/g,胶中阿魏酸的含量远高于根、茎和叶.该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于新疆阿魏中不同部位阿魏酸含量的测定.     

植物木质化过程及其调控的研究进展

植物的木质化是指木质素单体氧化聚合形成的木质素在细胞壁上沉积的过程.由于涉及多步酶促反应,因而它是一个被精细调控的复杂而动态的生物学过程.木质化不仅有利于维持植物正常生命活动,而且能够增强植物适应外界生物和非生物胁迫的能力.更为重要的是,植物细胞壁是地球上最为丰富的可再生能源物质,因此,开展植物细胞壁木质化的研究具有重...     

复合诱变筛选变细胞壁水解酶木霉素株及产酶条件的优化

利用复合诱变技术,筛选到一株产几丁质酶和钱聚糖酶能力较强的绿色木霉菌株（Trichodermaviride)LD-18。并对其产酶条件进行了优化,发现在麸皮：诱导物：麦秸粉＝2：2：7的固体培养基上,以4g/L(NH4)2SO4为氮源,起始pH8.0经25摄氏度培养72h,产生的真菌细胞壁水解酶,用以溶解食用菌,黑曲霉等丝状菌丝体的细胞壁,制备原生质体,效果较优。     

禾本科植物微卫星序列的特征分析和比较

微卫星或简单序列重复(simple sequence repeats,SSRs)广泛存在于真核生物的基因组中,是目前最有用的分子标记之一.本研究首次利用全基因序列对4个禾本科植物种,包括二穗短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon)、水稻(Oryza sativa)、高粱(Sorghum bicolor)和玉米(Zea mays)的SSR的类型、丰度(数量)、相对丰度、频率、长度和偏好性等进行了分析和比较.结果表明,禾本科植物中SSR的丰度与基因组大小成正比,而相对丰度与基因组大小相关不显著;三核苷酸和六核苷酸基序类型比其它类型更为丰富;不同物种皆呈现出明显的基序偏好性.总的来讲,除个别例外,禾本科植物的基因组中更倾向于富含A/T的基序.本研究结果为研究禾本科植物的基因组进化和SSR标记的开发提供了有价值的信息.     

链球菌细胞壁和核物质的透射电镜观察

磷钨酸悬滴法负染色的链球菌用透射电镜观察 ,可形象直观地看到细菌的细胞壁和呈环带状的核物质     

染料木素乙酰阿魏酸酯的合成

基于Schotten-Bamann反应原理,以阿魏酸和染料木素为起始原料,首次合成得到两种新化合物:染料木素-7-乙酰阿魏酸酯(即5-羟基-3-(4-羟苯基)-4-羰基-4H-苯并吡喃-7基3-(4-乙酰基-3-甲氧苯基)丙烯酸酯,1)和染料木素-7,4′-二-乙酰阿魏酸酯(即3-{4-[3-(4-乙酰氧基-3-甲氧苯基)丙烯酰氧基]苯基}-5-羟基-4-羰基-4H-苯并吡喃-7基3-(4-乙酰基-3-甲氧苯基)丙烯酸酯,2),对其进行了UV,IR,1H,13C NMR和MS结构表征.     

亚硫酸钠处理对与采后竹笋木质化作用有关的细胞壁物质及酶活性的影响

研究了Na2SO3处理对与采后竹笋木质化作用相关的细胞壁物质及其酶活性的影响.结果表明1%Na2SO3处理能显著延缓竹笋组织中多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性的降低和抑制苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的上升,因此水溶性果胶含量显著高于对照,硬度、木质素和原果胶含量显著低于对照.但1%Na2SO3处理对纤维素酶、果胶甲酯酶活性和纤维素含量无显著影响.     

Diferulic and ferulic acid in the cell wall of Avena coleoptiles—Their relationships to mechanical properties of the cell wall

Alkaline hydrolysis liberated ferulic and diferulic acid from polysaccharides of the Avena coleoptile ( Avena sativa L. cv. Victory I) cell walls. The amount of the two phenolic acids bound to cell walls increased substantially at day 4–5 after sowing, when the growth rate of the coleoptile started to decrease. The level of these acids was almost constant from the tip to base in 3-day-old coleoptiles, but increased toward the basal zone in 4- and 5-day-old ones. The ratio of diferulic acid to ferulic acid was almost constant irrespective of coleoptile age and zone. An increase in the amount of ferulic and diferulic acids bound to cell wall polysaccharides correlated with a decrease in extensibility and with an increase in minimum stress-relaxation time and relaxation rate of the cell wall. The level of lignin in the cellulose fraction increased as coleoptiles aged, but this increase did not correlate with changes in mechanical properties of the cell walls. These results suggest that ferulic acid, ester-linked to cell wall polysaccharides, is oxidized to give diferulic acid, which makes the cell wall mechanically rigid by cross-linking matrix polysaccharides and results in limited cell extension growth. In addition, it is probable that the step of feruloylation of cell wall polysaccharides is rate-limiting in the formation of in-termolecular bridges by diferulic acid in Avena coleoptile cell walls.     

Feruloylation in Grasses： Current and Future Perspectives

In the cell walls of forage grasses, ferulic acid is esterified to arabinoxylans and participates with lignin monomers in oxidative coupling pathways to generate ferulate-polysaccharide-lignin complexes that cross-link the cell wall. The accumulation of ferulates and the cross-linking of arabinoxylans via diferulate esters are hypothesized to function in various processes in plants. The specific roles of arabinoxylan feruloylation as well as the nature, cellular localization, and substrate for arabinoxylans feruloylation of cell walls are reviewed. The various approaches that have been used for assessing the specific roles of feruloylation are described and assessed. I argue that, until recently, the specific role of feruloylation in these various processes has been established largely by indirect experiments and, although these studies reached similar conclusions about the potential importance of wall feruloylation, they suffer from a common problem： namely they depend on correlations between two processes and do not stem from a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of feruloylation. I also argue that the nature of arabinoxylan feruloylation remains uncertain.     

Ferulic Acid: An Antioxidant Found Naturally in Plant Cell Walls and Feruloyl Esterases Involved in its Release and Their Applications

ABSTRACT

Ferulic acid is the most abundant hydroxycinnamic acid in the plant world and maize bran with 3.1% (w/w) ferulic acid is one of the most promising sources of this antioxidant. The dehydrodimers of ferulic acid are important structural components in the plant cell wall and serve to enhance its rigidity and strength. Feruloyl esterases are a subclass of the carboxylic acid esterases that hydrolyze the ester bond between hydroxycinnamic acids and sugars present in plant cell walls and they have been isolated from a wide range of microorganisms, when grown on complex substrates such as cereal brans, sugar beet pulp, pectin and xylan. These enzymes perform a function similar to alkali in the deesterification of plant cell wall and differ in their specificities towards the methyl esters of cinnamic acids and ferulolylated oligosaccharides. They act synergistically with xylanases and pectinases and facilitate the access of hydrolases to the backbone of cell wall polymers. The applications of ferulic acid and feruloyl esterase enzymes are many and varied. Ferulic acid obtained from agricultural byproducts is a potential precursor for the production of natural vanillin, due to the lower production cost.     

植物原生质体的细胞壁再生

细胞壁作为植物细胞重要的组成部分,在决定细胞形状、维持机械支撑、吸收养分等方面发挥重要功能.因此,揭示植物细胞壁合成的调控机制具有重大的生物学意义.基于植物组织水平研究细胞壁的生物合成具有难以控制时间尺度、观察空间狭小等局限性.原生质体作为去除细胞壁的单个细胞是研究细胞壁再生的理想系统.在过去的几十年里报道了大量关于植...     

The Cell Wall of Fusarium oxysporum

Sugar analysis of isolated cell walls from three formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum showed that they contained not only glucose and (N-acetyl)-glucosamine, but also mannose, galactose, and uronic acids, presumably originating from cell wall glycoproteins. Cell wall glycoproteins accounted for 50–60% of the total mass of the wall. X-ray diffraction studies showed the presence of α-1,3-glucan in the alkali-soluble cell wall fraction and of β-1,3-glucan and chitin in the alkali-insoluble fraction. Electron microscopy and lectin binding studies indicated that glycoproteins form an external layer covering an inner layer composed of chitin and glucan.     

Immunocytochemical Localization of Enzymes Involved in Lignification of the Cell Wall

O -methyltransferase, and cinnnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase were localized to differentiating xylem. These enzymes are particularly abundant during secondary wall formation. Immunolabeling was observed on polysomes and in the cytosol of the cells during secondary wall formation, indicating that these enzymes are synthesized in the polysomes and released in the cytosol. The synthesis of monolignols might occur in the cytosol. Immunolabeling of anionic peroxidase was also localized to the differentiating xylem, particularly during secondary wall formation. The labeling, however, was observed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (r-ER), the Golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane, indicating that peroxidase is synthesized in the r-ER, transported to the Golgi apparatus, and localized on the plasma membrane by fusion of the Golgi vesicles to the membrane. Received 3 September 2001/ Accepted in revised form 16 October 2001     

Touch- and Methyl Jasmonate-induced Lignification in Tendrils of Bryonia dioica Jacq.

The touch-induced free coiling response of Bryonia dioica tendrils is accompanied by the differentiation of supporting tissue at the ventral side of the organ, becoming the inner (concave) side of the coiled tendril. As part of this process, the Bianconi plate, a continuous sclerenchyma sheath stretching along the ventral face of the five bicollateral vascular bundles, becomes strongly lignified. During this reaction, the extractable activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the tendrils increases four- to five-fold, while the amount of PAL, as demonstrated by immunoblotting, remains unchanged. This touch-induced process can also be elicited by airborne application of methyl jasmonate. The PAL inhibitor, 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP) completely inhibits both the touch- and methyl jasmonate-induced deposition of lignin-like material in the Bianconi plate, but has no effect on coiling. From these results, it can be concluded that the cessation of growth at the ventral side of a free-coiling tendril is not due to induced lignification but rather, lignification seems to serve the function of increasing the mechanical strength of the coiled tendril.     

细胞壁在植物重金属耐性中的作用

植物细胞壁主要是由多糖、蛋白质和木质素等组成的一个复合体,广泛参与植物生长发育及对各种逆境胁迫的响应,是重金属离子进入细胞质的第一道屏障。本文主要综述了植物细胞壁主要成分,包括细胞壁多糖、细胞壁蛋白质和木质素,在响应重金属胁迫反应中的作用及其参与重金属耐性的机制,以期能对植物细胞壁在重金属耐性中的作用有更深入的了解。