巨噬细胞在卵泡发育和排卵过程中的作用

在哺乳动物中,巨噬细胞是一种多功能细胞,大量存在于生殖组织中,在免疫反应中起关键作用.卵巢中的巨噬细胞可以通过表面受体的表达来鉴定,在不同发情周期阶段的特殊定位和分布变化表明巨噬细胞在卵巢卵泡发育、排卵和黄体形成及退化时的组织重构中具有不同的作用.同时,巨噬细胞参与卵泡发育及其排卵过程,如吞噬和降解外来抗原,基质溶解和...     

卵巢催乳素受体mRNA在小鼠卵泡发育及排卵过程中的表达

目的探讨卵巢催乳素受体(Prolactin receptor,PRLR)mRNA在小鼠不同发育阶段及排卵过程中的表达情况。方法选择不同发育时期的昆明小鼠,以及性未成熟昆明小鼠予以PMSG-HCG(Pregnancy Mare Serum Gonadotro-phin-Humane chorionic gonadotrophin,孕马血清促性腺激素-人绒毛膜促性腺激素)序贯处理,采用实时定量聚合酶链反应(Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction,Real-Time PCR)检测小鼠卵巢中PRLR mRNA的表达。结果PRLR mR-NA的表达水平随小鼠的不断发育而显著性升高,PRLR在6周龄小鼠卵巢中的表达量是3周龄小鼠的3.86倍(P0.01),11周龄与33周龄小鼠的表达水平分别是3周龄小鼠的19.67倍、19.81倍(P0.01);PMSG处理后12h,PRLR表达水平是对照组的1.44倍(P0.05),24h、48h后分别达到5.48倍和7.14倍(P0.01),HCG处理后4h、8h、12h,PRLR表达水平有所下降,但仍高于对照组(P0.01),24h、48h后其表达水平再次升高,分别是对照组的5.64倍和6.04倍。结果 PRLR对小鼠卵泡的生长、发育及其黄体形成与维持发挥重要作用。     

重组人促卵泡激素剂量对食蟹猴卵泡发育和排卵同期化的影响

目的 优化食蟹猴胚胎移植同步受体的处理技术.方法 选择5~9岁月经周期正常的成年雌性食蟹猴37只,于出现月经血的第2~3天,每日肌注重组人促卵泡激素(rhFSH),按超排剂量和方式分2个实验组,超排供体组、超排受体组,另有一组自然受体组(对照组).结果和结论 2个实验组超排后卵巢反应全部良好,超排供体组和超排受体组超排后卵巢的获卵总数(15.18±6.51 VS. 5.67±3.79)和平均排卵数(6.77±3.61 VS. 1.00±0.00)差异具有统计学意义(P ＜0.05),但超排受体组和超排供体组的雌二醇(E2)水平浓度差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05),变化模式一致,且超排受体组与超排供体组排卵同期化的准确率可达83.33%,而对照组仅为42.85%,两者差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).     

一个卵泡的发育过程——对生理学教材中问题的探讨

卵泡是卵巢的功能单位,既能产生卵子,又能分泌性激素。卵泡的成长发育是一个漫长的历程。妇女一生中卵细胞的储备在胎儿期已成定局,出生后不再增多。胎龄约20周时,卵母细胞数量达到最高峰,约有700万个,出生时约剩200万个,而到青春期就减少到30万～40万个,绝经后仅存几百个,并且逐渐退化。其中仅有400-500个卵泡将在生育期在排卵过程中作为成熟卵排出。可见有99．9％的卵泡在卵泡发育的各个阶段退化闭锁。那麽一个原始卵泡发育成为成熟卵泡而排出卵子需要多长时间呢？     

卷尾猴的卵泡生长发育及排卵的超声监测

目的建立卷尾猴正常月经周期卵泡生长发育变化规律及排卵的超声监测(ultrasound examination,US)技术。方法采用阴道细胞涂片及超声监测技术,对5只卷尾猴连续3个周期检查阴道细胞变化,对卵泡生长发育进行超声监测。结果阴道脱落细胞在生殖周期内呈周期性变化,月经周期为(21.13±2)d。阴道细胞学涂片显示卷尾猴的月经周期分为以下各期:月经期(menstrual phase,M)、滤泡期(follicular phase,F)、排卵前期(pre-ovulationphase,Po),黄体期(luteal phase,L)。US技术在滤泡期及排卵前期可观测到直径约3~9 mm的优势卵泡(dominantfollicle,DF)的生长过程。当DF较前一天至少小10%,轮廓不规则,回声较以前强,阴道细胞涂片显示淋巴细胞出现,提示排卵已发生,黄体开始形成。结论B型超声技术能实时监测卷尾猴的卵泡生长发育过程,预知优势卵泡排卵时间。     

大熊猫卵泡及卵母细胞发育的研究

本文用５只大熊猫卵巢作了连续切片观察,测量分析了卵泡、卵母细胞和透明带的生长发育与成熟过程,以及它们之间的相互关系：（１）大熊猫卵泡及卵母细胞具哺乳类动物双相生长的共同特点,在生长过程中,仅 极少数优势卵泡被确定下来,其余卵泡均在不同时期成为闭锁卵泡,特别在发情期闭锁卵泡黄体化及囊肿现象居多。（２）透明带出现在单层卵泡细胞呈低柱状至柱状期,随着卵泡及卵母细胞的增长,透明带缓慢增厚。     

双峰驼卵泡发育过程中卵泡液差异蛋白质组学

为了比较双峰驼卵泡发育过程中卵泡液中差异表达的蛋白质,将卵泡按照直径分为6 类,运用双向电泳技术构建双峰驼卵泡液蛋白质二维凝胶电泳图谱,凝胶经考马斯亮蓝染色后用PDQuest 8. 0 检测差异蛋白,结果表明在6 类大小不同的卵泡中共检测到13 个差异蛋白点,这些蛋白点经LC -MS/ MS 鉴定出7 种不同的蛋白质,它们分别是:血红蛋白、toll-like 受体9、抗凝血酶、聚泛素、γ 纤维蛋白原、重组活化蛋白1 和跨膜与卷曲螺旋域3。基于这些蛋白的功能和表达模式,结合实验结果讨论了这些蛋白质在生殖中的功能,发现toll-like 受体9、聚泛素、γ 纤维蛋白原和重组活化蛋白1 可能与卵泡发育或卵母细胞的成熟有关。这些蛋白质的发现为了解双峰驼卵泡发育和卵母细胞成熟的生理机制奠定基础。     

尿激酶及其抑制物对未成年小鼠排卵的影响

利用未成年小鼠超数排卵方法,研究了纤溶酶原激活因子——尿激酶和它的抑制物——6氨基己酸对排卵的作用。实验结果表明:18日龄小鼠在注射PMSG和hCG条件下,增注尿激酶800U,排卵动物数及平均排卵数与对照组比较有显著性差异。如果仅用PMSG和尿激酶,不能引起动物排卵。21日龄小鼠在注射PMSG后再注射不同剂量hCG情况下增注尿激酶,平均排卵数均比相应对照组有显著性差异,但hCG注射量为l.25IU组,增注尿激酶后,实验组与对照组平均排卵数无显著性差异。用尿激酶抑制剂6氨基己酸可以有效抑制超数排卵的效果。实验结果提示,尿激酶只有在hCG存在条件下对小鼠排卵有促进作用,而尿激酶本身不具有诱发排卵的作用。     

催产时鳝卵磷酸酶活性的变化及其与排卵的关系

本实验采用Gomori组织化学法和磷酸苯二钠法,分别检测黄鳝卵ALP、ACP的细胞定位和活性变化。结果表明,催产后72h,ALP活性显著高于临近注射时(Oh),催产后48h和96h(p<0.05);临产前(催产后96h),ACP活性极显著高于试验组其它各时程(p<0.01)。提示ALP和ACP活性增强与卵母细胞成熟、排放有直接关系。本研究为探索排卵机制提供资料。     

关于鸡法氏囊淋巴滤泡皮质部形成的研究

初生雏鸡孵出后立即结扎法氏囊管,使外界抗原进入法氏囊腔通路受阻,法氏囊髓质部细胞未见增殖分化,从而没有淋巴细胞穿过基膜形成皮质部。结扎法氏囊管后喂养半个月的雏鸡,再拆除结扎线,恢复泄殖腔与法氏囊的通道,外界抗原又可进入法氏囊腔,刺激滤泡髓部细胞分裂增殖,并穿过基膜形成皮质部。但由于曾结扎半月,所以迁移到皮质部的细胞与对照组比较相对减少。结扎法氏囊管后同时注射枯草杆菌(Bs)和四球菌(Mt),法氏囊滤泡皮质部与正常对照组相似,有的甚至比对照组更为发达。电镜观察皮质部具有不同成熟度的浆细胞。孵出的雏鸡用睾酮(TP)处理后法氏囊滤泡虽有皮质部,但不是正常的皮质部淋巴细胞。实验结果表明滤泡皮质部的形成与孵化后外界抗原的刺激有关,法氏囊作为鸟类特有的体液免疫的中枢淋巴器官,可能仅指胚胎时期发育的淋巴滤泡髓质部,而法氏囊皮质部则可能相当于外周淋巴器官。它的形成必须依赖于外界抗原的刺激。     

大熊猫卵巢的滤泡闭锁和囊肿的研究

大熊猫卵巢的生长滤泡闭锁,形成闭锁滤泡黄体化和滤泡囊肿,严重影响大熊猫的生殖能力,其原因很复杂,可能与生殖内分泌失调有关,尤以垂体促性腺激素的分泌失调至为重要。     

FOLLICULAR LIPOSOMAL DELIVERY SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT

Traditionally, the prime pathway for the topical delivery of active agents across the skin was thought to be through intercellular routes and transcellular routes of the stratum corneum. However, alternative means such as via appenageal transport, i.e., follicular transport, is gaining more acceptances in the scientific community. Targeting specific sites of the hair follicle may represent a feasible therapeutic approach to skin diseases such as hair loss. It is therefore an object of this research to develop novel liposomal formulations for enabling the topical delivery of difficult-to-absorb agents for localized action, specifically to the hair follicles and sebaceous glands. We examined small and large molecules. The small molecule chosen was minoxidil, a known hair growth stimulator. The large molecular weight molecule was plasmid DNA encoded with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1ra).     

绵羊卵泡成分对卵母细胞体外减数分裂调控的研究

哺乳动物卵巢中的卵母细胞一直处于减数分裂的停滞状态,卵泡内各成分被认为是产生抑制因子的主要来源。本研究以绵羊卵泡各成分为研究对象,用共培养的方法对卵丘细胞、颗粒细胞、膜细胞在卵母细胞体外减数分裂过程中的作用加以探讨。结果表明：1．卵泡整体及卵泡分泌物在体外可以有效地维持减数分裂停滞,经过24h培养,这两个处理组中,处于GV期的卵母细胞分别为69．6％和49．1％。经抑制处理后的卵母细胞脱离抑制环境后可以继发成熟,MⅡ比率可达88．9％。去掉卵丘细胞的裸卵其减数分裂过程不能被卵泡分泌物有效抑制,24h培养后其GV期比例为17．8％。以上结果说明卵泡中的抑制因子主要是通过卵丘细胞束发挥其调控作用的。2．用颗粒细胞与卵母细胞共培养,结果发现具有颗粒细胞卵丘细胞缝隙连接的卵母细胞(COCGs)在培养24小时后47．4％达到MⅡ,与在不具有细胞连接的总浮颗粒细胞中共培养的卵母细胞之间存在无显差异,无论是紧密连接的颗粒细胞层还是悬浮在培养液中的颗粒细胞都不能有效抑制生发泡破裂(GVBD)的发生,只能将卵母细胞抑制在MⅡ以前的各个时期。以上结果说明颗粒细胞在体外分泌抑制图子的活力大大下降。3．卵泡膜细胞具有分泌抑制成熟分裂因子的能力,与膜细胞层共培养的卵母细胞在8h和24h时,其GV期的比例为34．4％和32．7％,显高于没有膜细胞层的对照组(4．5％和1.1％)。综上所述,绵羊卵泡中的抑制因子不仅来自于颗粒细胞,而且膜细胞也参与了成熟分裂的抑制,这些细胞在体外仍具有分泌抑制因子的能力,只是与体内分泌能力有所不同。     

Characterization of goose SPMS: Molecular characterization and expression profiling of SPMS in the goose ovary

Spermine synthase (SPMS), which converts spermidine into spermine, is essential for normal cell growth and development processes in humans and other mammals, but the molecular characterization and expression profiling of the SPMS gene remain undetermined in goose tissues and ovarian follicles. In this study, the SPMS cDNA sequence of the Sichuan white goose was cloned and analysed, and SPMS mRNA expression was profiled in various tissues and ovarian follicles. The results showed that the open reading frame of the SPMS cDNA sequence was 1092?bp in length, encoding 363 amino acids with a molecular weight of 41?kDa. Among all the examined tissues, SPMS expression was highest in the spleen and cerebrum and lowest in the breast and thigh muscles. SPMS expression in the F1 follicle was significantly higher than that in the POF (except for POF2) (P?<?0.05). Our results indicate that SPMS might play an important role in follicular development and ovulation.     

Effect of sperm numbers and time of insemination relative to ovulation on sow fertility

We examined the effect of inseminating mixed parity sows (n = 231) once with fewer sperm at different times relative to ovulation. Lactation length was 19 days and sows received an IM injection of 600 IU equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) 12 h before weaning. At 80 h after eCG injection, sows received an IM injection of 5 mg porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH). Predicted time of ovulation (PTO) was 38 h after pLH injection. Sows were assigned by parity to receive a single transcervical artificial insemination (AI) at either 6 or 24 h before PTO with semen doses containing either 2.5 or 1.25 × 10⁹ sperm. A positive control group of sows (n = 49) was subject to conventional AI 24 and 6 h before PTO. Detection of estrus was performed in the presence of a boar and only sows exhibiting estrous behavior at the assigned time of AI were included in the study. Farrowing rate for sows receiving 2.5 × 10⁹ sperm at 6 h before PTO was greater than that for sows receiving 1.25 × 10⁹ sperm at 24 h before PTO (85% versus 61%, P < 0.05). All other groups were intermediate. There was no effect of time of AI or sperm numbers on subsequent litter size. These data indicate that single insemination of fewer sperm may compromise sow fertility, even when performed transcervically, if not appropriately timed relative to ovulation.     

Effects of exogenous progesterone and cloprostenol on ovarian follicular development and first ovulation in prepubertal heifers

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of progesterone and cloprostenol (a PGF_2α analogue) on ovarian follicular development and ovulation in prepubertal heifers. In Experiment 1, crossbred Hereford heifers (Bos taurus; 10 to 12 mo old, 255 to 320 kg) were assigned randomly to three groups and given (1) an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR; P group, n = 13); (2) a CIDR plus 500 μg cloprostenol im (PGF_2α analogue) at CIDR removal (PPG group, n = 11); or (3) no treatment (control group, n = 14). The CIDR inserts were removed 5 d after follicular wave emergence. Progesterone-treated heifers (P and PPG groups) had a larger dominant follicle than that of the control group (P = 0.01). The percentage ovulating was highest in the PPG group (8 of 11, 73%), intermediate in the P group (4 of 13, 31%), and lowest in the control group (1 of 14, 7%; P < 0.02). In Experiment 2, 16 heifers (14 to 16 mo old, 300 to 330 kg) were designated to have follicular wave emergence synchronized with either a CIDR and 1 mg estradiol benzoate im (EP group, n = 8) on Day 0 (beginning of experiment) or by transvaginal ultrasound-guided ablation of all follicles ≥5 mm on Day 3 (FA group, n = 8). On Day 7, CIDRs were removed in the EP group, and all heifers received 500 μg cloprostenol im. Ovulation was detected in 6 of 8 heifers (75%) in both groups. In summary, the use of PGF_2α with or without exogenous progesterone treatment increased the percentage ovulating in heifers close to spontaneous puberty.