Modifying Effects of a Non-Toxic Level of Aluminium on Phosphate Fluxes and Compartmentation in Root Cortex Cells of Intact Ryegrass Seedlings

From compartmental analysis of ³²P elution measurements, concentrationsand fluxes of phosphate were estimated for root cortical cellsof intact Lolium perenne L. plants, when in complete nutrientsolution containing 0.1 mol m^–3 phosphate with and without37 mmol m^–3 Al during loading and elution. Failure ofthe data, when plotted as ct. min^–1 remaining in the tissueas a function of time, to meet the criteria for first orderkinetics led to a discussion of the relative importance of transportto the shoot, assimilation, and complexation in the vacuole,in causing this discrepancy. It was concluded that complexationwas the most important factor. Transformation of the data tomeet the criteria for first order kinetics gave corrected valuesfor compartmental concentrations and fluxes of phosphate, andestimates of the size of the otherwise unresolved slowly exchangingcompartment within the vacuole equated with condensed phosphate.In the control this was 2.5 mol m^–3 P but in Al treatmentsa much larger amount of phosphate was complexed with Al (6.5mol m^–3 P). Phosphate transport to the shoot was unaffectedby Al. Instead, levels of Al, common in solution in upland soils,sequestered in the root vacuoles quantities of phosphate significantfor stressing the phosphate economy of nutrient-poor grassland. Key words: Lolium perenne L. phosphate, aluminium, compartmentation, complexation     

局部供磷对玉米根系生长、磷吸收速率的影响

玉米幼苗种子根局部供磷可明显改变根系的形态。供磷区侧根生长增加,无磷区侧极生长减少。供磷区1次、2次侧根长度与2次侧根数量明显增加;而1次侧根数量则不增加。供磷区缩小时,根系生长加快,单位根区磷吸收速率增加,但单位根重磷吸收速率的增加不很明显。磷局部供应植株主要通过供磷区根系的生长来增加磷的吸收,以满足植株对磷的需求。局部供磷植株中转运到供磷根区的光合产物明显多于无磷根区。     

Inhibition of the Uptake and Long-Distance Transport of Calcium by Aluminium and Other Polyvalent Cations

Aluminium, scandium, and iron inhibit the uptake of calciumby week-old barley plants from acid culture solutions (pH 4.0–4.2).The inhibition by scandium can be detected when its ratio tocalcium is 1:1000. The onset of the inhibition may be quit rapidand will persist for at least. 24 h in the absence of the polyvalentcation. The inhibition caused by 25 and 50 µM aiuminiumsulphate may be overcome if the calicum chloride concentrationin the medium is raised to 15mM, but in this situation aluminiumstill inhibits root growth by more than 50 per cent. Elutionexperiments show that polyvalent cations reduce the amount ofcalcium held in the water free space (WFS) and the Donnan freespace (DFS) but increase both the exchangeable and absorbedchloide content of the root. Aluminium-treated roots transportedmuch less calcium to the shoot system than untreated plants.Autoradiographs showed that this difference was reflected ina greatly reduced labelled-calcium concentration over the tissuesof the stele. By contrast the non-exchangeable fraction of labelledcalicum in the cortex was similar in both treatments. Autoradiographsof ⁴⁶Sc showed that it was restricted to the epidermis and outerrank of cortical cells from whence it controls calicum movementthroughout the root. A theory to account for this control isoutlined.     

Effects of Ionic Strength of Nutrient Solutions on Phosphate Uptake by Sunflower

Active phosphate uptake by the roots of young sunflower plants was stimulated nonspecifically by increasing the total salt concentration of the uptake solution. Inhibition of active uptake by DNP-treatment removed the salt stimulation. Independently of the rate of active uptake the amount of phosphate present in the free space of the roots increased as the salt concentration was raised. It is suggested that at low ionic strength of the nutrient solution the initial passive step of ion transport through the root free space can limit the overall uptake rate.     

Phosphate Transport and Apoplastic Phosphate Homeostasis in Barley Leaves

Levels of apoplastic inorganic phosphate (P_i) in leaves andP_i-transport activities of mesophyll cells were measured insitu in control and P_i-deficient plants. When detached leaveswere fed a solution that contained 10 mM P_i, the apoplasticP_i levels, as measured by an infiltration method, remained almostconstant. When the leaves were immersed in pure water, the apoplasticP_i level gradually decreased. With 50 mM P_i in the feeding solution,the level increased dramatically. The apoplastic P_i levels inP_i-deficient leaves were somewhat, but not very much lower thanthose in controls. When the immersion medium was changed topure water 60 mm after feeding with 10 mM P_i, the apoplasticP_i levels started to decrease and then returned to the initiallevel. It is suggested that intracellular P_i may be transportedback to the apoplast to maintain the apoplastic P_i levels ata constant value. Changes in cytoplasmic pH were measured during feeding of P_ito the leaves by use of the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, pyranineafter Yin et al. (l990a, b). On feeding of P_i the cytoplasmicpH decreased in P_i-deficient plants as a result of co-transportof P_i and protons in situ. After removal of P_i from the immersionmedium, the cytoplasmic pH returned to the original value. ³ Present address: Institute für Biochemische Pflanzenpathologie,GSF-München, D-8042 Neuherberg, Germany.     

不同富硒土壤对烤烟生长及硒吸收转运的影响

以烤烟品种‘云烟87’为材料,采用盆栽试验研究安徽池州烟区不同全硒含量土壤(0.30、0.45、1.00、1.75mg·kg-1)对烤烟生长发育以及硒吸收和转运的影响。结果显示:(1)土壤硒含量≤1.00mg·kg-1时能够促进烤烟生长,而土壤硒含量≥1.75mg·kg-1则抑制烤烟的生长。(2)土壤硒含量的增加能够显著提高烤烟根系、茎秆、叶片的硒含量,烟株各部位的硒含量呈现根系叶片茎秆的特点,且根系硒含量是叶片的2~3倍,叶片硒含量则是茎秆的3~4倍。(3)土壤硒含量由0.30mg·kg-1增加至1.75mg·kg-1时,烟株对硒的吸收系数由1.08显著降低至0.36,次级转运系数则由2.84显著升高至4.03,即土壤硒含量增加降低了根系吸收硒的效率,但却增加了硒在叶中的转运和相对累积量。(4)烤烟整株硒的富集量在土壤硒含量为1.00mg·kg-1时达到最大,每株达到72μg。研究表明,在安徽池州烟区的富硒土壤(0.45~1.00 mg·kg-1)上能够生产出富硒(0.15~0.23 mg·kg-1)烟叶,不需要额外添加外源硒,既可以减少生产成本,也能够避免造成水土污染。     

The Uptake of Gaseous Ammonia by the Leaves of Italian Ryegrass

Lockyer, D. R. and Whitehead, D. C. 1986. The uptake of gaseousammonia by the leaves of Italian ryegrass.—J. exp. Bot.37: 919–927. Plants of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) grown insoil with two rates of added ¹⁵N-labelled nitrate were exposed,in chambers, for 40 d to NH₃ in the air at concentrations of16, 118 and 520 µg m^–3. At the highest concentrationof NH₃, this source provided 47?3% of the total nitrogen inplants grown with the lower rate of nitrate addition (100mgN kg^–1 dry soil) and 35?2% with the higher rate (200mgN kg^–1 dry soil) At the intermediate concentration ofNH₃, the contributions to total plant N were 19?6% and 10?8%,respectively, at low and high nitrate while, at the lowest concentrationof NH₃, they were 5?1% and 32%. Most of the N derived from theNH₃ remained in the leaves, but some was transported to theroots. The amount of N derived from the NH³ that was presentin the leaves was not reduced by washing the leaves in waterat pH 5?0 before harvesting, indicating that the N was assimilatedby the plant and not adsorbed superficially. Rates of uptakeof NH₃ per unit leaf area ranged from 1?7 µg dm^–2h^–1 at a concentration of 16 µg m^–3 to 29?0µg dm^–2 h^–1 at a concentration of 520 µgm^–3 and with the lower rate of nitrate addition. Increasingthe supply of nitrate to the roots slightly reduced the rateof uptake of NH₃ per unit leaf area. Uptake of N from the higherrate of nitrate was reduced at the highest concentration ofNH₃ in the air. Key words: Ammonia, nitrogen, leaf sorption, Lolium multiflorum     

Phosphate Uptake and Transport by Roots and Stolons of Intact White Clover (Trifolium repens L.)

The extent to which phosphate can be absorbed directly fromthe outer medium by stolon internodes and contribute to thetotal accumulation of phosphate by intact plants of white clover(Trifolium repens L. cv. Blanca) was assessed in hydroponicexperiments in a controlled environment room. The uptake ofphosphate by intact roots or stolons was measured by sealinga segment (6-0 mm long) across a flow-cell in which ³²P-labellednutrient solution was circulated for 24 h, the rest of the rootsystem receiving unlabelled nutrient solution. The rate of uptakeof phosphate (µmol g^–1 d^–1 dry wt. basis)by roots was more than 300 times that by intact stolons. Pretreatmentof stolons by gentle abrasion to remove cuticle, so as to simulatethe condition of stolons in the field, increased the uptakeof phosphate 7-fold compared with that of intact stolons. However,the potential of stolons to contribute to the P status of whitedover in the field was calculated to be small (5%). When an incision was made through the hypodermal layer of stolons,the rate of phosphate uptake greatly increased, attaining 71%of that by root segments. This increase, which was greater athigher phosphate concentrations, indicates that the suberi.zedhypodermis constitutes a major barrier to the influx of phosphatein the stolon. After withholding phosphate for different time intervals, thesubsequent rate of phosphate uptake by roots was increased 2-3-foldafter 2 d phosphate deprivation and 3-4-fold after 6 d or 13d phosphate deprivation. A higher proportion of absorbed phosphatewas transported to shoots in phosphate-deprived plants. After1 d of uptake following restoration of the phosphate supply,the concentrations of labelled phosphate in shoots were greaterthan in control plants, although the concentrations of labelin roots was less. However, the rate of uptake of phosphateby stolons, following deprivation, was not significantly increased.These results suggest that the mechanism regulating the enhancedrate of phosphate loading into the xylem, initiated by a periodof phosphate deprivation, is specific to roots and is not inducedin stolons. The results are discussed in relation to the growth and acquisitionof phosphate by white clover in the field. Key words: Nutrient deficiency, phosphate, stolons, transport (ions), Trifolium repens     

植物钙素吸收和运转

近年来,钙素在植物体内的吸收和运输研究主要集中在细胞和分子水平,但整株水平上的研究也同样重要.整株水平上的钙吸收和运输包括根细胞的钙吸收、钙离子横向穿过根系并进入木质部、在木质部运输、从木质部移出并进入叶片或果实及在叶片或果实中运转分配等环节,既经过质外体也穿越共质体.钙离子通道、Ca2 -ATP酶和Ca2 /H 反向转运器等参与根细胞的钙吸收.在钙离子横向穿根进入木质部的过程中,需要穿越内皮层和木质部薄壁细胞组织.根系内皮层凯氏带阻挡了Ca2 沿质外体途径由内皮层外侧向内侧的移动,部分Ca2 由此通过离子通道流进内皮层细胞而转入共质体并到达木质部薄壁细胞组织,而由木质部薄壁细胞组织进入中柱质外体可能需要Ca2 -ATP酶驱动;还有一些Ca2 由内皮层细胞运出,沿内皮层内侧的质外体途径进入木质部导管,并通过导管运向枝干.钙离子以螯合态的形式在枝干导管运输;水流速率是影响钙离子沿导管运输的关键因子.钙离子在果实和叶片中的运输和分配不仅通过质外体途径也通过共质体途径.     

Effect of Sodium on Phosphate Uptake in Unicellular and Filamentous Cyanobacteria

The effect of Na⁺ on phosphate uptake was studied in four strainsof cyanobacteria: Synechococcus PCC 7942, Gloeothece PCC 6501,Phormidium sp. and Chlorogloeopsis PCC 6912. Phosphate uptakewas stimulated by Na⁺ in all cases. Li⁺ and K⁺ acted as partialanalogues for Na⁺. Half-saturation [K_1/2(Na⁺)] of phosphateuptake was reached with Na⁺ concentrations ranging from 317µM in Chlorogloeopsis to 659 µM in Phormidium. Theconcentration of phosphate required to reach half-saturationof phosphate uptake [K_1/2(P_i)]was not changed by the presenceof Na⁺. (Received April 11, 1994; Accepted July 5, 1994)     

Simultaneous Influx and Efflux of Nitrate during Uptake by Perennial Ryegrass

Experiments with intact plants of Lolium perenne previously grown with ¹⁴NO₃⁻ revealed significant efflux of this isotopic species when the plants were transferred to solutions of highly enriched ¹⁵NO₃⁻. The exuded ¹⁴NO₃⁻ was subsequently reabsorbed when the ambient solutions were not replaced. When they were frequently replaced, continual efflux of the ¹⁴NO₃⁻ was observed. Influx of ¹⁵NO₃⁻ was significantly greater than influx of ¹⁴NO₃⁻ from solutions of identical NO₃⁻ concentration. Transferring plants to ¹⁴NO₃⁻ solutions after a six-hour period in ¹⁵NO₃⁻ resulted in efflux of the latter. Presence of Mg²⁺, rather than Ca²⁺, in the ambient ¹⁵NO₃⁻ solution resulted in a decidedly increased rate of ¹⁴NO₃⁻ efflux and a slight but significant increase in ¹⁵NO₃⁻ influx. Accordingly, net NO₃⁻ influx was slightly depressed. A model in accordance with these observations is presented; its essential features include a passive bidirectional pathway, an active uptake mechanism, and a pathway for recycling of endogenous NO₃⁻ within unstirred layers from the passive pathway to the active uptake site.     

Photosynthetic Net CO2 Uptake and Leaf Phosphate Concentrations in CO2 Enriched Clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) at Three Levels of Phosphate Nutrition

Net CO₂-uptake of sets of clover plants (Trifolium subterraneumL.) was measured over 3 weeks in ambient air and in a highlyCO₂-enriched atmosphere (400 Pa CO₂). Phosphate (P) in the nutrientsolution was varied between 0·05 mol m^–3 P (reducedP) and 2·0 mol m^–3 P (high P). In ambient air,the daily increments of the daily rate of net CO₂-uptake (DICU;a parameter related to relative growth) were higher at reducedP than at high P. Stimulation by high CO₂ of net CO₂-uptakein the first day was less at reduced P than at high P. In thefollowing days, high CO₂ markedly inhibited DICU at reducedP, and thus growthstimulation by high CO₂ ceased after between4 and 12 d. By contrast, at high P, DICU increased more than2-fold upon CO₂-enrichment, and thus growth stimulation by highCO₂ was maintained. Intermediate results were obtained withhalf-strength Hoagland's solution (0·5 mol m^–3P). Leaf pools of inorganic ortho P, soluble esterified P, and totalP declined markedly in high CO₂ when P-nutrition had been reduced.Considerable decline also occurred in high CO₂ when P-nutritionhad been increased suggesting that P-uptake was not well tunedwith net CO₂-uptake (growth). It is proposed that high CO₂ can perturb the P-metabolism ofclover, the impairment being less at high levels of P-nutrition.With regard to high CO₂ as a growth stimulus, these resultsdemonstrate that increasing P-nutrition to a level supraoptimalin ambient air can considerably improve the growth of a C₃-plantin high CO₂. Key words: Atmospheric CO₂-enrichment, phosphate nutrition, photosynthesis, clover     

磷酸铝凝胶在溃疡性结肠炎治疗中的应用

目的分析磷酸铝凝胶对溃疡性结肠炎的治疗效果。方法选取我院2015年4月~2016年1月收治的溃疡性结肠炎患者70例,随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组给予常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗的基础上加用磷酸铝凝胶,比较两组患者治疗效果。结果对照组治疗总有效率为82.4%,观察组为94.4%,两组比较差异有显著统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者的腹痛、腹泻、里急后重、便血等症状改善时间均明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者均顺利完成疗程治疗,均无明显不良反应。结论磷酸铝凝胶可促进溃疡性结肠炎患者的临床症状改善,提高治疗效果,值得推广。     

纳米农药在植物中的吸收转运研究进展

农药是一类用于防治作物病虫草害、保障粮食生产与安全的化学物质。传统农药剂型载药粒子粒径粗大, 有效利用率低, 用量大, 对生态环境造成严重危害。农药纳米剂型可以提高载药系统的分散性、稳定性及生物活性, 是克服传统剂型功能缺陷、提高农药有效利用率、减少环境污染的重要科学途径。研究纳米农药粒子在植物体内的吸收与转运行为, 对于理解纳米农药与植物的互作方式, 揭示其在植物体内的吸收作用机制及生物累积效应, 以及明确其生物安全性具有重要意义。该文从纳米农药在植物体内的吸收转运影响因素、机制、分析方法及其生物安全性4个方面进行综述, 阐明了无机和有机纳米农药在植物体内的吸收转运模式及研究手段, 并展望了其应用前景, 以期为纳米农药的设计、构建及合理安全使用提供理论与技术支撑。     

Homeostasis and Transport of Inorganic Phosphate in Plants

In this review, homeostasis of inorganic phosphate (P_i) in plantsis discussed in terms of membrane transport of P_i. Phosphatehomeostasis is observed in plant systems at various levels.The cytoplasmic level of P_i is kept almost constant by exploitationof the vacuole as a reservoir of P_i. The vacuole also seemsto maintain the apoplastic level of P_i at a quasi-constant level.During P_i deficiency, P_i is re-translocated from the older tothe younger leaves. The concentration of P_i in young leaves,thus, is kept at a higher level without a supply of P_i fromthe root. The phenomenon can be referred to as leaf-level P_ihomeostasis. All these phenomena are related to membrane P_itransport activities. P_i uptake activities of both the plasmamembrane and the tonoplast change in response to the supplyof P_i. P_i transport across the plasma membrane is controlledby the activities of both the P_i transporter and the H⁺ pump,the activity of which is modulated by P_i itself. ¹Recipient of the JSPP Young Investigator Award, 1994.     

Sodium-Stimulation of Phosphate Uptake in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7119

Anabaena PCC 7119 showed higher rates of phosphate uptake whencells were under P-starvation. Phosphate uptake was energy-dependentas indicated the decrease observed when assays were performedin the dark or in the presence of inhibitors of photosyntheticelectron transport, energy transfer and adenosine triphosphataseactivity. Phosphate uptake was stimulated by Na⁺ both in P-sufficientcells and P-starved cells. Li⁺ and K⁺ acted as partial analoguesfor Na⁺. The Na⁺-stimulation of phosphate uptake followed Michaelis-Mentenkinetics, half-saturation (K) of phosphate uptake was reachedwith a Na⁺ concentration of 212 µM. The absence of Na⁺reduced the rates of phosphate uptake at all phosphate concentrationsassayed (1–20 µM). The maximum uptake rates (V_max)decreased from 658 nmol P (mg dry wt)^-1 h^-1 in the presenceof Na⁺ to 149 nmol P (mg dry wt)^-1 h^-1 in the absence of Na⁺.The absence of Na⁺ did not change significantly the concentrationof phosphate required to reach half-saturation (K) (3.01 µMin the presence of Na⁺ vs 3.21 µM in the absence of Na⁺).In the presence of Na⁺ the rate of phosphate uptake was affectedby the pH; optimal rates were observed at pH 8. In the absenceof Na⁺ phosphate uptake was not affected by the pH; low rateswere observed in all cases. Monensin, an ionophore which collapsesNa⁺-gradients, reduced the rate of phosphate uptake in Na⁺-supplementedcells. These results indicated the existence of a Na⁺-dependentphosphate uptake in Anabaena PCC 7119. (Received September 8, 1992; Accepted November 17, 1992)     

Effects of Hydroxyurea and Deoxyadenosine on the Synthesis of Deoxycytidine Phosphate and on the Uptake of Nucleosides in Excised Root Tips of Vicia faba

The effects of hydroxyurea and deoxyadenosine on the synthesis of deoxycytidine phosphate was studied by measuring the incorporation of [¹⁴C]-cytidine into acid soluble deoxycytidine phosphate in root tips of Vicia faba. Hydroxyurea and deoxyadenosine both markedly depressed the incorporation of [¹⁴C]-cytidine. Deoxyadenosine had the additional effect of inhibiting the uptake of [¹⁴C]-cytidine. Furthermore, millimolar concentrations of deoxyadenosine inhibited the uptake of micromolar concentrations of adenosine, thymidine, and deoxycytidine. The incorporation of [¹⁴C]-cytidine into RNA was only slightly affected by hydroxyurea. Deoxyadenosine inhibited the incorporation into RNA to about the same extent as the uptake of [¹⁴C]-cytidine. It is suggested that hydroxyurea reduced the incorporation of radioactive cytidine into deoxycytidine phosphate mainly by interfering with ribonucleotide reduction. The depression of [¹⁴C]-cytidine incorporation into deoxycytidine phosphate in the presence of deoxyadenosine is believed to be the result of an inhibition of both ribonucleotide reduction and [¹⁴C]-cytidine uptake.     

Multiphasic Uptake in Plants I. Phosphate and Sulfate

Uptake of phosphate and sulfate is shown by reanalysis of available data to be mediated by single, multiphasic mechanisms which may be fundamentally similar in a variety of plants and tissues.