代谢转基因植物的研究现状与展望

代谢转基因是通过基因工程技术对细胞内的代谢途径进行遗传修饰,进而完成细胞特性改造。代谢修饰转基因植物是一个极具商业前景的领域,在医药、环境、农业等方面已有许多成功应用的实例。综合调控代谢的基因工程策略,讨论了代谢转基因植物的研究现状,我国农业生产中存在的主要问题和代谢转基因技术对我国农业发展的意义和前景。     

我国农业转基因生物安全管理现状

转基因技术可以打破物种界限,实现作物性状的定向改造,在解决粮食增产、环境污染、节水增效,以及改进农产品质量等方面显示出巨大潜力。同时,转基因技术具有潜在的风险,转基因生物的安全性受到人们的广泛关注。本文介绍了我国农业转基因生物安全管理状况,包括法规制度体系、安全评价体系和安全监管体系,旨在让人们更好地了解我国农业转基因生物安全管理知识。     

转基因动物育种产业化现状和发展趋势

与传统的育种方法相比,转基因动物育种具有诸多优点,利用该技术得到的转基因鼠、转基因羊、转基因牛等动物,已经显示出巨大的商业前景。本文从动物转基因技术入手,结合相关专利,分析了近几年转基因动物育种技术的发展和趋势。重点从转基因动物育种在医药和农业上的应用,分析国内外目前的产业化状况。最后根据产业化中的一些问题及国内外差异,对我国转基因动物育种产业化提出建议,并进行了展望。     

转基因作物将为我国农业发展注入新动力

随着基因组学研究和生物技术的不断突破,应用生物技术改良农作物品种正成为引发新的农业技术革命的关键。由于转基因品种在生产上表现出的巨大效益,其研发和产业化在全球迅猛发展,并逐渐成为世界各国抢占的生物技术制高点。本文从转基因技术的内涵、国际转基因作物的研发态势、我国转基因作物的研发和产业化现状等方面进行阐述,探讨了大力发展转基因作物对于解决我国目前农业生产上面临的挑战、保障我国粮食安全和农业可持续发展的重要意义。     

转基因争论需要科学探索理性讨论

正纵观科技发展史,每次重大颠覆性理论和技术突破都会引发激烈的争论,如达尔文进化论、牛痘接种、杂交育种等,转基因技术也不例外。转基因技术是现代农业生物技术的核心技术,在迅猛发展的同时却饱受安全性争议。转基因安全问题本质上是一个科学问题,需要秉持科学精神,以科学证据为基础,通过科学探索和理性讨论,才能正本清源,远离谬误,推动我国农业转基因研究与应用健康发展,确保转基因技术造福社会。     

国际上主要国家和地区农业转基因产品的标识制度

转基因标识是表明产品含有转基因成分或者由转基因生物生产、加工而成的一种标识。随着全球转基因技术研发和应用的不断推进,国际上对农业转基因产品的标识管理更加关注与重视。通过阐述农业转基因产品标识制度的形成与发展过程,研究欧盟、美国、加拿大、日本、韩国等主要国家和地区的转基因产品标识管理制度,总结出成分关注标识、过程关注标识、自愿标识、强制性标识、定性标识、定量标识、全面标识、目录标识等不同标识类别的特点与利弊,并分析了国际上关于标识豁免及阴性标识等方面的政策规定,为我国的农业转基因产品标识管理工作提供了启示与参考。     

日本的农业基因工程研究及其安全管理

农业部基因工程安全管理办公室对日本的基因工程研究状况、转基因工程体的环境安全和转基因食品的安全所采取的政策、措施,以及消费者对转基因产品的态度、政府对国民和科技普及教育等方面情况的了解,对加快我国农业生产、技术发展,加强和提高我国农业基因安全管理的水...     

法国农业领域转基因生物研究的有关情况

法国农业领域转基因生物研究的有关情况近年来,生物转基因技术已成为生物领域中一项革命性的技术,其将极大地影响农业、医学、生态以及相关领域的发展。因此世界各发达国家都十分重视这方面的研究。本文就法国农业领域中的转基因生物研究介绍一些情况,供国内有关部门参...     

复合性状转基因植物安全性评价的研究进展

随着转基因技术的不断发展,转基因作物实现了产业化。目前,单性状的转基因作物无法满足农业发展的需求,而复合性状转基因作物拓宽了转基因作物的功能,提高了资源的利用率,满足了农民多元化需求,具有广阔的应用前景,是转基因植物发展的新方向。由于转基因技术有一定的风险,因此对转基因作物的安全性监管较为重要,对于复合性状转基因作物,不同国家的安全性评价制度却不尽相同。综述了不同国家对复合性状转基因作物的安全性评价体制,旨为我国复合性状作物提供监管依据。     

植物转基因技术的诞生和发展

在过去的几十年里,转基因技术经历了从诞生、成长到大规模商业化应用等阶段,在农业生产中表现出巨大优势和潜力。本文简单介绍转基因技术的诞生、发展历程以及产业化情况。     

Global capture of crop biotechnology in developing world over a decade

There is an urgent need for the advancement of agricultural technology (e.g. crop biotechnology or genetic modification (GM) technology), particularly, to address food security problem, to fight against hunger and poverty crisis and to ensure sustainable agricultural production in developing countries. Over the past decade, the adoption of GM technology on a commercial basis has increased steadily around the world with a significant impact in terms of socio-economic, environment and human health benefits. However, GM technology is still surrounded by controversial debates with several factors hindering the adoption of GM crops. This paper reviews current literatures on commercial production of GM crops, and assesses the benefits and constraints associated with adoption of GM crops in developing countries in the last 15 years. This article provides policy implication towards advancing the development and adoption of GM technology in developing countries and concludes with summary of key points discussed.     

Genetic Modification of Herbaceous Plants for Feed and Fuel

Referee: Dr. E. Charles Brummer, Forage Breeding and Genetics, 1204 Agromonomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Much of the research on the genetic modification of herbaceous plant cell walls has been conducted to improve the utilization of forages by ruminant livestock. The rumen of these animals is basically an anaerobic fermentation vat in which the micro flora break down the complex polysaccharides of plant cell walls into simpler compounds that can be further digested and absorbed by the mammalian digestive system. Research on improving the forage digestibility of switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., and other herbaceous species has demonstrated that genetic improvements can be made in forage quality that can have significant economic value. To meet future energy needs, herbaceous biomass will need to be converted into a liquid fuel, probably ethanol, via conversion technologies still under development. If feedstock quality can be genetically improved, the economics and efficiency of the conversion processes could be significantly enhanced. Improving an agricultural product for improved end product use via genetic modification requires knowledge of desired quality attributes, the relative economic value of the quality parameters in relation to yield, genetic variation for the desired traits, or for molecular breeding, knowledge of genes to suppress or add, and knowledge of any associated negative consequences of genetic manipulation. Because conversion technology is still under development, desirable plant feedstock characteristics have not been completely delineated. Some traits such as cellulose and lignin concentration will undoubtably be important. Once traits that affect biomass feedstock conversion are identified, it will be highly feasible to genetically modify the feedstock quality of herbaceous plants using both conventional and molecular breeding techniques. The use of molecular markers and transformation technology will greatly enhance the capability of breeders to modify the morphologic structure and cell walls of herbaceous species. It will be necessary to monitor gene flow to remnant wild populations of biomass plants and have strategies available to curtail gene flow if it becomes a potential problem. It will also be necessary to monitor plant survival and long-term productivity as affected by these genetic changes to herbaceous species.     

Achievements and problems of genetic engineering of Crucifereceae plants

Plants of the Brassicaceae family are important oil, vegetable and feed crops. The review is devoted to the latest achievements in genetic engineering of plants from this family. Results concerning development of effective methods both of Agrobacteium-mediated transformation and of direct gene uptake are considered. Particularly, possibilities of plant genetic modification with the aim to improve agronomically and commercially important traits are stressed. Problems of biologically safe introduction of transgenic plants into agricultural production are discussed.     

组学技术在产油微生物中的应用

微生物油脂是未来燃料和食品用油的重要潜在资源。近年来,随着系统生物学技术的快速发展,从全局角度理解产油微生物生理代谢及脂质积累的特征成为研究热点。组学技术作为系统生物学研究的重要工具被广泛用于揭示产油微生物脂质高效生产的机制研究中,这为产油微生物理性遗传改造和发酵过程控制提供了基础。文中对组学技术在产油微生物中的应用概况进行了综述,介绍了产油微生物组学分析常用的样品前处理及数据分析方法,综述了包括基因组、转录组、蛋白(修饰)组及代谢(脂质)组等在内的多种组学技术,以及组学数据基础上的数学模型在揭示产油微生物脂质高效生产机制中的研究,并对未来发展和应用进行了展望。     

CRISPR /Cas9基因编辑技术在山羊和绵羊中的应用研究进展

CRISPR/Cas9系统是近年来新兴的一种基因编辑技术,可将特定DNA基因序列敲除、插入或定点突变,具有快捷、高效、精准、特异性高等特点,广泛地应用于遗传育种、生物医药和基因工程等研究领域。山羊和绵羊是重要的经济家畜动物和实验动物,利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统对羊进行遗传修饰,将加速品种改良,提高动物生产性能,获得更加优质的农副产品。主要对CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术的概述、作用机理及在羊乳"人源化"改造、提高肉品质、改善毛纤维质量等方面的应用研究进展及发展前景作简要阐述,以期为相关科研人员提供参考。     

Regulatory impact on insect biotechnology and pest management

The application of insect biotechnology is promising for the development of environmentally compatible pest management solutions. As we have refined and enhanced genetic engineering techniques in several insect species that cause significant economic loss and public health injury, it has become clear that insect biotechnology will move forward as one of the key tools of pest management in agriculture and in the human environment. Well characterized genetic elements can be manipulated toward specific aims and maintain a viable insect, albeit one with diminished capacity to exchange genetic material, vector a virus or bacterium, or complete its life cycle. Despite this degree of knowledge and precision, there remain unanswered questions regarding environmental fate, release and public acceptance of this technology. The uncertainty surrounding any novel technology inevitably increases the level of regulatory scrutiny associated with its use. Although the term “insect biotechnology” has many connotations, it certainly includes the genetic modification of symbiotic or commensally associated microbes as a means of delivering a trait (e.g. a toxin) to manage plant and human diseases and insect pests. The distinction between this paratransgenic approach and direct genetic modification of insect pests is an important one biologically as well as from a regulatory standpoint. The regulatory framework for microbial applications to agriculture is in many instances in place; however, we must strive to forge the development of guidelines and regulations that will foster deployment of insect biotechnologies.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌分子遗传操作及其应用研究进展

解淀粉芽孢杆菌是FDA认定的安全级(generally recognized as safe,GRAS)菌株,在工业酶制剂、高分子聚合物、大宗化学品、绿色生物农药等方面的生产具有突出的优势.近年来,随着解淀粉芽孢杆菌的分子遗传操作技术越来越成熟,对利用该菌开发成微生物发酵平台化菌株用于合成生物学制造领域提出了更迫切的需...     

Excision of selectable marker genes from transgenic plants

Selectable marker genes are required to ensure the efficient genetic modification of crops. Economic incentives and safety concerns have prompted the development of several strategies (site-specific recombination, homologous recombination, transposition, and co-transformation) to eliminate these genes from the genome after they have fulfilled their purpose. Recently, chemically inducible site-specific recombinase systems have emerged as valuable tools for efficiently regulating the excision of transgenes when their expression is no longer required. The implementation of these strategies in crops and their further improvement will help to expedite widespread public acceptance of agricultural biotechnology     

Opportunities and surprises in crops modified by transgenic technology: metabolic engineering of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, gossypol and lysine biosynthetic pathways

The development of new or improved traits in plants, whether that is through traditional genetic modification and selection or through transgenic technologies, is associated with the potential risk of unintended changes with harmful or unacceptable consequences. The greater definition and precision of transgenic modification and the regulatory oversight of such technology may, however, confer advantages in safety and efficacy. This bears considerable relevance to the use of transgenic-based metabolic engineering in agricultural trait development. Metabolic engineering seeks to modify the amounts or chemical structures within selected biosynthetic routes without introducing inadvertent effects on other metabolic pathways. Examples discussed here include attempts to; (i) modify benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in poppy, (ii) improve the nutritional value of maize by increasing levels of free lysine, and (iii) increase the nutritional value of cottonseed by eliminating gossypol production. Clearly, evaluation of the efficacy (and unintended consequences) of such approaches is vital. A role for metabolomics in the compositional and metabolite analyses of new plant varieties derived from transgenic-based metabolic engineering is discussed. Major themes discussed in this review include; (i) the heightened level of scrutiny associated with genetically modified (GM) crop evaluations has markedly contributed to the safety in the adoption of transgenic technology, and (ii) the nature of any introduced trait may prove more relevant to safety assessments than the means by which the trait is introduced.