草原土壤N2O释放及全球变暖影响下土壤养分变化的反馈效应

对草原土壤Ｎ２Ｏ释放及其受全球变暖土壤养分变化的影响研究表明,以沼泽泥炭土Ｎ２Ｏ释放量最大,生长季节为１３～１２．２ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,其次灰壤土,为１．５～２．４ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,酸性棕壤最小,为０～３．２ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１;Ｎ２Ｏ的释放层灰壤土在０～５ｃｍ,其它２种土壤为０～１０ｃｍ;施肥试验表明,Ｎ、Ｐ肥在生长季节对土壤Ｎ２Ｏ释放量影响不显著,但在生长季末期,Ｎ肥对酸性棕壤及灰壤土Ｎ２Ｏ影响显著,施肥后第３天酸性棕壤由对照的１．３提高到４４．２ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,灰壤土则由对照的１．９提高到３１．１ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,说明全球变暖对土壤有机质分解的影响不会诱发Ｎ２Ｏ释放量的大幅度增加．     

暖温带落叶阔叶林辐射能量环境初步研究

本文对暖温带落叶阔叶林辐射能量环境进行了初步探讨,文中对林、灌、草各层次的总、反、净、光台有效及吸收、透射等辐时因子的变化分别进行了系统分析。主要结论如下：（１）在生长季（５─１０日）期间,抵达林冠的太阳总辐射为３０９５．４５ＭＪ·ｍ￣（－２）,抵达灌草层的为３８８．３４ＭＪ·ｍ￣（－２）。峰值出现在５月,谷值在８月。（２）生氏季内,抵达群落的太阳总辐射主要集中于５、６两月,占整个生长季的４０．９９％。（３）生长季内,林冠上方净辐射总值为１６５８．７４ＭＪ·ｍ￣（－２）。（４）林冠反射主要受入射光的光谱特性及群落发育状况共同影响,反射率的变化主要与群落发育状况相关;灌草层的反射及后射率主要受群落发育状况的影响。（５）整个生长季,林冠所接收的光台有效辐时为１３０８．３ＭＪ·ｍ￣（－２）,灌草层为１９４．２１ＭＪ·ｍ￣（－２）。（６）净辐射日进程受气候因素影响十分强烈。（７）群落内光能资源的时空分布存在很大差异。     

北方稻田生态系统研究Ⅱ．稻萍结合系统细绿萍共生固N量研究

对稻萍结合系统细绿萍共生固Ｎ量研究表明,萍的固Ｎ力在整个生长季不同时期有所变化．最高固Ｎ率出现在６月初,萍固Ｎ量随其接种量和水稻行距增加而增加．５０～１０ｃｍ宽窄行交替的水稻行距和１５００ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２的萍接种量的稻萍结合系统的总固Ｎ量为１０７．１ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,而３０ｃｍ等行距的３２５ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２的萍接种量的稻－萍结合系统的总固Ｎ量仅为３６．０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２     

亚热带季风常绿阔叶林植被恢复Ⅱ．──木本豆科植物的气体交换

测定了几种木本豆科植物和乡土树种如木荷、桂西荷的叶片光合速率月变化,并在７和１２月测定了几种乡土树种、木本豆科植物和亚热带常绿阔叶树的气体交换量．结果表明,乡土树种在５月或９月光合速率达最大值,而在５—９月之间由于太阳辐射强烈和气温较高,光合速率降低;但木本豆科植物绢毛相思和大叶相思光台速率则较高,说明木本豆科植物在华南夏季能适应当地酷热条件,保持较高光合速率．在７月,阴香日同化量为８．５９９·ｍ－２,马占相思为５．６９９·ｍ－２,乡土树种木荷达７．４６９·ｍ－２．由此可见,乡土树种或常绿阔叶树种与木本豆科植物的阔叶混交林有助于提高太阳辐射能利用和增加光合同化产物,从而有利于亚热带常绿阔叶林植被的恢复．     

羊草＋杂类草群落数量特征季节动态的研究

本文对肇州羊草＋杂类草群落主要种群、种组及群落数量特征季节动态进行了探讨。结果表明,在生长季内,羊草、蔓委陵菜群种及丛生禾草种组高度和盖度,群落的盖度及密度特征呈单峰型变化,群落最大地上生物量出现在８月５日,其值为１９７３ｇ／ｍ２干物质,而后下降;在生长季内,符合拓广了的Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ模型增长,其模型为：Ｂ＝２２４６０３８１＋ｅ５．９２８９－５．５３８８×１０２·ｔ－４．８４８４×１０４·ｔ２＋３．５３６５×１０－６·ｔ３     

桃园套种黑牧草对土壤热状况的影响及其模拟研究

在实地试验的基础上,分析和模拟了桃园套种黑牧草对土壤热状况的影响．结果表明,在牧草种植区和自然裸露区,阴天条件下平均土壤容积热容量分别为２．５４和２．５３Ｊ·ｃｍ－３·Ｃ－１,平均土壤导温率分别为１６．９和１０．４ｃｍ２·ｈ－１;土壤净热通量分别为１３６．６和１６７．６Ｊ·ｃｍ－２·ｄ－１;晴天条件下分别为２．９３和２．６１Ｊ·ｃｍ－２·℃－１,１６．３和５．８ｃｍ２·ｈ－１,８０．４和８５．２Ｊ·ｃｍ－２·ｄ－１．不同深度的土壤温度以一阶正弦波形式为主,土壤温度振幅随深度呈指数规律变化,自然裸露区的衰减系数大于牧草种植区;土壤温度位相落后随深度变化为０,４ｈ·ｃｍ－１     

重离子束对酵母细胞的失活与突变

双倍体酵母细胞Ｄ７经单核能为１１．４ＭｅＶ／ｕ的Ａｎ和Ｕ离子辐照后,测定了细胞随剂量的存活率和突变率。获得细胞对Ａｕ和Ｕ离子的失活截面分别为２．５４μｍ２和１．９２μｍ２。在存活率为３７％的条件下,Ａｕ、Ｕ离子的ＲＢＥ分别为０．２８和０．１９。在突变实验中,研究了ＤＮＡ断链后的重组与倒位,它们对Ａｕ和Ｕ离子的截面为：８．３×１０－２μｍ２［σｍ－ｒｅｃ（Ａｕ）］,９．５×１０－５μｍ２［σｍ－ｒｅｃ（Ｕ）］和６．１×１０－４μｍ２［σｍ－ｒｅｖ（Ａｕ）］和３．８×１０－５μｍ２［σｍ－ｒｅｖ（Ｕ）］．最后,对所获结果进行了讨论。     

Cu对中国林蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性

试验测定了不同温度条件下Ｃｕ２＋对中国林蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性．结果表明,在水温为９～１３℃、１８℃和２４℃条件下,Ｃｕ２＋对１０ｄ龄中国林蛙蝌蚪９６ｈ的ＬＣ５０分别为５．０１、３．８０和２．９９ｍｇ·Ｌ－１,致死阈浓度分别为４．０、２．５和１．６ｍｇ·Ｌ－１,而在９６ｈ内的无可观察效应浓度分别为２．５、１．６和１．０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１．１８℃条件下Ｃｕ２＋对２０ｄ龄中国林蛙蝌蚪的９６ｈＬＣ５０为２．１７ｍｇ·Ｌ－１．     

茶果（林）复合园的光特征研究

茶果（林）复合园上层林冠透光率落叶树种比常绿树种高２～１５％,春季可高出３０％左右,透光率维持大于５５％水平对茶叶产量影响不显著．林冠下的散射量１２～１４时已超过２．９Ｊ·ｃｍ－２·ｍｉｎ－１的茶树光饱和点水平落叶树下散射光量占总辐射量春季达６５～８０％,夏、秋季４５～６０％茶树树冠面反射光量占总辐射量比例小,晴天约为５～８％,年变辐为５～１０％,日变幅以１０～１５时最高,夏、秋季高达０．２～０．４Ｊ·ｃｍ－２·ｍｉｎ－１茶树树冠透射光量在５００～２０００ｌＸ,日变化以１６～１７时透射率最高约１５～２０％,茶树吸收光占总量８０～８５％     

510.6nm激光照射对兔血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响

本文用５１０．６ｎｍ 波长激光以功率密度１、５、１０ ｍ Ｗ／ｃｍ ２ 和能量密度２、４、６Ｊ／ｃｍ ２ 照射体外培养的兔血管平滑肌细胞（ＳＭＣ）,通过３Ｈ－ ＴｄＲ掺入率和细胞生长曲线测定细胞增殖率。结果显示,上述激光照射量均能抑制细胞增殖率,其中以１０ｍ Ｗ／ｃｍ ２ 组的作用最为显著     

Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci markers for the barnacle Balanus amphitrite (syn. Amphibalanus amphitrite) Darwin 1854

Balanus amphitrite is a widespread species of barnacle. It is frequently studied, and of great importance to the marine coatings industry due to its significant abundance as a fouling organism on commercial shipping. We isolated and characterized eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci, to aid in the determination of population genetic structure within this species. All loci showed considerable genetic variation with the number of alleles ranging from two to 14. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.74 to 0.98.     

Probing the settlement signals of Amphibalanus amphitrite

To achieve their reproductive potential, barnacles combine tactile exploration of surface structural properties and integration of cellular signals originating from their antennular sensory setae within a developmentally defined, temporally narrow window of settlement opportunity. Behavioural assays with cyprids coupled with biometric analysis of scanning electron microscopy-acquired images in the presence of specific chemical compounds were used to investigate how settlement on a substratum is altered in response to the presence of these compounds. Impeding tactile exploration was shown which altered cellular signalling and/or induced malformation of anatomical features of the antennular sensory setae, which disrupted the settlement behaviour of the model barnacle species Amphibalanus amphitrite. It is concluded that surface exploration by the cyprids relies on mechanical and nociception-related and calcium-mediated signals while a protein kinase C signalling cascade controls the timely metamorphosis of the cyprids to sessile juveniles.     

Spatial pattern in a low-density population of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite Darwin

The spatial distribution of an intertidal population of the barnacleBalanus amphitrite was studied close to a sewage outfall nearQuequén, Argentina (38° 34S,58° 38 30 W). All individuals within an areaof 0.8 m² were mapped during 12 censuses, from September 1990to May 1993. Population density within the study area varied between 401 and99 ind m^-2. Spatial pattern was analysed using mean distancesto the nearest neighbour (NND), goodness of fit tests between observed andexpected frequency distributions of NND, and analysis of crowding. Thespatial pattern of the population was clumped during most of the studyperiod. This trend persisted, although not reaching statisticalsignificance, when the population density decreased as a consequence ofmortality and failure of successive annual recruitments. The cohortrecruited in summer 1992 (49 individuals) was randomly distributed relativeto adult barnacles already present within the study area. No consistentrelationship was observed between mortality and NND.     

Worldwide genetic differentiation in the common fouling barnacle,Amphibalanus amphitrite

Amphibalanus amphitrite is a common fouling barnacle distributed globally in tropical and subtropical waters. In the present study, the genetic (mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and morphological differentiation in A. amphitrite from 25 localities around the world were investigated. The results revealed three clades within A. amphitrite with a genetic divergence of ~ 4% among clades, whereas there were no diagnostic morphological differences among clades. Clade 1 is widely distributed in both temperate and tropical waters, whereas Clade 3 is currently restricted to the tropical region. The deep divergence among clades suggests historical isolation within A. amphitrite; thus, the present geographical overlaps are possibly a result of the combined effects of rising sea level and human-mediated dispersals. This study highlights the genetic differentiation that exists in a common, widely distributed fouling organism with great dispersal potential; future antifouling research should take into account the choice of lineages.     

Volatile substances from adult extracts induce larval settlement of the barnacle balanus amphitrite *

The volatile substance extracted from conspecific adults induces larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. The settlement inducing activity of the volatile fractions was checked monthly from June, 1997 to December, 1998. Both water soluble extracts and volatile fractions from the barnacle were prepared by the steam distillation. The active cue in the volatile fraction was always extracted with n‐pentane under acidic conditions, although settlement inducing activity varied with the sample. GC‐MS analysis of the active and inactive pentane fractions revealed 1, 2, 3‐trimethyl‐benzene as the settlement inducing substance. Commercially available 1, 2, 3‐trimethylbenzene also showed high settlement inducing activity at a concentration of 0.8 × 10^‐12 M (100 pg 1^‐1). This substance was detected at concentrations of more than 7 ng g^‐1 of wet barnacle (equivalent to 0.6 × 10^‐12M, equal to 70pg1^‐1) by GC analysis. These results indicate that 1,2,3‐trimethylbenzene in the volatile fractions acts as a chemical cue for larval settlement. Monthly variation in the settlement inducing activity was observed, which synchronized with the breeding season of the barnacle. This observation suggests that the barnacle produced the chemical cue in the gonad during maturation or accumulated it from the environment.     

Surface exploration of Amphibalanus amphitrite cyprids on microtextured surfaces

Microtopography is one of several strategies used by marine organisms to inhibit colonization by fouling organisms. While replicates of natural microtextures discourage settlement, details of larval interactions with the structured surfaces remain scarce. Close-range microscopy was used to quantify the exploration of cyprids of Amphibalanus amphitrite on cylindrical micropillars with heights of 5 and 30 μm and diameters ranging from 5 to 100 μm. While 5 μm-high structures had little impact, 30 μm-high pillars significantly influenced cyprid exploration. An observed step length decrease and step duration increase on 5 μm diameter pillars is attributed to the small dimensions of the voids excluding the cyprid's attachment disc and consequently reducing the area of adhesive contact. When exploring larger diameter pillars, cyprids preferred using the voids to form temporary attachment points. This may enhance their resistance to flow. No-choice assay settlement patterns mirrored this exploration behaviour, albeit in a pattern counter to what was predicted.     

Purification and partial amino acid sequence analysis of the larval settlement-inducing pheromone from adult extracts of the barnacle,Balanus amphitrite (=Amphibalanus amphitrite)

A previously undescribed larval settlement-inducing protein was purified from adult extracts of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite (=Amphibalanus amphitrite). Results of SDS-PAGE indicated that the relative molecular mass of the protein in reduced and denatured form is 31,600 ± 500 kDa, and that it is distinct from the Settlement Inducing Protein Complex (SIPC) which has previously been determined as a larval settlement-inducing pheromone. The N-terminal 33-residue sequence of the intact protein showed no similarity with previously reported proteins in the EMBL/Genbank/DDBJ databases. The purified protein at a concentration of 10 μg ml^?1 induced approximately four times more larval settlement than the control (filtered natural seawater). In addition, results of the assay using both 24-well polystyrene plates and agarose gels indicated that this protein is probably released into seawater and attracts cypris larvae. These results suggest that the purified protein is a waterborne type pheromone which induces settlement of larvae of B. amphitrite.     

Reversible effect of potassium sorbate on Balanus amphitrite larvae. Potential use as antifoulant

Marine biofouling constitutes a major worldwide technical and economic problem. International regulations concerning the protection of both the environment and industrial workers have prompted paint manufacturers and end users to look for suitable replacements for traditional antifouling (AF) pigments. For this reason, the potential AF activity of potassium sorbate (KS) on nauplii and cyprids of Balanus amphitrite was tested in laboratory and field trials. Larval bioassays demonstrated a marked inhibitory and reversible effect. The values obtained for EC₅₀ and LC₅₀ were 9.91 mM and 36.73 mM, respectively, and the therapeutic ratio was 3.71, indicating that KS acts via a non-toxic mechanism. After 60 days in the sea, a varnish coating incorporating KS showed a substantial decrease in micro- and macrofouling density and diversity. This investigation indicated that KS is a promising AF agent for replacing the traditional toxic compounds.     

Studies on the factors influencing larval settlement in Balanus amphitrite and Mytilus galloprovincialis

Understanding of factors influencing settlement(attachment and metamorphosis) of marine invertebratelarvae is of great importance in aquaculture andcontrol of biofouling. The influence of two factors onsettlement of larvae was assessed from two separateinvestigations: 1, the influence of age (endogenousfactor) on cyprids of the barnacle Balanusamphitrite; and 2, the influence of a microbial film(exogenous factor) on pediveligers of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.The settlement response of cypris larvae of B.amphitrite was found to be age-dependent. Oldercyprids responded more readily to settlement factorsthan newly molted ones. In M.galloprovincialis, competent pediveligers settled inresponse to a microbial filmed surface but not toan unfilmed surface. Moreover, a factor with MW of lessthan 5000 dalton, derived from culture medium of abacterial strain C1.1 (Pseudomonas-Alteromonasgroup), induced the settlement of M. galloprovincialis larvae.Thus, marine invertebrate larvae may require a periodof competence acquisition, during which they arepoorly responsive to settlement inducers. Uponacquisition of competence, larvae readily respondto external cues (e.g. microbial film, bacterialextracellular products).     

Effect of cyprid age on the settlement of balanus amphitrite darwin in response to natural biofilms

Larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite Darwin (Cirripedia, Balanidae) is influenced by natural biofilms. In previous work by others, discriminatory settlement of aged cyprids has been observed in response to biofilms of different age. This study extends prior work by considering the effect of the age of cyprids on the outcome of settlement assays. Settlement was investigated with 0‐day‐old (newly metamorphosed) and 5‐day‐old cyprids. Biofilms under investigation were developed in the field for periods of 5 d and 1 month, and were subsequently included in laboratory settlement assays with a choice between a filmed and an unfilmed substratum. The bioassay was modified from the conventional horizontal dish design in order to generate a low water surface‐to‐volume ratio, which served to suppress larval entrapment in an organic layer on the water surface. Irrespective of cyprid age, a clear discrimination between a filmed and an unfilmed substrata was observed, and the preference for filmed or unfilmed substratum was dependent on the age of the cyprids. Settlement of 0‐day‐old cyprids was inhibited by a biofilmed substratum whereas induction occurred with aged cyprids. This pattern of settlement was independent of biofilm age. Bacterial abundance on unfilmed substrata in treatments and controls was significantly lower than that on biofilmed surfaces, confirming that bacterial contamination did not change the qualitative option during the assay.