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1.
We define the memory capacity of networks of binary neurons with finite-state synapses in terms of retrieval probabilities of learned patterns under standard asynchronous dynamics with a predetermined threshold. The threshold is set to control
the proportion of non-selective neurons that fire. An optimal inhibition level is chosen to stabilize network behavior. For
any local learning rule we provide a computationally efficient and highly accurate approximation to the retrieval probability
of a pattern as a function of its age. The method is applied to the sequential models (Fusi and Abbott, Nat Neurosci 10:485–493,
2007) and meta-plasticity models (Fusi et al., Neuron 45(4):599–611, 2005; Leibold and Kempter, Cereb Cortex 18:67–77, 2008). We show that as the number of synaptic states increases, the capacity, as defined here, either plateaus or decreases. In
the few cases where multi-state models exceed the capacity of binary synapse models the improvement is small. 相似文献
2.
A Closer Look at Amphetamine-Induced Reverse Transport and Trafficking of the Dopamine and Norepinephrine Transporters 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Amphetamine (AMPH) and its derivatives are regularly used in the treatment of a wide array of disorders such as attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, traumatic brain injury, and narcolepsy (Prog Neurobiol 75:406–433, 2005; J Am Med Assoc 105:2051–2054, 1935; J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41:514–521, 2002; Neuron 43:261–269, 2004; Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 47:681–698, 2007; Drugs Aging 21:67–79, 2004). Despite the important medicinal role for AMPH, it is more widely known for its psychostimulant and addictive properties
as a drug of abuse. The primary molecular targets of AMPH are both the vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) and plasma
membrane monoamine—dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT)—transporters. The rewarding and addicting properties
of AMPH rely on its ability to act as a substrate for these transporters and ultimately increase extracellular levels of monoamines.
AMPH achieves this elevation in extracellular levels of neurotransmitter by inducing synaptic vesicle depletion, which increases
intracellular monoamine levels, and also by promoting reverse transport (efflux) through plasma membrane monoamine transporters
(J Biol Chem 237:2311–2317, 1962; Med Exp Int J Exp Med 6:47–53, 1962; Neuron 19:1271–1283, 1997; J Physiol 144:314–336, 1958; J Neurosci 18:1979–1986, 1998; Science 237:1219–1223, 1987; J Neurosc 15:4102–4108, 1995). This review will focus on two important aspects of AMPH-induced regulation of the plasma membrane monoamine transporters—transporter
mediated monoamine efflux and transporter trafficking. 相似文献
3.
4.
Jurgen F. Doreleijers Wim F. Vranken Christopher Schulte Jundong Lin Jonathan R. Wedell Christopher J. Penkett Geerten W. Vuister Gert Vriend John L. Markley Eldon L. Ulrich 《Journal of biomolecular NMR》2009,45(4):389-396
Several pilot experiments have indicated that improvements in older NMR structures can be expected by applying modern software
and new protocols (Nabuurs et al. in Proteins 55:483–186, 2004; Nederveen et al. in Proteins 59:662–672, 2005; Saccenti and Rosato in J Biomol NMR 40:251–261, 2008). A recent large scale X-ray study also has shown that modern software can significantly improve the quality of X-ray structures
that were deposited more than a few years ago (Joosten et al. in J. Appl Crystallogr 42:376–384, 2009; Sanderson in Nature 459:1038–1039, 2009). Recalculation of three-dimensional coordinates requires that the original experimental data are available and complete,
and are semantically and syntactically correct, or are at least correct enough to be reconstructed. For multiple reasons,
including a lack of standards, the heterogeneity of the experimental data and the many NMR experiment types, it has not been
practical to parse a large proportion of the originally deposited NMR experimental data files related to protein NMR structures.
This has made impractical the automatic recalculation, and thus improvement, of the three dimensional coordinates of these
structures. We here describe a large-scale international collaborative effort to make all deposited experimental NMR data
semantically and syntactically homogeneous, and thus useful for further research. A total of 4,014 out of 5,266 entries were
‘cleaned’ in this process. For 1,387 entries, human intervention was needed. Continuous efforts in automating the parsing
of both old, and newly deposited files is steadily decreasing this fraction. The cleaned data files are available from the
NMR restraints grid at . 相似文献
5.
Conservation strategies for populations of woodland caribou Rangifer tarandus caribou frequently emphasize the importance of predator–prey relationships and the availability of lichen-rich late seral forests,
yet the importance of summer diet and forage availability to woodland caribou survival is poorly understood. In a recent article,
Wittmer et al. (Can J Zool 83:407–418, 2005b) concluded that woodland caribou in British Columbia were declining as a consequence of increased predation that was facilitated
by habitat alteration. Their conclusion is consistent with the findings of other authors who have suggested that predation
is the most important proximal factor limiting woodland caribou populations (Bergerud and Elliot in Can J Zool 64:1515–1529, 1986; Edmonds in Can J Zool 66:817–826, 1988; Rettie and Messier in Can J Zool 76:251–259, 1998; Hayes et al. in Wildl Monogr 152:1–35, 2003). Wittmer et al. (Can J Zool 83:407–418, 2005b) presented three alternative, contrasting hypotheses for caribou decline that differed in terms of predicted differences
in instantaneous rates of increase, pregnancy rates, causes of mortality, and seasonal vulnerability to mortality (Table 1,
p 258). These authors rejected the hypotheses that food or an interaction between food and predation was responsible for observed
declines in caribou populations; however, the use of pregnancy rate, mortality season and cause of mortality to contrast the
alternative hypotheses is problematic. We argue here that the data employed in their study were insufficient to properly evaluate
a predation-sensitive foraging hypothesis for caribou decline. Empirical data on seasonal forage availability and quality
and plane of nutrition of caribou would be required to test the competing hypotheses. We suggest that methodological limitations
in studies of woodland caribou population dynamics prohibit proper evaluation of the mechanism of caribou population declines
and fail to elucidate potential interactions between top-down and bottom-up effects on populations.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
6.
Gilmanov IR Samigullin DV Vyskocil F Nikolsky EE Bukharaeva EA 《Journal of computational neuroscience》2008,25(2):296-307
The local calcium concentration in the active zone of secretion determines the number and kinetics of neurotransmitter quanta
released after the arrival of a nerve action potential in chemical synapses. The small size of mammalian neuromuscular junctions
does not allow direct measurement of the correlation between calcium influx, the state of endogenous calcium buffers determining
the local concentration of calcium and the time course of quanta exocytosis. In this work, we used computer modeling of quanta
release kinetics with various levels of calcium influx and in the presence of endogenous calcium buffers with varying mobilities.
The results of this modeling revealed the desynchronization of quanta release under low calcium influx in the presence of
an endogenous fixed calcium buffer, with a diffusion coefficient much smaller than that of free Ca2+, and synchronization occurred upon adding a mobile buffer. This corresponds to changes in secretion time course parameters
found experimentally (Samigullin et al., Physiol Res 54:129–132, 2005; Bukharaeva et al., J Neurochem 100:939–949, 2007). 相似文献
7.
Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), the temporal coordination of a rhythmic movement with an external rhythm, has been studied
most often in tasks that require tapping along with a metronome. Models of SMS use information about the timing of preceding
stimuli and responses to predict when the next response will be made. This article compares the theoretical structure and
empirical predictions of four two-parameter models proposed in the literature: Michon (Timing in temporal tracking, Van Gorcum,
Assen, 1967), Hary and Moore (Br J Math Stat Psychol 40:109–124, 1987b), Mates (Biol Cybern 70:463–473, 1994a; Biol Cybern 70:475–484, 1994b), and Schulze et al. (Mus Percept 22:461–467, 2005). By embedding these models within a general linear framework, the mathematical equivalence of the Michon, Hary and Moore,
and Schulze et al. models is demonstrated. The Mates model, which differs from the other three, is then tested empirically
with new data from a tapping experiment in which the metronome alternated between two tempi. The Mates model predictions are
found to be invalid for about one-third of the trials, suggesting that at least one of the model’s underlying assumptions
is incorrect. The other models cannot be refuted as easily, but they do not predict some features of the data very accurately.
Comparison of the models’ predictions in a training/test procedure did not yield any significant differences. The general
linear framework introduced here may help in the formulation of new models that make better predictions. 相似文献
8.
Kira A. Markossian Nikolay V. Golub Natalia A. Chebotareva Regina A. Asryants Irina N. Naletova Vladimir I. Muronetz Konstantin O. Muranov Boris I. Kurganov 《The protein journal》2010,29(1):11-25
Effects of α-crystallin and GroEL on the kinetics of thermal aggregation of rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
(GAPDH) have been studied using dynamic light scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation. The analysis of the initial parts
of the dependences of the hydrodynamic radius of protein aggregates on time shows that in the presence of α-crystallin or
GroEL the kinetic regime of GAPDH aggregation is changed from the regime of diffusion-limited cluster–cluster aggregation
to the regime of reaction-limited cluster–cluster aggregation, wherein the sticking probability for the colliding particles
becomes lower the unity. In contrast to α-crystallin, GroEL does not interfere with formation of the start aggregates which
include denatured GAPDH molecules. On the basis of the analytical ultracentrifugation data the conclusion has been made that
the products of dissociation of GAPDH and α-crystallin or GroEL play an important role in the interactions of GAPDH and chaperones
at elevated temperatures. 相似文献
9.
Gerald Tesauro Nicholas K. Jong Rajarshi Das Mohamed N. Bennani 《Cluster computing》2007,10(3):287-299
Reinforcement Learning (RL) provides a promising new approach to systems performance management that differs radically from
standard queuing-theoretic approaches making use of explicit system performance models. In principle, RL can automatically
learn high-quality management policies without an explicit performance model or traffic model, and with little or no built-in
system specific knowledge. In our original work (Das, R., Tesauro, G., Walsh, W.E.: IBM Research, Tech. Rep. RC23802 (2005), Tesauro, G.: In: Proc. of AAAI-05, pp. 886–891 (2005), Tesauro, G., Das, R., Walsh, W.E., Kephart, J.O.: In: Proc. of ICAC-05, pp. 342–343 (2005)) we showed the feasibility of using online RL to learn resource valuation estimates (in lookup table form) which can be
used to make high-quality server allocation decisions in a multi-application prototype Data Center scenario. The present work
shows how to combine the strengths of both RL and queuing models in a hybrid approach, in which RL trains offline on data
collected while a queuing model policy controls the system. By training offline we avoid suffering potentially poor performance
in live online training. We also now use RL to train nonlinear function approximators (e.g. multi-layer perceptrons) instead
of lookup tables; this enables scaling to substantially larger state spaces. Our results now show that, in both open-loop
and closed-loop traffic, hybrid RL training can achieve significant performance improvements over a variety of initial model-based
policies. We also find that, as expected, RL can deal effectively with both transients and switching delays, which lie outside
the scope of traditional steady-state queuing theory.
相似文献
Mohamed N. BennaniEmail: |
10.
Zachary Cooper Michael Greenwood Borbala Mazzag 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》2009,71(7):1543-1579
We investigate the role of heterogeneous expression of IP3R and RyR in generating diverse elementary Ca2+ signals. It has been shown empirically (Wojcikiewicz and Luo in Mol. Pharmacol. 53(4):656–662, 1998; Newton et al. in J. Biol. Chem. 269(46):28613–28619, 1994; Smedt et al. in Biochem. J. 322(Pt. 2):575–583, 1997) that tissues express various proportions of IP3 and RyR isoforms and this expression is dynamically regulated (Parrington et al. in Dev. Biol. 203(2):451–461, 1998; Fissore et al. in Biol. Reprod. 60(1):49–57, 1999; Tovey et al. in J. Cell Sci. 114(Pt. 22):3979–3989, 2001). Although many previous theoretical studies have investigated the dynamics of localized calcium release sites (Swillens
et al. in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96(24):13750–13755, 1999; Shuai and Jung in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(2):506–510, 2003a; Shuai and Jung in Phys. Rev. E, Stat. Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys. 67(3 Pt. 1):031905, 2003b; Thul and Falcke in Biophys. J. 86(5):2660–2673, 2004; DeRemigio and Smith in Cell Calcium 38(2):73–86, 2005; Nguyen et al. in Bull. Math. Biol. 67(3):393–432, 2005), so far all such studies focused on release sites consisting of identical channel types. We have extended an existing mathematical
model (Nguyen et al. in Bull. Math. Biol. 67(3):393–432, 2005) to release sites with two (or more) receptor types, each with its distinct channel kinetics. Mathematically, the release
site is represented by a transition probability matrix for a collection of nonidentical stochastically gating channels coupled
through a shared Ca2+ domain. We demonstrate that under certain conditions a previously defined mean-field approximation of the coupling strength
does not accurately reproduce the release site dynamics. We develop a novel approximation and establish that its performance
in these instances is superior. We use this mathematical framework to study the effect of heterogeneity in the Ca2+-regulation of two colocalized channel types on the release site dynamics. We consider release sites consisting of channels
with both Ca2+-activation and inactivation (“four-state channels”) and channels with Ca2+-activation only (“two-state channels”) and show that for the appropriate parameter values, synchronous channel openings within
a release site with any proportion of two-state to four-state channels are possible, however, the larger the proportion of
two-state channels, the more sensitive the dynamics are to the exact spatial positioning of the channels and the distance
between channels. Specifically, the clustering of even a small number of two-state channels interferes with puff/spark termination
and increases puff durations or leads to a tonic response. 相似文献
11.
12.
Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans secretome containing a newly described lipoprotein Licanantase enhances chalcopyrite bioleaching rate 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The nature of the mineral–bacteria interphase where electron and mass transfer processes occur is a key element of the bioleaching
processes of sulfide minerals. This interphase is composed of proteins, metabolites, and other compounds embedded in extracellular
polymeric substances mainly consisting of sugars and lipids (Gehrke et al., Appl Environ Microbiol 64(7):2743–2747, 1998). On this respect, despite Acidithiobacilli—a ubiquitous bacterial genera in bioleaching processes (Rawlings, Microb Cell
Fact 4(1):13, 2005)—has long been recognized as secreting bacteria (Jones and Starkey, J Bacteriol 82:788–789, 1961; Schaeffer and Umbreit, J Bacteriol 85:492–493, 1963), few studies have been carried out in order to clarify the nature and the role of the secreted protein component: the secretome.
This work characterizes for the first time the sulfur (meta)secretome of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans strain DSM 17318 in pure and mixed cultures with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans DSM 16786, identifying the major component of these secreted fractions as a single lipoprotein named here as Licanantase.
Bioleaching assays with the addition of Licanantase-enriched concentrated secretome fractions show that this newly found lipoprotein
as an active protein additive exerts an increasing effect on chalcopyrite bioleaching rate. 相似文献
13.
Renata Bolognesi Tamara D. Fischer Susan J. Brown 《Development genes and evolution》2009,219(7):369-375
Wnt signaling has been implicated in posterior patterning in short-germ insects, including the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Bolognesi et al. Curr Biol 18:1624–1629, 2008b; Angelini and Kaufman Dev Biol 283:409–423, 2005; Miyawaki et al. Mech Dev 121:119–130, 2004). Specifically, depletion of Wnt ligands Tc-Wnt1 and Tc-WntD/8 produces Tribolium embryos lacking abdominal segments. Similar phenotypes are produced by depletion of Tc-porcupine (Tc-porc) or Tc-pangolin (Tc-pan), indicating that the signal is transmitted through the canonical Wnt pathway (Bolognesi et al. Curr Biol 18:1624–1629, 2008b). Here we show that RNAi for the receptor Tc-arrow produced similar truncated phenotypes, providing additional evidence supporting canonical signal transduction. Furthermore,
since in Tribolium segments are defined sequentially by a pair-rule gene circuit that, when interrupted, produces truncated phenotypes (Choe
et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:6560–6564, 2006), we investigated the relationship between loss of Wnt signaling and this pair-rule gene circuit. After depletion of the
receptor Tc-arrow, expression of Tc-Wnt1 was noticeably absent from the growth zone, while Tc-WntD/8 was restricted to a single spot of expression in what remained of the posterior growth zone. The primary pair-rule genes
Tc-runt (Tc-run) and Tc-even-skipped (Tc-eve) were expressed normally in the anterior segments, but were reduced to a single spot in the remnants of the posterior growth
zone. Thus, expression of pair-rule genes and Tc-WntD/8 are similarly affected by depletion of Wnt signal and disruption of the posterior growth zone. 相似文献
14.
Xiangjiang Zhan Xiudeng Zheng Michael W. Bruford Fuwen Wei Yi Tao 《Conservation Genetics》2010,11(4):1567-1571
More and more noninvasive genetic data are being produced but a general methodology to quantify genotyping error rates from
non-pilot data remains lacking. Here we propose a mathematical approach to estimate genotyping error rates by exploring the
relationship between errors and PCR replicates. This method can be used to quantify the error rates for either the multi-tubes
approach designed by Taberlet et al. (Nucleic Acids Res 24: 3189–3194, 1996) or the pilot method by Prugh et al. (Mol Ecol 14: 1585–1596, 2005). 相似文献
15.
We use a technique from engineering (Xia and Moog, in IEEE Trans. Autom. Contr. 48(2):330–336, 2003; Jeffrey and Xia, in Tan, W.Y., Wu, H. (Eds.), Deterministic and Stochastic Models of AIDS Epidemics and HIV Infections with
Intervention, 2005) to investigate the algebraic identifiability of a popular three-dimensional HIV/AIDS dynamic model containing six unknown
parameters. We find that not all six parameters in the model can be identified if only the viral load is measured, instead
only four parameters and the product of two parameters (N and λ) are identifiable. We introduce the concepts of an identification function and an identification equation and propose the
multiple time point (MTP) method to form the identification function which is an alternative to the previously developed higher-order
derivative (HOD) method (Xia and Moog, in IEEE Trans. Autom. Contr. 48(2):330–336, 2003; Jeffrey and Xia, in Tan, W.Y., Wu, H. (Eds.), Deterministic and Stochastic Models of AIDS Epidemics and HIV Infections with
Intervention, 2005). We show that the newly proposed MTP method has advantages over the HOD method in the practical implementation. We also
discuss the effect of the initial values of state variables on the identifiability of unknown parameters. We conclude that
the initial values of output (observable) variables are part of the data that can be used to estimate the unknown parameters,
but the identifiability of unknown parameters is not affected by these initial values if the exact initial values are measured
with error. These noisy initial values only increase the estimation error of the unknown parameters. However, having the initial
values of the latent (unobservable) state variables exactly known may help to identify more parameters. In order to validate
the identifiability results, simulation studies are performed to estimate the unknown parameters and initial values from simulated
noisy data. We also apply the proposed methods to a clinical data set to estimate HIV dynamic parameters. Although we have
developed the identifiability methods based on an HIV dynamic model, the proposed methodologies are generally applicable to
any ordinary differential equation systems. 相似文献
16.
This paper distinguishes four recognisably different geographical processes in principle causing species to die out. One of
these processes, the one we dub “range eclipse”, holds that one range expands at the expense of another one, thereby usurping
it. Channell and Lomolino (2000a, Journal of Biogeography 27: 169–179; 2000b, Nature 403: 84–87; see also Lomolino and Channell, 1995, Journal of Mammalogy 76: 335–347) measured the course of this process in terms of the proportion of the total range remaining
in its original centre, thereby essentially assuming a homogeneous distribution of animals over the range. However, part of
their measure seems mistaken. By giving a general, analytical formulation of eclipsing ranges, we estimate the exact course
of this process. Also, our formulation does not partition a range into two spatially equal parts, its core and its edge, but
it assumes continuity. For applying this model to data on the time evolution of species, individual time series should be
available for each of them. For practical purposes we give an alternative way of plotting and interpreting such time series.
Our approach, being more sensitive than Channell and Lomolino’s, gives a less optimistic indication of range eclipses than
theirs once these have started. 相似文献
17.
John T. Salvucci 《Cell and tissue banking》2011,12(2):99-104
Over the past 57 years, 17 recipients of frozen bone have been infected with: HIV (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
in Morb Mortal Wkly Rep MMWR 37(39):597–599, 1988; Li et al. in J Formos Med Assoc 100(5):350–351, 2001; Simonds et al. in NEJM 326(11):726–732, 1992; Schratt et al. in Unfallchirurg 99(9):679–684, 1996); HCV (Eggen and Nordbo in NEJM 326(6):411, 1992; Conrad et al. in J Bone Joint Surg Am 77:214–224, 1995; Trotter in J Bone Joint Surg Am 851(11):2215–2217, 2003; Tugwell et al. in Ann of Internal Med 143(9):648–654, 2005); or HBV (Shutkin in J Bone Joint Surg Am 36:160–162, 1954). However, bone, lyophilized and stored at room temperature, has never transmitted these viral diseases. A literature review
was undertaken to determine whether there is any evidence that lyophilized bone is capable of transmitting HIV, HCV and HBV. 相似文献
18.
Osvaldo Borges Pinto-Júnior Luciana Sanches Francisco de Almeida Lobo Adilson Amorim Brandão José de Souza Nogueira 《International journal of biometeorology》2011,55(2):109-118
Leaf area index (LAI) is an important ecophysiological variable because leaves are the organs responsible for gas exchange
between plants and the atmosphere. This variable can be calculated from primary values of leaf area assessed by destructive
or non-destructive methods, which is relatively easy when crop species are investigated, but is not the case when the focus
is on natural wood plants communities. In this paper, we analyze the seasonality of LAI estimated by three different methods
in the Amazonia-savannah transitional forest, located 50 km north-east of Sinop city, Mato Grosso, Brazil. In the first method,
we combine Monsi and Saekis' original method [Monsi M, Saeki T (1953) Jpn J Bot 14:22–52], which measures LAI using the Beer-Lambert extinction law, and the proposition of Goudriaan [Goudriaan
J (1988) Agric For Meteorol 43:155–169] to estimate the extinction coefficient from solar height. The second method differed from
the first only in the way in which the daily fraction of intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (FPAR) was calculated,
as proposed by Charles-Edwards and Lawn (Charles-Edwards DA, Lawn RJ (1984) Plant Cell Environ 7:247–251]. In the third method, we used a remote sensing technique [MOD15_BU-collection 4, produced
and distributed by EROS Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center (EDC DAAC)]. We found that the first and the second
methods revealed the expected LAI dynamics, which increased during the dry–wet transition and wet season, and decreased during
the wet–dry transition and dry season. From 20 randomly distributed sets in a 1.0 ha area, only 3 showed significant differences
in LAI estimated from the first two methods; conversely, LAI was overestimated by the third method. 相似文献
19.
The aim of this work is twofold. First, we survey the techniques developed in Perthame and Zubelli (Inverse Probl 23(3):1037–1052,
2007), Doumic et al. (Inverse Probl 25, 2009) to reconstruct the division (birth) rate from the cell volume distribution data in certain structured population structured
population models. Secondly, we implement such techniques on experimental cell volume distributions available in the literature
so as to validate the theoretical and numerical results. As a proof of concept, we use the experimental data experimental
data reported in the classical work of Kubitschek (Biophys J 9(6):792–809, 1969) concerning Escherichia coli in vitro experiments measured by means of a Coulter transducer-multichannel analyzer system
(Coulter Electronics, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA). Despite the rather old measurement technology, the reconstructed division rates
still display potentially useful biological features. 相似文献
20.
Wim J. Vredenberg 《Photosynthesis research》2009,102(1):99-101
Quantitative data on laser flash-induced variable fluorescence in the 100 ns to 1 ms time range (Belyaeva et al. in Photosynth
Res 98:105–119, 2008) confirming those of others (Steffen et al. in Biochemistry 40:173–180, 2001, Biochemistry 44:3123–3132, 2005; Belyaeva et al. in Biophysics 51(6):976–990, 2006), need a substantial correction with respect to magnitude of the normalized variable fluorescence associated with single
turnover-induced charge separation in RCs of PS II. Their data are conclusive with the involvement of donor side quenching,
the release of which occurs with a rate constant in the range of tens of ms−1, and presumed to be associated with reduction of
Y\textz + Y_{\text{z}}^{ + } by the OEC. 相似文献