RNAi干扰Ska2对H1299细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭能力的影响

Ska2（spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit2）,又称FAM33A（family with sequence similarity33,member A）,是新近发现的一个与细胞周期调控和肿瘤发生发展紧密相关的基瓯且与该团队前期发现的新基NPRR11（proline rich 11）共享一个双向启动子。但是,Ska2在肺癌中的具体作用和分子机制仍不清楚。该研究选用肺癌细胞系H1299,采用RNAi技术构建Ska2基因沉默的稳定细胞株,并进行了细胞表型和潜在分子机制分析。RT-PCR和Western blot结果表明,Ska2在mRNA和蛋白质水平上的表达均被有效抑制。细胞增殖、细胞迁移和侵袭实验结果表明,与对照细胞相比,Ska2基因沉默稳定细胞株的细胞增殖能力、细胞迁移和侵袭能力均显著降低。此外,Ska2基因被沉默后,CCNA1基因的表达显著下调。该研究的结果提示,Ska2与其对侧基因PRR11的功能高度相关,可能与PRR11共同参与肺癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭行为的调节。     

Single-minded 2分子的研究现状和进展

Single-minded 2(Sim2)蛋白属于碱性螺旋-环-螺族(basic helix-loop-helix,bHLH)家族,是真核生物蛋白质中的一个大家族,其家族成员参与调控血细胞生成、肌细胞生成、神经发生、性别决定等,在生物的生长发育调控过程中发挥着重要作用。研究表明,Sim2调控细胞发育,神经再生,并参与多个器官肿瘤发生;此外,Sim2与中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)退行性疾病及唐氏综合征(Down syndrome,DS)等的发生发展亦密切相关。     

N~6-甲基腺嘌呤修饰在临床恶性肿瘤中的研究进展

N~6-甲基腺嘌呤(m~6A)是发生于哺乳动物mRNA中最为常见的修饰方式,参与mRNA的剪切、翻译和降解,影响基因的表达。近年来,m~6A修饰及其调控蛋白在肿瘤发生发展中的作用已成为生物医学研究的热点领域之一。现从人体器官系统角度,对m~6A修饰及其调控蛋白在多种肿瘤进程中的作用以及分子机制进行综述。     

SNRPA1对肝癌的成瘤性的调控机制

小核核糖核蛋白(small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide A,SNRPA1)参与mRNA加工剪接体(splicesome)的组装,与多种肿瘤的发生有关,但在肝癌发生发展过程中的分子机制尚不明确。该研究利用基因芯片技术探究SNRPA1敲减后肝癌细胞信号通路关键基因的表达动态,及其在裸鼠肿瘤发生发展中的分子机制。研究结果显示,与对照组相比,SNRPA1基因敲减后的低表达组裸鼠的荷瘤细胞的生长受到显著抑制;基因芯片分析表明,SNRPA1的敲低导致462个基因的表达下调,262个基因的表达上调。qRT-PCR分析表明,FSTL1、FGF2、JAK2、WNT5A和PPM1A基因表达均有所降低,而Western blot分析进一步证实FSTL1、JAK2、WNT5A蛋白质表达的下调。以上结果可知,SNPRA1作为促癌基因,可能通过调控多种基因的表达及信号通路对肝细胞肝癌的发生和发展进行调控。     

m^6 A RNA甲基化修饰异常在肿瘤中的作用

N6-甲基腺嘌呤(N6-methyladenosine,m6A)是真核生物信使RNA(messenger RNA,mRNA)含量最多的化学修饰之一。m6A修饰主要由m6A甲基转移酶(methyltransferase)催化,m6A去甲基酶(demethylase)去除,并由m6A结合蛋白(binding protein)识别。它广泛参与调控mRNA剪接、加工、翻译和降解等生命周期的各个阶段,且与肥胖和肿瘤等多种疾病及异常的生理功能相关。近年的研究发现,肿瘤中m6A相关蛋白质(METTL3/14、WTAP、FTO、ALKBH5、YTHDFs)的异常表达,引发m6A甲基化的失调,调控致癌基因和抑癌基因的表达参与肿瘤的发生与发展,并与患者预后不良密切相关。随着RNA免疫沉淀测序技术与高通量测序技术和液相色谱等检测技术的快速发展,有关m6A在肿瘤发生发展中的作用机制研究的进展迅猛,靶向m6A也成为肿瘤临床治疗的新方向。本文重点对m6A RNA甲基化相关因子在癌症发生发展中的作用及机制进行综述,总结m6A RNA甲基化检测技术的最新进展,梳理现有文献报道的脱甲基酶抑制剂大黄酸、甲氯芬那酸2(meclofenamic acid2,MA2)和右旋羟戊二酸(R-2-hydroxyglutarate,R-2HG)等在肿瘤靶向治疗中的运用,为以m6A RNA甲基化为切入点的肿瘤防治研究提供思路与理论参考。     

Becn1通过线粒体凋亡途径参与调控肺癌细胞的凋亡过程

自噬相关基因Becn1在肺癌等多种肿瘤中处于低表达状态,具有抑制肿瘤发生发展的作用。目前,已有研究发现Becn1可以通过自噬途径参与调控肺癌的发生发展过程,且细胞自噬还与凋亡关系密切。但是,Becn1在调控肺癌发生发展过程中涉及的凋亡过程和相关机制尚未完全阐明。本研究选用肺癌细胞系PC9和A549,建立Becn1高表达的肺癌细胞模型,采用蛋白质免疫共沉淀实验和GFP-BECLIN1、DsRed-Mit荧光共定位实验首次证实了Becn1可通过线粒体途径参与调控肺癌细胞的凋亡过程。     

MicroRNA 与肿瘤的相关研究进展

微小RNA(microRNAs,miRNA)是一类22个核苷酸左右的非编码调控RNA。可以通过切割mRNA或者是抑制翻译两种机制,在转录后水平发挥调控生物生长发育的重要作用。目前的研究已经发现microRNA参与调控发育、细胞分化、细胞凋亡等多种生理过程。目前已证实miRNA参与肿瘤发生和进展,miRNA表达谱是肿瘤诊断和预后的指标,miRNA突变、缺失或表达水平的异常与人类肿瘤密切相关,它发挥类似于癌基因或抑癌基因的作用,参与肿瘤细胞的增殖、分化和细胞凋亡过程。本文就miRNA在肿瘤发生发展以及诊断治疗方面的研究进展作一综述。     

SKA2在肿瘤发生发展中的作用及其调控机制

纺锤体和动粒相关蛋白2(spindle and kinetochore associated 2,SKA2)是2006年首次发现的参与纺锤体与动粒相关复合物组成的重要蛋白质。传统观点认为,SKA2参与细胞周期的调控。新近研究发现,ska2在肿瘤细胞和组织中异常表达,发挥着癌基因的作用,且在不同肿瘤中存在多种调控机制。该文结合我们的实验结果,对SKA2在肿瘤发生、发展中的作用及其调控机制进行综述,为癌基因ska2的深入研究及肿瘤的靶向治疗提供新的思路。     

人肠组织特异抗原A33基因5′调控区的克隆及其功能分析

用基因组步行法 (genomewalker)克隆了人A33抗原基因的 5′调控区 94 0bp片段 ,并用PCR法鉴定了这一克隆的正确性 .将该序列提交GenBank ,登录号为AF2 0 0 6 2 6 .用引物延伸法 (primerex tension)确定了A33基因的转录起始位点 ,发现该位点位于一个TATA盒下游 10个碱基处 .以增强型绿色荧光蛋白为报告基因构建了不同长度的A33启动子 5′缺失载体 ,用脂质体介导的方法将这些载体转染LoVo、HeLa、2 93等细胞 ,比较了EGFP的表达水平 .研究发现 ,A33启动子上主要转录调控元件以及与组织特异性表达相关的转录调控元件位于A33启动子的 - 10 4～ + 2 5bp区域     

人肠组织特异抗原A33基因5′调控区的克隆及其功能分析

用基因组步行法 (genomewalker)克隆了人A33抗原基因的 5′调控区 94 0bp片段 ,并用PCR法鉴定了这一克隆的正确性 .将该序列提交GenBank ,登录号为AF2 0 0 6 2 6 .用引物延伸法 (primerex tension)确定了A33基因的转录起始位点 ,发现该位点位于一个TATA盒下游 10个碱基处 .以增强型绿色荧光蛋白为报告基因构建了不同长度的A33启动子 5′缺失载体 ,用脂质体介导的方法将这些载体转染LoVo、HeLa、2 93等细胞 ,比较了EGFP的表达水平 .研究发现 ,A33启动子上主要转录调控元件以及与组织特异性表达相关的转录调控元件位于A33启动子的 - 10 4～ + 2 5bp区域     

A homozygous female hemophilia A

BACKGROUND:

Hemophilia A (HA), being an X-linked recessive disorder, females are rarely affected, although they can be carriers.

AIMS:

To study the mutation in F8 gene in an extended family with a homozygous female HA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

All the seven affected members (six males and one female) were initially screened by Conformation Sensitive Gel Electrophoresis (CSGE) and direct DNA sequencing.

RESULTS:

A homozygous missense mutation c.1315G>A (p.Gly420Ser) was identified in exon 9 of F8 gene in homozygous state in the affected female born of 1° consanguinous marriage and in all the affected male members of the family. Her factor VIII levels was found to be 5.5%, vWF:Ag 120%.

CONCLUSION:

In India, as consanguineous marriages are very common in certain communities (up to 30%), the likelihood of encountering female hemophilia is higher, although this is the first case of HA out of 1600 hemophilia families registered in our Comprehensive Haemophilia Care Center. Genetic diagnosis in such cases is not necessary as all the male children will be affected and daughters obligatory carriers.     

Aminopeptidase A is angiotensinase A

Summary Quantitative histochemical measurements of aminopeptidase A (APA; E.C.3.4.11.7) were done kinetically in the kidney glomeruli of rat and mouse with an instrumental setup consisting of a microdensitometer and a computer-supported morphometric system. The histochemical demonstration of APA was carried out using the simultaneous azo coupling technique (purest-grade Fast Blue B as coupling agent and -l-glutamic acid-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide as substrate). The methodological studies show that APA activity is calcium-ion-dependent and increases linearly with the thickness of the tissue section (3–12 m) and that the time-course of APA activity as determined by linear regression is linear only for the first 1 to 2 min of the reaction. — Kinetic measurements indicate a 40% decrease in APA activities when -l-glutamic acid-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide (-l-Glu-MNA) is replaced by -l-aspartic acid-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide. When -l-Glu-MNA is replaced with l-alanine-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide, which is a substrate of aminopeptidase M (APM) only very low reaction rates are measurable (about 1.4% of those with -l-Glu-MNA). 100 and 130 mM NaCl in the incubation medium increase APA activities by approximately 16%–17%. — To clarify the functional importance of APA in the kidney, their activities were measured under the influence of angiotensins. The glomerulus was selected as the measuring site, for besides APA it contains no APM or other peptidases that could degrade angiotensins (the glomerular dipeptidyl peptidase IV is not inhibited by angiotensin II). Using the Lineweaver-Burk plot, we determined a K _m of 0.16 mM for the APA in rat glomeruli and 0.14 mM in mouse glomeruli. The V _max in mouse glomeruli is 1.6 times higher than in rat glomeruli. Ang iotensin I, II and III competitively inhibit APA in the rat and mouse glomeruli. — With quantitative histochemical techniques it was possible to show that APA is equivalent to angiotensinase A (splitting off the N-terminal aspartic acid from angiotensin I and II).Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 105)     

A glucoside of urospermal A

The aerial parts of Urospermum picroides afforded, in addition to urospermal A a p-hydroxylphenyl acetate of a glucoside of urospermal A.     

Quadruplexes of human telomere DNA analogs designed to contain G:A:G:A,G:G:A:A,and A:A:A:A tetrads

Replacement of two to four guanines by adenines in the human telomere DNA repeat dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ did not hinder the formation of quadruplexes if the substitutions took place in the terminal tetrad bridged by the diagonal loop of the intramolecular antiparallel three‐tetrad scaffold, as proved by CD and PAGE in both Na⁺ and K⁺ solutions. Thermodynamic data showed that, in Na⁺ solution, the dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ quadruplex was destabilized, the least by the two G:A:G:A tetrads, the most by the G:G:A:A tetrad in which the adenosines replaced syn‐guanosines. In physiological K⁺ solution, the highest destabilization was caused by the 4A tetrad. In K⁺, only the unmodified dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ quadruplex rearranged into a K⁺‐dependent quadruplex form, none of the multiple adenine‐modified structures did so. This may imply biological consequences for nonrepaired A‐for‐G mutations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 880–886, 2010.