Flavivirus isolations from mosquitoes collected from Saibai Island in the Torres Strait, Australia, during an incursion of Japanese encephalitis virus

Adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were collected in January and February 2000 from Saibai Island in the Torres Strait of northern Australia, and processed for arbovirus isolation during a period of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus activity on nearby Badu Island. A total of 84 210 mosquitoes were processed for virus isolation, yielding six flavivirus isolates. Viruses obtained were single isolates of JE and Kokobera (KOK) and four of Kunjin (KUN). All virus isolates were from members of the Culex sitiens Weidemann subgroup, which comprised 53.1% of mosquitoes processed. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the pre-membrane region of the genome of JE isolate TS5313 indicated that it was closely related to other isolates from a sentinel pig and a pool of Cx. gelidus Theobald from Badu Island during the same period. Also molecular analyses of part of the envelope gene of KUN virus isolates showed that they were closely related to other KUN virus strains from Cape York Peninsula. The results indicate that flaviviruses are dynamic in the area, and suggest patterns of movement south from New Guinea and north from the Australian mainland.     

汉滩病毒西安分离株84FLi的L片段核苷酸序列测定以及分析

采用逆转录 聚合酶链式反应 (RT PCR) ,分节段扩增汉滩病毒 84FLi株的L基因片段cDNA ,纯化的PCR产物片段直接用于序列测定或克隆入 pND18 T载体中进行测序。结果表明 ,84FLi株的L片段cDNA由 6 5 33个核苷酸组成 ,四种核苷酸的比例分别为A33.39% ,C16 .4 3% ,G2 0 .74 % ,T2 9.4 4 %。GC含量为 37.17% ,AT含量为6 2 .83%。推导出的最大开放读码框架为从 38到 6 4 93,共编码 2 15 1个氨基酸。序列同源性分析表明 ,84FLi株核苷酸与HTN型国际标准毒株 76 118的同源性为 83.7% ,差异性为 18.8% ;而与中国株A9的同源性高达 97.6 % ,差异性仅为 2 .4 %。与SEO型代表Seoul80 39的同源性为 75 .2 % ,6 6 .1%～ 6 6 .5 %。L片段的氨基酸比较分析表明 ,L片段与HTN型间的同源性为 97.5 %～ 98.0 % ,而与SEO型的同源性为 83.5 %～ 85 .5 %。与PUC、TUL、SN和AND等其它型汉滩病毒的同源性仅为 6 8.6 %～ 6 9.6 %。结果表明 84FLi株属于HTN型 ,并与分离自国内的HTN型病毒高度同源     

三株新城疫病毒强毒株的生物学特性及全基因组序列分析

2009～2011年从北方发病鸡群和鸭群中分离出3株新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus,NDV）。通过致病性指数测定及交叉血凝抑制试验初步分析了3个毒株的毒力和相互之间的同源性。选取鸡源分离株SDLY01与新城疫疫苗株（LaSota）进行了交叉保护试验,选取鸭源毒株SD03对樱桃谷鸭进行攻毒实验,同时设计引物对3个毒株进行了全基因组测序,并与36株NDV参考株进行了分子进化分析。结果表明3个分离株F蛋白裂解位点的氨基酸序列均为112R-R-Q-K-R-F117符合强毒株的序列特征,并与致病性指数测定结果相符。交叉血凝抑制试验发现3个分离株与疫苗株LaSota 的抗原同源性较低为82.5%～89.4%,两个鸡源分离株间的抗原同源性为90%,而鸭源毒株SD03与鸡源毒株SDSG01同源性为100%。交叉保护试验和攻毒实验结果显示传统的LaSota疫苗能对SDLY01流行株提供100%免疫保护,但第5天仍检测到排毒;鸭源毒株SD03对樱桃谷鸭不致病,但能检出排毒,排毒期最长为5d。全基因组测序与分析表明3个毒株基因组长度均为15192bp,属于基因Ⅶd型毒株,与同期流行的鹅源及鸭源NDV毒株之间全基因组核苷酸序列具有高度的同源性,揭示鸭源、鹅源NDV与鸡源NDV在遗传学和流行病学上密切相关。     

Heterogeneity and evolution rates of delta virus RNA sequences.

To investigate the geographical divergence of delta virus RNA sequences, 868 nucleotides (nt), including the delta antigen-coding region, were determined in isolates from two Japanese patients, M and S, by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing and compared with three previously reported nucleotide sequences. The sequence obtained for hepatitis delta virus RNA from patient M was approximately 92% identical to sequences previously obtained for two other strains of hepatitis delta virus, whereas the sequence of hepatitis delta virus RNA obtained from patient S was approximately 81% identical to the previously sequenced strains. This suggests that delta agent in Japan has a heterogeneous origin and the delta virus RNA sequence from Japanese patient S is the most divergent delta virus isolate yet analyzed. To study the evolution rate of delta virus RNA, viral isolates obtained 3 and 4 years apart from each of two patients were also sequenced. It was estimated that the substitution rate of viral RNA was 0.57 x 10(-3) nt per site per year in patient M and 0.64 x 10(-3) nt per site per year in patient S for the delta antigen gene.     

The Nucleotide Sequence of the 3'-Terminal Region of Clover Yellow Vein Potyvirus Isolated from Calanthe sp.

The sequence of 1399 nucleotides from the 3'region of the RNA of clover yellow vein potyvirus (CIYVV-C) isolated from Calanthe sp. was determined. The capsid protein cistron was composed of 915 nucleotides, and corresponded to a region encoding 305 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 34900: the adjacent 3'non-coding region was 74 nucleotides long. The length of the capsid protein gene of CIYVV-C is longer, but the 3'non-coding region is shorter than those of other CIYVV strains (CIYVV-30.CIYVV-NZ and CIYVV-B). The nucleotide sequence of the capsid protein gene and the 3'non-coding region of CIYVV-C RNA showed significantly higher homology with those of other CIYVV strains. These data suggest that the CIYVV-C capsid gene arose from a frame-shift mutation of the capsid gene of another CIYVV strain. or vice versa. CIYVV-C has a closer affinity to other CIYVV strains and to bean yellow mosaic virus than to the other potyviruses.     

云南省4种伊蚊的乙型脑炎病毒分离物的研究

在云南省西南边境９县市捕获伊蚊属雌性成蚊１６种１９３６７只,用细胞法和乳鼠法分离病毒。从１８５批６４９１只白纹伊蚊中分离到病毒２株,从５０批１６０５只剌扰伊蚊中分离到病毒２株,从２３批７７２只窄翅伊蚊中分离到病毒２株,从４批１０３只阿萨姆伊蚊中分离到病毒１株。其它１２种共１０３９６只伊蚊的病毒分离物为阴性。分离到的７株病毒经免疫荧光、酶免疫、血凝抑制和中和试验鉴定,均为乙型脑炎病毒（ＪＥｖｉｒｕｓ）。白纹伊蚊是野外竹林的优势蚊种。分析认为白纹伊蚊在当地乙型脑炎病毒保存和传播中起重要作用,刺扰伊蚊、窄翅伊蚊和阿萨姆伊蚊亦可参与该病毒的传播。     

Hepatitis B virus of genotype B with or without recombination with genotype C over the precore region plus the core gene

The entire nucleotide sequences of 70 hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates of genotype B (HBV/B), including 38 newly determined and 32 retrieved from the international DNA database (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank), were compared phylogenetically. Two subgroups of HBV/B were identified based on sequence divergence in the precore region plus the core gene, one with the recombination with genotype C and the other without it. The analysis over the entire genome of HBV/B by the SimPlot program located the recombination with genotype C in the precore region plus the core gene spanning nucleotide positions from 1740 to 1838 to 2443 to 2485. Within this genomic area, HBV/B strains with the recombination had higher nucleotide and amino acid homology to genotype C than those without the recombination (96.9 versus 91.1% in nucleotides and 97.0 versus 92.9% in amino acids). There were 29 HBV/B strains without the recombination, and they were all recovered from carriers in Japan. The remaining 41 HBV/B isolates having the recombination with genotype C were from carriers in China (12 strains), Hong Kong (3 strains), Indonesia (4 strains), Japan (3 strains), Taiwan (4 strains), Thailand (3 strains), and Vietnam (12 strains). Due to the frequency of the distribution of HBV/B without the recombination (29 of 32 isolates, or 91%) and the fact that it was exclusive to Japan, it was provisionally classified into the Bj (j standing for Japan) subgroup, and HBV/B with the recombination was classified into the Ba (a for Asia) subgroup. Virological differences between HBV/Bj and HBV/Ba may be reflected in the severity of clinical disease in the patients infected with HBV of genotype B, which seems to be under strong geographic influences in Asia.     

小鼠诺如病毒分离鉴定及病毒衣壳蛋白基因序列分析

目的了解广东地区小鼠诺如病毒（murine norovirus,MNV）的分子遗传特征和进化来源。方法采用小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7细胞对RT-PCR检测为阳性的小鼠样本进行病毒分离,通过细胞病变、RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光试验、测序方法对病毒分离株进行鉴定。应用RT-PCR技术针对15株MNV分离株的VP1基因的1626个核苷酸片段进行基因扩增,将扩增产物连接在pMD18-T载体后转化到大肠杆菌中进行克隆。通过氨苄青霉素平皿筛选,将鉴定为阳性的克隆菌进行核苷酸序列测定及序列分析。将这15株MNV分离株与从GenBank获得的19株MNV参考株进行序列比较分析,基于VP1基因的1626核苷酸片段构建系统发生进化树,一起进行分子流行病学研究。结果从80个小鼠样本中分离到了15株MNV病毒,通过细胞病变试验、RT-PCR试验、间接免疫荧光试验和测序分析鉴定确认分离到的病毒为MNV。序列分析结果显示MNV分离株的VP1蛋白基因全长均为1626个核苷酸,广东地区15株MNV分离株的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别在89.7%~100%和94.8%~100%之间,15株MNV分离株与其他19株MNV参考毒株核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别在87.5%~92.9%和92.4%~98.2%之间。进化树分析表明来自设施A和设施D的13株病毒之间的亲缘关系较近,同属一个进化分支。来自设施B的ZD-1毒株和设施C的ZYY-163毒株与来自广东（K162）、日本（S7-P2、S7-PP3）、韩国（K4）和德国（Berlin/04/06/DE、Berlin/05/06/DE）同属另一个进化分支。结论成功分离到15株MNV病毒。遗传进化分析表明广东地区的MNV分离株来源并不相同,来自设施B和设施C的MNV分离株与国外分离株的亲缘关系较近,而来自设施A和设施D的13株MNV分离株可能是本地固有的毒株。     

我国西藏小反刍兽疫病毒China／Tib／Gej／07—30核衣壳蛋白基因和基因组启动子区的分子特征分析

首次对我国西藏小反刍兽疫病毒China/Tib/Gej/07-30的核衣壳蛋白(N)基因和基因组启动子(GP)区进行序列测定和分子生物学特征分析。首先应用逆转录聚合酶链式反应从发病山羊病料中扩增出小反刍兽疫病毒N基因片段,用cDNA3′末端快速扩增方法获得基因组启动子区片段,对聚合酶链式反应产物进行直接测序,然后对测定的核苷酸和推测的氨基酸序列进行比较分析,绘制系统发生树。我国西藏小反刍兽疫病毒China/Tib/Gej/07-30的N基因由1689个核苷酸组成,编码525个氨基酸,与India/Jhansi/03等6个已知N基因全序列的PPRV毒株核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为91.7～97.6和94.9～98.5。小反刍兽疫病毒China/Tib/Gej/07-30N蛋白与磷蛋白作用的结构序列之一为495LFRLQAM501保守序列,N蛋白281-289位氨基酸含有一个T细胞表位,为281YPALGLHEF289保守序列。小反刍兽疫病毒China/Tib/Gej/07-30的GP区由107个核苷酸组成,与Tur-key2000等5株其他PPRV毒株同源性为91.8～98.2。N基因核苷酸序列和相应的氨基酸序列系统进化分析表明小反刍兽疫病毒China/Tib/Gej/07-30与亚洲国家分离株关系最近。     

Characterization of the Influenza A Virus Gene Pool in Avian Species in Southern China: Was H6N1 a Derivative or a Precursor of H5N1?

In 1997, an H5N1 influenza virus outbreak occurred in chickens in Hong Kong, and the virus was transmitted directly to humans. Because there is limited information about the avian influenza virus reservoir in that region, we genetically characterized virus strains isolated in Hong Kong during the 1997 outbreak. We sequenced the gene segments of a heterogeneous group of viruses of seven different serotypes (H3N8, H4N8, H6N1, H6N9, H11N1, H11N9, and H11N8) isolated from various bird species. The phylogenetic relationships divided these viruses into several subgroups. An H6N1 virus isolated from teal (A/teal/Hong Kong/W312/97 [H6N1]) showed very high (>98%) nucleotide homology to the human influenza virus A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1) in the six internal genes. The N1 neuraminidase sequence showed 97% nucleotide homology to that of the human H5N1 virus, and the N1 protein of both viruses had the same 19-amino-acid deletion in the stalk region. The deduced hemagglutinin amino acid sequence of the H6N1 virus was most similar to that of A/shearwater/Australia/1/72 (H6N5). The H6N1 virus is the first known isolate with seven H5N1-like segments and may have been the donor of the neuraminidase and the internal genes of the H5N1 viruses. The high homology between the internal genes of H9N2, H6N1, and the H5N1 isolates indicates that these subtypes are able to exchange their internal genes and are therefore a potential source of new pathogenic influenza virus strains. Our analysis suggests that surveillance for influenza A viruses should be conducted for wild aquatic birds as well as for poultry, pigs, and humans and that H6 isolates should be further characterized.     

Genetic variation analyses of nsp2 gene of PRRSV in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China

To gain a better understanding of the genetic diversity and evolution of PRRSV in the Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region (Ningxia) of China, the nsp2 genes from a series of PRRSV strains collected from the region in 2007 were partially sequenced. These sequences were then analyzed along with the classical strain (ch-la) and two other epidemic strains SD (3) and SD2006. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence with ch-la indicated that nsp2 genes of seventeen Ningxia isolates (NX strain) have deletions of 87 nucleotides. Sequence analysis indicated that homology between the Ningxia strain and ch-la was 60.3%-79.9% in the nucleotide sequence, and homology between the NX strains and SD strains was 80.3%-98.8% in the nucleotide sequence. The nsp2 genes of the seventeen isolates had 74.9%-100% nucleotide sequence identities with each other. This study was undertaken to assess the regional variation of prevalent PRRSV and to establish a sequence database for PRRSV molecular epidemiological studies.     

Variation in Field Isolates of Measles Virus during an 8-Year Period in Japan

Field isolates of measles virus (MV) during an 8-year period in four areas of Japan, i.e., Osaka, Nagoya, Tokyo and Akita, were classified into three types in regard to the electrophoretic mobility of the hemagglutinin (HA) proteins: S type with small (78 K) HA, M type with intermediate (80 K) HA and L type with large (82K) HA. The type of field isolates was closely related with the geographical location and the year of virus isolation. The S type strain was isolated only in an outbreak from 1983 to 1984, whereas the M and L type strains were isolated between 1983 and 1990. The HA genes of the M and L type strains of MV were found to have a nucleotide substitution which introduces a new potential glycosylation site. In addition, the matrix proteins of all field strains isolated after 1977 showed slower electrophoretic mobility of 42 K than 39 K of the Edmonston and Toyoshima strains. These results indicate that MV strains of different HA types existed concomitantly and that major populations of MV currently circulating in Japan are changing from those prevalent in 1983-1984.     

我国水稻条纹病毒一个强致病性分离物的RNA4序列测定与分析

对我国水稻条纹病毒(Rice Stripe Virus,RSV)一个强致病性分离物(辽宁PJ分离物)的RNA4区段进行扩增、克隆和测序,其核苷酸序列全长2157bp。与已报道的日本T和M分离物及我国云南CX分离物的RNA4序列进行比较分析,结果表明,这4个分离物可分为两组,其中,PJ、T和M分离物为一组,组内分离物之间,RNA4的毒义链(vRNA4)及RNA4的毒义互补链(vcRNA4)上的ORF的核苷酸一致性分别为970%和970%～975%,5′末端和3′末端非编码区的序列则完全一致。但PJ分离物与T分离物的亲缘关系更为密切,其基因间隔区(IR)与T分离物的等长,核苷酸一致性为930%,比M分离物的IR多了一段长19bp的插入序列,核苷酸一致性仅为850%。另一组为我国CX分离物,组与组之间,vRNA4及vcRNA4上的ORF的核苷酸一致性分别为940%和925%～935%,但在氨基酸水平上则没有明显的差异。CX分离物的IR与PJ分离物相比有一段长84bp的插入序列,组间,IR的核苷酸一致性仅为720%～750%,5′末端非编码区的序列完全一致,但3′末端非编码区有两个碱基的差异。这些结果表明,RSV在自然界的分子变异与其地理分布具有密切的关系。此外,非编码区序列的高度保守性暗示着它们在病毒基因转录和复制的调控方面具有重要的功能。本文还讨论了RSV的分子流行学。     

我国非肠道传播非甲非乙型肝炎(丙型)病毒NS3蛋白的部份cDNA克隆及序列分析

用15ml非肠道传播非甲非乙型肝炎病人的混合血清提取病毒RNA,经逆转录和聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增,获得583个核苷酸的非肠道传播非甲非乙型肝炎病毒(HCV)NS3蛋白的cDNA片段.该片段与美国报道的同片段HCV cDNA原型比较,核酸序列同源性为80.9％,氨基酸序列同源性为93.2％。与日本报道的同片段J1 HCV cDNA相比较,核酸序列和氨基酸序列的同源性分别为92.6％和95.2％。用α-~(32)P同位素标记该片段,与HCV病人血清出现杂交反应。     

我国部分地区H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因序列比较与遗传发生关系分析

为从分子水平掌握我国H9亚型AIV的遗传变异情况和流行规律,本研究汇集近年来从我国12个省、市、自治区的发病鸡群中分离到的23株H9亚型禽流感病毒,通过RT-PCR方法和核苷酸序列测定获得了23个毒株的HA基因cDNA核苷酸序列。核苷酸和推导的氨基酸序列同源性比较结果表明,这些毒株HA基因的核苷酸序列同源性为94．1％～100％,氨基酸序列同源性为95．4％～100%;将这23个毒株和来自亚洲及世界其它地区的另外31株的HA基因cDNA序列同源性进行比较发现,分离自香港的HK170499株与日本的2个毒株关系较近;氨基酸序列分析发现,CKGS199、CKTJ196、CKTJ296、CKSH300和CKBJ197五个毒株各发生了一个潜在的糖基化位点的丢失。54株H9亚型AIVHA基因55bp～1152bp的氨基酸序列分析发现,裂解位点尽管有10种基序,但本研究中的23株和近年来从我国大陆和香港地区的分离的毒株则均为RSSR↓GLF;构成受体结合位点的191位氨基酸有一个规律,即所有中国大陆毒株与部分香港毒株都为N,其它毒株均为H,141aa～143aa处的糖基化位点有与191aa类似的规律,即：凡是191aa为N的毒株,该处均为NVS（CKBJ194除外）,凡是191aa为H的毒株,则该处均为NVT;遗传发生关系分析,中国大陆毒株处于欧亚谱系的第一支。本研究结果表明近年来我国鸡群中H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的感染流行可能有一个共同的来源,这为制定防治该亚型禽流感流行的有效对策提供了重要的科学依据。     

中国五省市甲型肝炎病毒基因分型的研究

为了解甲型肝炎（甲肝）病毒（ＨＡＶ）在中国几个城市的基因型分布,选择浙江杭州、江苏启东、安徽铜陵、云南昆明和上海市等的甲肝病人粪便标本或血清标本,以逆转录－套式聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ｎＰＣＲ）扩增合成ＨＡＶ ＶＰ１／２Ａ交接区基因区,并进行直接核苷酸序列分析和差异比较。结果表明,从这些城市甲肝病人分离到的１７株ＨＡＶ株均属基因Ⅰ型,为ＩＡ和ＩＢ亚型;所有ＨＡＶ株间核苷酸差异均小于１５％,但约５０％Ｈ     

2010年7～12月肠道病毒B组河南株的血清学分布

本文对河南省2010年7~12月的HFMD监测标本进行了肠道病毒B组的血清型分布研究。来自HFMD病例的阳性病毒分离物进行分子分型方法鉴定并进行VP1完整编码区核苷酸序列测定和分析。所获VP1全序与其他B组各基因型代表株和中国大陆株进行比较并构建系统发生树。共获得14株HEV-B河南株,分为E1、E6 、E11、 E13、 E25、 E30共6个血清型。VP1系统进化分析显示2010年河南HEV-B分离株与原型株亲缘关系较远,E25、E11和E6均与山东株亲缘关系最近,E1和E13均与云南株亲缘关系最近,E30与2008年河南株亲缘关系最近。E6病毒存在两种基因型的共循环现象。     

Characterization of Viruses Infecting Potato Plants from a Single Location in Shetland,an Isolated Scottish Archipelago

Sequence data were obtained from 29 isolates of Potato virus A (PVA), Potato virus S (PVS), Potato virus V (PVV) and Potato virus X (PVX) infecting nine tubers from Shetland, one of the most remote inhabited islands in the United Kingdom. These isolates were sequenced in the coat protein region, as were 29 Scottish mainland isolates of the same four potato virus species, and these 58 isolates were compared to previously published sequence data. This has allowed the characterization of viruses from a relatively isolated location, where there is little production of ware potatoes and no seed potato production. Phylogenetic homogeneity of the Shetland isolates of PVS and PVV was apparent. PVX was more heterogeneous, and Shetland isolates cluster with the Scottish isolates in a group which includes Asian and European isolates. For PVA, the majority of the Shetland and Scottish mainland isolates formed a predominantly Scottish grouping, with the remaining Shetland and Scottish mainland isolates clustering with a previously characterized Scottish isolate. There were three main groups of PVA, of which the Scottish grouping was the only one which did not have a fully characterized representative. To extend the characterization of PVA, the nucleotide sequence of the full polyprotein region encoding all the gene products of an isolate from Shetland was determined.