人工油松种群生长与生殖分配关系的研究

植物种群营养生长和生殖生长的关系是植物生殖生态学研究的重要内容之一,自本世纪70年代,国外已有大量报道,但国内的研究报道很少。本文在种群水平上研究了人工油松种群一年生雌性枝条和雄性枝条在枝长、直径、叶数、叶生物量、枝生物量及新生枝条在大小孢子球生物量、雌雄枝条长度和生物量等方面的差异,结果表明,一年生枝条除在西方向上雌雄枝条直径差异显著和在东、西方向上雌雄枝条生物量差异显著外,其它处理条件下雌雄枝条在长度、直径、叶数、叶生物量和枝生物量等方面差异均不显著;而对新生枝条的取样分析表明同方向上雌雄枝条在大小孢子球生物量、雌雄枝条长度、雌雄枝条生物量等方面差异均显著或极显著。无论是一年生枝条,还是新生枝条,在东、西、南、北四个方向上其各项指标差异显著或极显著。     

大型溞生长、生殖和种群增长的研究

年龄6±6小时的纯系大型溞培养在25±1℃静置换水条件下,饲以斜生栅藻,其平均寿命为68.40±9.82天。龄期(x)和年龄(t,天)之间呈曲线迴归关系:t=-2.245+1.510x+0.035x2(r=0.99,p3.86-0.131t)(式中Y为累计生殖量个数,t为天数)。       

DAY AND NIGHT KINETICS OF GROWTH RATE IN GREEN,BROWN, AND RED SEAWEEDS1

Growth rates in terms of area increase per 30 min were measured in flat thalli of several seaweed, species by means of computer-assisted image analysis, at 12 h light per day and a photon fluence rate of 20 μmol · m^-2· s^?1. Light fields included white fluorescent, imitated underwater, blue, green, and red light. In the green alga Ulva pseudocurvata Koeman et Hoek, blue light caused an immediate reduction of thallus area and growth rate after the onset of light, whereas green light and red light resulted in an initial peak in growth rate followed by inhibition 60 min after the onset of light. More growth was observed in darkness than in blue light in U. pseudocurvata. All brown and red algae tested, with Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour. and Palmaria palmata Stackh. as the main investigated species, grew faster during the day than during the night, irrespective of light quality during the main light phase. The upper intertidal red alga Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) J. Ag. achieved most of its thallus expansion per 24 h during the first 3 h of the light phase, with maximum growth rates of 2–3% increase in area per hour. Maximal growth rates were 0.7% for juvenile laminarian sporophytes and were lower than this in Palmaria palmata and other perennial red algae. The temporary growth inhibition by light in Ulva pseudocurvata suggests photomorphogenetic events, similar to the kinetics of stem elongation in higher plant seedlings after blue or red light pulses in darkness.     

ROLE OF SETTLEMENT DENSITY ON GAMETOPHYTE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN THE KELPS PTERYGOPHORA CALIFORNICA AND MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYCEAE)1

Laboratory studies were used to examine how variation in the density of spore settlement influences gametophyte growth, reproduction, and subsequent sporophyte production in the kelps Pterygophora californica Ruprecht and Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag. In still (non-aerated) cultures, egg maturation in both species was delayed when spores were seeded at densities 300 · mm^?2. Although the density at which this inhibition was first observed was similar for both species, the age at which their eggs matured was not. P. californica females reached sexual maturity an average of 4 days (or ～ 30%) sooner than did M, pyrifera. As observed previously in field experiments, per capita sporophyte production was negatively density dependent for both species when seeded at spore densities of 10 · mm^?2. Total sporophyte production (i.e. number · cm^?2) for both species, however, was greatest at intermediate densities of spore settlement (～ 50 spores · mm^?2). In contrast, total sporophyte production by P. californica steadily increased with increasing spore density in aerated cultures; highest sporophyte density was observed on slides seeded at a density of 1000 spores · mm^?2. Preliminary experiments with P. californica involving manipulation of aeration and nutrients indicate that inhibition of gametophyte growth and reproduction at higher densities of spore settlement in non-aerated cultures was probably caused by nutrient limitation.     

花蓟马Frankliniella bispinosa的生长繁殖特性及种群动态研究(英文)

本文提出一种用香蒲 (Typhadomingensis)花粉饲养花蓟马 (F .bispinosa)的方法 ,恒温饲养表明 ,在1 5℃时 ,该蓟马的世代历期长达 3 7 5d ,雌成虫平均寿命为 3 0d ;在 2 0℃和 2 5℃恒温下 ,世代历期分别为1 8 9和 1 3 8d ,雌成虫寿命分别为 2 9 0和 2 3 3d。平均产卵量在 2 5℃时达到最高 (1 2 3 2头 雌 ) ,而在其他几种恒温下产卵量显著减少。在佛罗里达南部 ,终年可见该蓟马在鬼针三叶草 (BidenspilosaL .)花上发生 ,而种群高峰期在三月中旬到四月初 ,平均每朵花中蓟马成虫数最高时可达 48 7头。     

GROWTH, REPRODUCTION AND FIELD POPULATION DYNAMICS OF FRANKLINIELLA BISPINOSA (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE)

Abstract Frankliniella bispinosa was reared at five constant temperatures using pollen of Typha domingensis as food. At 15°C, 37.5 days are required for completing the life cycle and the adult females survived for about 30 days. The immature stage and the female longevity were significantly reduced when temperature increased and they were only 9.2 and 3.9 days, respectively, at 35°C. The maximal number of eggs (123.2/female) were laid at 25°C, as compared with 29.5, 42.1, 11.6 eggs per female, respectively, at 15°C, 20°C and 30°C. F. bispinosa occurs on Bidens pilosa flowers all the year round in south Florida. However, the population is more abundant from mid-March to early April.     

SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS, TOTAL C, N, AND P CONTENT, AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PHYLLARIOPSIS PURPURASCENS: (PHAEOPHYTA) FROM THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR

Photosynthetic pigments, C, N, and P tissue composition, and photosynthetic rate were measured from April to October in the brown alga Phyllariopsis purpurascens (C. Agardh) Henry et South (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) growing at a 30-m depth in the Strait of Gibraltar. Ir-radiance reaching the population ranged from 13.5 to 27.5 mol.m^-2.mo^-1. The available light for this species, expressed as a percentage of the irradiance above the water, was 1.8%. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms, NO3-and NH₄+, were constant from April to October, whereas phosphate was depleted in August. Chlorophyll a decreased from 520.0 ± 165.0 to 199.6 ± 159.9 μg.g^-1 dry weight; in contrast, chlorophyll c and carotenoids did not change until September but increased threefold in October. C:N and N:P ratios changed in the same way and in the same range. They were constant until July but increased from 15–17 up to 42 (C:N) and from 14 to 40 (N:P) in October, suggesting a severe P limitation of growth of this species. The dark respiration rate and the light compensation point were constant from April to October (0.5 ± 0.1 μmol O₂. m^-2.s^-1 and 6.5 ± 0.2 μmol.m^-2. s^-1, respectively), whereas the maximum rate of apparent photosynthesis, light onset saturation parameter, and half saturation constant for light were maximum in April to May (3.7 μmol O₂. m^-2.s^-1and 40 and 41.5 μmol.m^-2. s^-1, respectively) and October (3.6 μmol O₂. m^-2.s^-1 and 50 and 53.7 μmol.m^-2. s^-1, respectively). They were minimum in August (1.2 μmol O₂.m^-2.s^-1 and 11.3 and 12 μmol.m^-2.s^-1, respectively). These minimum figures yielded a negative carbon budget in August and 0 in September, whereas it was positive the rest of the year. Photosynthetic efficiency, estimated by the ratio between maximum apparent photosynthesis and light half saturation constant, showed a strong agreement with productivity measured by means of an independent method. These results indicate that lamina expansion in this species is controlled by photosynthetic efficiency.     

THALLUS DIFFERENTIATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS,GROWTH, REPRODUCTION,AND UV‐B SENSITIVITY IN THE GREEN ALGA ULVA PERTUSA (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

The chlorophyte Ulva is perceived as a simple and uniform algal form, with little functional differentiation within a thallus. We compared morphology, pigmentation, photosynthesis, growth, reproduction, and UV‐B sensitivity between different thallus regions of Ulva pertusa Kjellman. Thallus thickness and cell size were significantly greater, whereas cell number was less in the basal region than in other regions. Photosynthetic pigment contents were lowest in the basal region and increased toward the marginal region. Photosynthetic capacity and photosynthetic efficiency normalized to fresh weight, area, volume, and cell number showed a progressive increase from the basal to marginal parts; however, on a chl basis those values were equal regardless of thallus part. Values of light saturation point were not statistically different between regions. Growth rates increased from marginal to basal and to middle parts of the thallus, whereas sporulation was highest in marginal (100%) followed by middle (30%) and basal parts (0%). Daily observation over 9 days showed that 56% of the basal cells divided once and did not produce spores, whereas every marginal cell went through its first division and 89% of the primary daughter cells also divided, resulting in 100% sporulation. A 7‐day treatment with PAR and PAR + UV‐A caused a significant decrease in the effective quantum yield of all thallus regions, followed by a recovery toward the initial values, whereas PAR + UV‐A + UV‐B irradiation led to greater photoinhibition and less recovery. Marked differences in the UV‐B sensitivity were observed, with marginal parts being more sensitive and basal parts most resistant.     

江豚的年龄鉴定、生长和生殖的研究

本文根据在长江中下游,长江口和中国东北沿海收到的68头江豚标本,对江豚年龄鉴定的方法作了摸索和研究。从年龄,生长和生殖的角度系统分析了江豚的一些种群生物学特征。江豚年龄与生长的关系在一定范围内遵循的幂函数型式。4-5龄以前,江豚的生长迅速,此后减慢。江豚首次性成熟年龄雌性4龄,雄性4.5龄。性成熟时体长雌性133cm,雄性140cm。根据16头胎儿资料,用对数分割法反推出江豚的交配期较长,并有两个可能的交配高峰,分娩的高峰为2-4月。断奶年龄约为0.5龄。粗略估算长江江豚的年生殖率为20％。长江的江豚和中国沿海的江豚在形态和种群结构上各具特点。从江豚的年龄组成看出,幼龄组(0-4龄)的比例较大,结构基本正常。       

蚤状蚤的生长和生殖

在３５、３０、２５℃３种温度下观察了蚤状（Ｄａｐｈｎｉａｐｕｌｅｘ）的生长和生殖。其生长随年龄的增加而逐渐减慢，寿命因温度升高而缩短。在２５℃条件下，蚤状寿命、产仔数和产仔率明显高于其他组，其平均寿命为６５．５天，累计产仔总数为４０１．６个，产仔率为２１．２２。     

SEASONAL CHANGE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF CELL SIZE OF COCCONEIS SCUTELLUM VAR. ORNATA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) IN RELATION TO GROWTH AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION1

Growth and sexual reproduction of the marine littoral diatom Cocconeis scutellum Ehrenb. var. ornata Grun. were investigated at 30 different combinations of temperature (5, 10, 14, 18, 22° C), irradiance (20, 60, 100 μE·m^?2·s^?1) and daylength (14:10 and 10:14 h LD cycle). Growth occurred at all combinations. The optimal growth was observed at 14–18° C, long daylength and highest-to-moderate irradiance, and at 18° C, short daylength and highest irradiance. Sexual reproduction on the other hand occurred between 5 and 18° C, and the optimal condition was 10–14° C and short daylength. Annual cyclic, and sesonal changes in the distribution of cell size (valve length) were observed in a field population. These changes were characterized by an annual minimum in mean cell size in autumn, an annual maximum in winter, a slight decrease from the mean in spring–middle summer, a rapid decrease from the mean in late summer–early autumn, and appearance of bimodal distribution of cell size in winter. These changes were caused by sexual reproduction in autumn, rapid growth in late summer–early autumn and slow growth in other seasons, and poor viability of small cells near the lower end of the size range.     

稻田养殖铜锈环棱螺繁殖与仔螺生长特性

为阐明稻田养殖模式下铜锈环棱螺的繁殖特点及仔螺的生长规律, 于2019年5—11月对稻田养殖的铜锈环棱螺进行逐月采样分析。研究结果表明, 稻田养殖铜锈环棱螺的产仔高峰期为6月, 仔螺的产出规律为2个月1个周期。最小繁殖体重为0.9 g, 最小繁殖月龄为2月龄。不同体重规格的性成熟雌螺, 其怀胚量与体重呈显著正相关, 随体重增加, 怀胚量呈显著增加的趋势。不同体重组间, 体重为1.00—3.99 g的铜锈环棱螺间的怀胚量没有显著差异, 而其他各体重组间均存在显著差异。仔螺生长特性, 6月和7月为铜锈环棱螺仔螺的快速生长期, 壳高相对增长率分别为47.95%和36.99%, 体重相对增长率分别为180.60%和128.43%。铜锈环棱螺仔螺壳宽、壳口宽与壳高呈正相关的线性关系, 壳高和体重呈正相关的幂函数关系, 壳高-体重拟合方程为W=0.0005H2.785, 壳高生长方程为H_t=19.368/(1+3.608e–1.056t), 拐点壳高为9.684 mm, 拐点月龄为1.215月, 最大月增高5.113 mm。体重生长方程为W_t =2.012e–5.051exp(–0.753t), 拐点体重为0.740 g, 拐点月龄为2.151月, 最大月增重0.557 g。综上, 稻田养殖铜锈环棱螺的产仔高峰期为6月, 2月龄达到性成熟, 6月和7月是仔螺的快速生长期。     

AGE, GROWTH, AND REPRODUCTION IN NEW ZEALAND FUR SEALS

Growth and reproductive biology of New Zealand fur seals ( Arctocephalus forsteri ) were studied by examining 127 seals (57 females, 64 males) killed incidentally in fishing gear in New Zealand waters in 1996. Tooth sections were used to age the animals, and male and female reproductive organs were examined macroscopically and histologically. The maximum age observed was 22 yr for females and 12 yr for males. Males were significantly larger than females, but growth was similar up to 5 yr. Males reached sexual maturity between 5 and 9 yr of age, whereas females did so between 4 and 6 yr. The mean pregnancy rate in females was 0.69 (95% CI = 0.54–0.81).     

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND GRAZING ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF FLOATING MACROCYSTIS SPP. (PHAEOPHYCEAE) ALONG A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT1

Macroalgal rafts frequently occur floating in coastal waters of temperate regions of the world’s oceans. These rafts are considered important dispersal vehicles for associated organisms with direct development. However, environmental factors may limit the floating potential of kelp and thereby the dispersal of associated organisms. To examine the effect of water temperature and grazing on growth, reproductive output, and survival of floating Macrocystis spp., experiments were conducted in outdoor tanks during austral summer 2006/2007 at three sites along the Chilean Pacific coast (20° S, 30° S, 40° S). At each site, Macrocystis spp. was maintained individually at three different water temperatures (ambient, ambient − 4°C, ambient + 4°C) and in the presence or absence of the amphipod grazer Peramphithoe femorata for 14 d. High water temperatures (>20°C) provoked rapid degradation of Macrocystis spp. rafts. At moderate temperatures (15°C–20°C), algal survival depended on the presence of associated grazers. In the absence of grazers, algal rafts gained in biomass while grazing caused considerable losses of algal biomass. Algal survival was the highest under cooler conditions (<15°C), where raft degradation was slow and grazer-induced biomass losses were compensated by continuing algal growth. Our results indicate that floating kelp rafts can survive for long time periods at the sea surface, but survival depends on the interaction between temperature and grazing. We suggest that these processes limiting the survival of kelp rafts in warmer temperatures may act as a dispersal barrier for kelp and its associated passengers.     

ROLE OF NUTRIENT FLUCTUATIONS AND DELAYED DEVELOPMENT IN GAMETOPHYTE REPRODUCTION BY MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA1

Organisms occurring in environments subject to severe disturbance and/or periods of poor environmental quality that result in severe adult mortality can survive these periods by relying on alternate life stages that delay their development in a resistant state until conditions improve. In the northeast Pacific, the forest‐forming giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh periodically experiences widespread adult mortality during extended periods of extremely low nutrients and high temperatures, such as those associated with El Niño. Recovery following these periods is hypothesized to occur from microscopic life stages that delay their development until the return of favorable conditions. In the laboratory, we experimentally examined the environmental conditions responsible for regulating delayed development of the microscopic stages of M. pyrifera from Southern California, USA. Nutrients controlled the delay and resumption of gametophyte growth and reproduction, perhaps linked to the large fluctuations in nutrients occurring seasonally and interannually in this region. Although growth of gametophytes proceeded in the virtual absence of nitrate, both nitrate and other trace nutrients were necessary for gametogenesis. Upon exposure to elevated nutrients, delayed gametophytes produced sporophytes more quickly (5–20 d) and at smaller sizes (10–200 μm) than gametophytes that had never been delayed (18–80 d, 80–400 μm, respectively), reducing negative density‐dependent effects. This finding demonstrates that delayed gametophytes of M. pyrifera rapidly utilize increased resources to consistently produce sporophytes. Further work is needed to assess their potential role in population recovery following periods of poor environmental quality.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF DENSITY AND PLANT SIZE IN TWO LARGE BROWN SEAWEEDS

The effects of density on the growth rate and survival of individual plants as well as changes in population structure (hierarchy) and biomass accumulation (self-thinning) were experimentally evaluated in two brown macroalgae. Laminaria digitata (Hudson) Lamouroux and Fucus serratus Linnaeus populations were constructed at five (650–5156 plants·m^?2) and four densities (650–2668 plants·m^?2), respectively, and were cultivated in tanks. The relative growth rates and survivorship of individuals and the populations’ biomass and density (estimated dry mass) were periodically measured. To investigate how plant population size hierarchies influence conspecifics, single density populations of L. digitata were constructed of up to three sizes of plants in equal proportions, and these parts of the populations were compared through time with plants of the three sizes grown singly. At higher density, L. digitata plants grew more slowly, while F. serratus populations showed a similar trend that was never statistically significant. Survival of plants of both species was lower at high densities, and mortality selectively removed smaller plants. Plants of both species exhibited zero growth rates before death, when parts of the fronds were lost, but meristems (apical in F. serratus, at the base of the frond in L. digitata) were preserved until the death of the plant. All singly grown L. digitata plants survived, but survivorship was low in the fractions of small plants in mixed-size populations compared with that of the largest size plant fractions. Small L. digitata plants grew relatively faster than did large ones singly, but in mixed-size populations, small plants grew relatively slowly. Plant sizes became progressively more unequal (Gini and skewness coefficients) until self-thinning started reducing the size variability. The seaweeds followed self-thinning (density-biomass) trajectories predicted by the self-thinning “rule”, and self-thinning appeared to be seasonal- rather than species-dependent, as it occurred at a time of year when ambient light levels start to fall in the Isle of Man. Culture studies of this kind, despite their considerable potential, are a tool as yet underexploited by marine ecologists as a means of assessing intraspecific competitive interaction among seaweeds.     

淡咸水轮换浇灌抑制互花米草的克隆生长和繁殖

作为典型的盐沼植物,入侵种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)具有较强的耐盐性,能否以淡水或淡咸水的轮换浇灌扰乱其耐盐机制,降低其生态入侵性,进而寻求其控制对策是一个重要命题。为此,对互花米草进行了6种浇灌处理:单一的淡水(D)或咸水(X)浇灌;1次浇灌转换,即先淡水后咸水(DX)或先咸水后淡水(XD);2次浇灌转换,即由淡水开始转而咸水,再转而淡水(DXD),或由咸水开始转而淡水,再转而咸水(XDX)。结果显示,D处理的总生物量最高,与其它各处理均差异显著(p<0.05),且是X处理的1.67倍;DXD和XDX处理的总生物量最低,与D和X处理的差异显著(p<0.05),两者均约为D处理的50%。浇灌处理对根冠比、茎重比、叶重比和根茎重比的影响不明显,对根重比有较大影响,X处理的根重比最高,与D处理的差异显著(p<0.05),但与DX、XD、DXD和XDX处理之间的差异不显著。D处理的克隆生长新生总株数(Propagule)最多,与其它处理均差异显著(p<0.05),且是X处理的1.34倍;DXD和XDX处理的新生总株数最少,与D和X处理的差异显著(p<0.05),仅为D处理的55%。浇灌处理对分蘖的影响明显,DX和DXD处理的分蘖数分别是D处理的62%和50%;XD和XDX处理的分蘖数分别是X处理的50%和47%。就开花株数而言,X处理显著高于其它处理(p<0.05);DXD和XDX处理的开花株数为0。因此,持续的淡水浇灌可能会促进互花米草的生物量积累,并且采取快速的克隆生长为主的繁殖策略;而在淡水和咸水交替的生境下,互花米草的生物量积累、无性和有性繁殖能力都会受到抑制。     

THE PROGRAMMING OF SOMATIC GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN THE CRAB,PARATELPHUSA HYDRODROMOUS (HERBST)

In the Calicut population of P. hydrodromous, eyestalk principles are either directly or indirectly involved in maintenance of the differential growth rate of the sexes during the latter half of the first year of the life cycle. The prebreeding season (September—November), which is distinct in crabs 4.0 cm and over in carapace width (cw), is either absent or not distinct in young females (cw 2.8–3.2 cm), though the latter enter their first reproductive cycle by December, when 8–9 mth old. December—March is a period of active vitellogenic growth; from March onwards, there is a distinct swing in favor of somatic growth in females, though the proecdysis per se is not initiated until May. A typical brachyuran, Paratelphusa restricts its reproductive activity to intermolt and somatic growth chiefly to premolt; there are, however, definite phases within the intermolt itself when the physiological tilt favors somatic growth or alternatively reproduction. In females above cw 4.0 cm, the tendency for somatic growth is suppressed once they attain this cw after the monsoon (June—July) molt; eyestalk ablation during the prebreeding season precipitates accelerated ovarian growth. Administration of β-ecdysone in premolt titers failed to restrain this ovarian response and to promote somatic growth sufficiently. Conceivably, gonadal growth-promoting principles keep under check the responsiveness of the target tissues involved in somatic growth perhaps by affecting ecdysone receptors. The present investigations do not indicate a vitellogenesis-inhibiting role for β-ecdysone.