新疆盘羊(Ovis ammon)的地理分布特征

新疆盘羊(Ovis ammon)分布可划分为三个阶段:10 000～5000年前为石器时代分布,5000～50年前为历史分布,50年前至今为现代分布。新疆盘羊分布非常广泛,从南边的昆仑—阿尔金山至最北的阿尔泰山,从东天山到准噶尔界山,甚至罗布泊和帕米尔都有分布。在昆仑—阿尔金山、中天山、巴尔鲁克山和玛依勒山,盘羊为连续分布;其它地区为成片分布、零星分布和季节性分布。盘羊栖息的海拔高度可从920～4600 m,垂直分布由于高程－纬度效应,从南到北一般随着纬度升高而降低。在水源缺乏的地区,其垂直分布还受地表水和泉水分布的制约。     

江西三清山维管束植物区系分析

三清山位于赣东北怀玉山脉东端,维管束植物繁多,有193科878属1 915种。通过分析科、属、种的分布区类型,结果表明:科的分布区类型以泛热带分布最多(34.2%),其次为世界分布(31.09%)和北温带分布(15.03%),温带分布少于热带分布(41:90);属的分布区类型以北温带分布最多(17.88%),其次为泛热带分布(14.81%)和东亚分布(12.76%),温带分布多于热带分布(427:341);种的分布区类型以中国特有分布最多(48.92%),其次为东亚分布(30.73%)和热带亚洲分布(6.73%),温带分布远多于热带分布(705:245),表明该区植物区系具有明显的亚热带山地植物区系性质。以区系分区区划作为分析地理分布特征的单位,将三清山的中国特有分布型划分为12个亚型,以华东-华中-西南(华南)分布亚型所占比例最大,反映出各区系间联系密切。     

STUDY ON THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN FORMATION

从理论上研究了广义空间分布型和复合空间分布型的形成问题,解释了空间分布型的形成机理,并给出了11种广义空间分布型和9种复合空间分布型;同时提出了空间分布型的3种判定方法扩散系数法、空间相关法和参数变动法,它们可以用于区分常见的空间分布型,也可以用于判定分布型的形成过程;为研究空间分布型的形成机理和变化规律提供了有力的手段。对马尾松毛虫的空间分布型的研究结果表明,马尾松毛虫幼虫的空间分布型是复合负二项分布,个体群内是随机分布的,个体群内的个体是相互吸引的,个体群内个体的密度是Gamma分布。     

)的地理分布特征

新疆盘羊(Ovis ammon)分布可划分为三个阶段:10 000～5000年前为石器时代分布,5000～50年前为历史分布,50年前至今为现代分布。新疆盘羊分布非常广泛,从南边的昆仑—阿尔金山至最北的阿尔泰山,从东天山到准噶尔界山,甚至罗布泊和帕米尔都有分布。在昆仑—阿尔金山、中天山、巴尔鲁克山和玛依勒山,盘羊为连续分布;其它地区为成片分布、零星分布和季节性分布。盘羊栖息的海拔高度可从920～4600 m,垂直分布由于高程－纬度效应,从南到北一般随着纬度升高而降低。在水源缺乏的地区,其垂直分布还受地表水和泉水分布的制约。     

中国高等植物省级分布新记录(二)

报道了槭树科、漆树科、大戟科、清风藤科、无患子科、苦木科共 1 8种植物在我国 1 3个省区中的分布新记录。其中福建分布新记录的植物有山地五月茶 ,甘肃分布新记录的有鸡爪槭 ,广东、江苏和云南分布新记录的有湖北算盘子 ,广西分布新记录的有五尖槭和滇赤才 ,贵州分布新记录的有甜叶算盘子 ,河南分布新记录的有红叶野桐 ,湖南分布新记录的有狭序泡花树 ,江西分布新记录的有长柄槭、柳叶五月茶和黑面神 ,陕西分布新记录的有川滇无患子 ,四川分布新记录的有伞花木 ,西藏分布新记录的有五裂槭、中华槭、藤漆、小花清风藤和柔毛鸦胆子     

烧伤感染凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)菌群分布

本文统计324例烧伤患者的感染菌,发现凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占全部感染菌株的19%(277/1466)。并从菌群总分布比例、菌群平面分布、菌种分布、菌群垂直分布、菌群病区分布、菌群体表分布、复数感染分布7个方面统计,报告了凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌感染的菌群分布状态。     

广义时频分析方法在耳声发射研究中的应用 Ⅰ.仿真瞬态诱发耳声发射信号的时频分布

为了研究瞬态诱发耳声发射的时频分布, 寻找其时频分布的最佳计算方法, 首先系统地介绍了广义时频分析方法,并描述了其中二次时频表示方法的特点,然后用Ｗｉｇｎｅｒ 分布及其改进型分布计算了仿真的瞬态诱发耳声发射信号的时频分布,通过对不同分布计算结果的比较,得出了锥形核分布最适合用于描述瞬态诱发耳声发射的时频分布。     

长白山阔叶红松林物种多度和空间分布格局的关系

应用随机分布多度模型和聚集分布多度模型,探讨不同研究尺度下物种多度和空间分布格局的关系.结果表明,预测的物种多度不仅受物种分布面积大小的影响,还受其聚集程度的影响.物种多度和空间分布格局的关系存在着明显的尺度效应,即随着研究尺度的增加,无论是随机分布多度模型还是聚集分布多度模型,通过物种空间分布格局来预测物种多度的准确度都在下降.聚集分布多度模型预测物种多度的结果要好于随机分布多度模型,这表明该区大多数物种是聚集分布的.由于物种的空间分布格局不同,不同物种多度的预测值和真实值之间的差异也不同.因此,为了进一步提高模型预测的准确性,进一步考虑不同物种的生活史特性是必要的.     

中国种子植物属的地理成分分布格局及其与气候和地理的关系

基于覆盖了全中国各地理区的204个地区植物区系研究资料和这些地区的841个气象站资料,我们对中国种子植物属的地理成分分布格局及其与气候、经纬度分布的关系进行了研究,并结合这些分布格局探讨了中国植被分带和植物区系分区。结果如下：（1）除世界分布、栽培和入侵成分外,大部分中国种子植物属的地理成分的分布与地理相关密切;（2）热带分布属（泛热带分布、热带亚洲至热带美洲间断分布、旧世界热带分布、热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布、热带亚洲至热带非洲分布及热带亚洲分布合计）占各地方植物区系的0．84％到94．38％,其最低值出现在中国西北部的新疆和青海地区,最高值出现在中国云南南部和海南;（3）热带分布属在〈北纬30°的地区占优势,除热带亚洲至热带美洲间断分布外,其它热带成分随纬度增加迅速减少;（4）温带分布属（北温带分布、东亚和北美间断分布、旧世界温带分布、温带亚洲分布、地中海区、西亚到中亚分布、中亚分布和东亚分布合计）占各地方植物区系的5．1％至98．83％,其最高值出现在中国西北部的新疆地区,最低值出现在中国云南南部和海南;（5）除东亚和北美间断分布、东亚分布和中国特有分布外,其它温带成分随纬度增加迅速增加;（6）在温带成分中,东亚和北美间断分布及东亚分布属主要出现在中国亚热带到暖温带地区,北温带分布、旧世界温带分布和温带亚洲分布属在中国北部占优势,而地中海区、西亚到中亚分布和中亚分布属则在中国西北部占优势;（7）除世界分布、东亚和北美间断分布、东亚分布和中国特有分布外,所有其他成分都显示了与气候因素（主要是气温和降雨量）密切相关,其中,北温带分布属与年均温和年降雨量最为密切相关。中国种子植物属的地理成分的分布格局与现行的中国植被分带和植物区系分区密切匹配。支持现行的中国植被分带和植物区系分区方案。     

浙江大山峰种子植物区系的统计分析

据调查统计浙江大山峰野生种子植物140科524属1032种(含种下分类群)。科、属、种的分布区类型分析表明,科以泛热带分布最多(43.6%),其次是世界分布(20%)和北温带(18.6%),温带分布少于热带分布(35∶77);属以泛热带分布最多(22.9%),其次是北温带分布(17.4%)和东亚分布(17.0%),温带分布多于热带分布(237∶230);种以中国特有分布最多(44.4%),其次是东亚分布(21.0%)和热带亚洲分布(17.4%),温带分布明显多于热带分布(317∶252),显示大山峰植物区系处于温带和热带分布的过渡区,具亚热带性质和地理成分复杂的特征,且与日本植物区系有密切关系。通过与邻近诸山属种相似性系数比较,说明它们关系密切,属同一自然区系。     

Race and Racism in America and in Anthropology

Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview . Audrey Smedley
Anthropology and Race . Eugenia Shanklin     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Variation in infectivity and aggressiveness in space and time in wild host-pathogen systems: causes and consequences

Variation in host resistance and in the ability of pathogens to infect and grow (i.e. pathogenicity) is important as it provides the raw material for antagonistic (co)evolution and therefore underlies risks of disease spread, disease evolution and host shifts. Moreover, the distribution of this variation in space and time may inform us about the mode of coevolutionary selection (arms race vs. fluctuating selection dynamics) and the relative roles of G × G interactions, gene flow, selection and genetic drift in shaping coevolutionary processes. Although variation in host resistance has recently been reviewed, little is known about overall patterns in the frequency and scale of variation in pathogenicity, particularly in natural systems. Using 48 studies from 30 distinct host–pathogen systems, this review demonstrates that variation in pathogenicity is ubiquitous across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Quantitative analysis of a subset of extensively studied plant–pathogen systems shows that the magnitude of within‐population variation in pathogenicity is large relative to among‐population variation and that the distribution of pathogenicity partly mirrors the distribution of host resistance. At least part of the variation in pathogenicity found at a given spatial scale is adaptive, as evidenced by studies that have examined local adaptation at scales ranging from single hosts through metapopulations to entire continents and – to a lesser extent – by comparisons of pathogenicity with neutral genetic variation. Together, these results support coevolutionary selection through fluctuating selection dynamics. We end by outlining several promising directions for future research.     

Electroejaculation in chimpanzees and gorillas and artificial insemination in chimpanzees

Electroejaculation was performed in 3 chimpanzees, 1 pygmy chimpanzee, and 2 gorillas with an instrument that delivers a modified sine wave current with a frequency of 24 Hz. The current stimuli were applied by a rectal probe with longitudinal electrodes. The electrical parameters varied from 6 to 12 V and from 30 to 40 mA for response of erection and lay between 8 and 18 V and between 40 and 145 mA during semen emission. Eleven chimpanzee semen samples showed the following data (x ± SD): total volume 1.9 ± 1.3 ml, volume of the liquid fraction 0.3 ± 0.2 ml, spermatozoa per ejaculate 743 ± 376 × 10⁶, sperm motility 52.7 ± 9.6%, morphologically abnormal spermatozoa 12.2 ± 7.5%. From an adult gorilla, three semen samples were collected, in each case without spermatozoa. The electrostimulation of a 6-year-old gorilla led to an erection, but not to semen emission. Three female chimpanzees were inseminated with fresh or frozen semen, each of them within three different estrous cycles. None of these inseminations led to a pregnancy.     

Aminoacylation in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and in methanogenic and halophilic archaebacteria

Abstract Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PRS) from the sulphur-metabolizing thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius has been purified 150-fold using different chromatographic steps. The enzyme has a M _r of 270 000 and exhibits considerable thermostability in a temperature range up to 90°C with optimal activity at 70°C. Conservation of antigenic determinants could not be detected by antibodies against various PRS of all primary kingdoms. As a further means to detect traits of phylogenetic relationship, the cross-species reactivity between PRS and tRNAs of organisms from the three branches of archaebacteria and from all primary kingdoms reveals the group character of all 3 branches of the archaebacterial domain, the sulphur-metabolizing, methanogenic and halophilic archaebacteria.     

Advances in purine and pyrimidine metabolism in health and diseases

ABSTRACT

In June, 2015, the Purine and Pyrimidine Society organized the 16th biennial symposium on Purine and Pyrimidine metabolism at the Faculty House of Columbia University, New York City. This exciting meeting focused on these important molecules, new developments in inborn errors of metabolism; therapeutic analogs. In addition, the biochemistry of mammalian and non-mammalian systems were discussed. Due to significant advances in molecular medicine, the boundaries between clinical and basic sciences have merged into exciting translational research, of which a small portion was highlighted in the presymposium.     

Trajectories and Constraints in Brain Evolution in Primates and Cetaceans

A negative allometric relationship between body mass (BM) and brain size (BS) can be observed for many vertebrate groups. In the past decades, researchers have proposed several hypotheses to explain this finding, but none is definitive and some are possibly not mutually exclusive. Certain species diverge markedly (positively or negatively) from the mean of the ratio BM/BS expected for a particular taxonomic group. It is possible to define encephalization quotient (EQ) as the ratio between the actual BS and the expected brain size. Several cetacean species show higher EQs compared to all primates, except modern humans. The process that led to big brains in primates and cetaceans produced different trajectories, as shown by the organizational differences observed in every encephalic district (e.g., the cortex). However, these two groups both convergently developed complex cognitive abilities. The comparative study on the trajectories through which the encephalization process has independently evolved in primates and cetaceans allows a critical appraisal of the causes, the time and the mode of quantitative and qualitative development of the brain in our species and in the hominid evolutionary lineage.