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P. E. Oliveira 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》2016,18(2):316-324
Convergent reproductive traits in non‐related plants may be the result of similar environmental conditions and/or specialised interactions with pollinators. Here, we documented the pollination and reproductive biology of Bionia coriacea (Fabaceae), Esterhazya splendida (Orobanchaceae) and Ananas ananassoides (Bromeliaceae) as case studies in the context of hummingbird pollination in Cerrado, the Neotropical savanna of Central South America. We combined our results with a survey of hummingbird pollination studies in the region to investigate the recently suggested association of hummingbird pollination and self‐compatibility. Plant species studied here differed in their specialisation for ornithophily, from more generalist A. ananassoides to somewhat specialist B. coriacea and E. splendida. This continuum of specialisation in floral traits also translated into floral visitor composition. Amazilia fimbriata was the most frequent pollinator for all species, and the differences in floral display and nectar energy availability among plant species affect hummingbirds' behaviour. Most of the hummingbird‐pollinated Cerrado plants (60.0%, n = 20), including those studied here, were self‐incompatible, in contrast to other biomes in the Neotropics. Association to more generalist, often territorial, hummingbirds, and resulting reduced pollen flow in open savanna areas may explain predominance of self‐incompatibility. But it is possible that mating system is more associated with the predominance of woody hummingbird plants in the Cerrado plant assemblage than to the pollination system itself. 相似文献
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Line Made Simo Olivier Placide Noté Joséphine Ngo Mbing Sarah Ali Aouazou Dominique Guillaume Christian Dominique Muller Dieudonné Emmanuel Pegnyemb Annelise Lobstein 《化学与生物多样性》2017,14(10)
As part of our search for new bioactive saponins from Cameroonian medicinal plants, two new oleanane‐type saponins, named gummiferaosides D and E ( 1 and 2 ), along with one known saponin, julibroside J8 ( 3 ), were isolated from the roots of Albizia gummifera. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR (1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, DEPT, COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC, HSQC‐TOCSY, and HMBC) and HR‐ESI‐MS studies, and by chemical evidence. The apoptotic effect of saponins 1 – 3 was evaluated on the A431 human epidermoid cancer cell. Flow cytometric analyses showed that saponins 1 – 3 induced apoptosis of human epidermoid cancer cell (A431) in a dose‐dependent manner. 相似文献
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Nguyen Van Thang Vu Kim Thu Nguyen Xuan Nhiem Duong Thi Dung Tran Hong Quang Bui Huu Tai Hoang Le Tuan Anh Pham Hai Yen Nguyen Thi Thanh Ngan Nguyen Huy Hoang Phan Van Kiem 《化学与生物多样性》2017,14(5)
Five new oleanane‐type saponins, hirsutosides A – E, were isolated from the leaves of Glochidion hirsutum (Roxb .) Voigt . Their structures were elucidated as 21β‐benzoyloxy‐3β,16β,23,28‐tetrahydroxyolean‐12‐ene 3‐O‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside ( 1 ), 21β‐benzoyloxy‐3β,16β,23,28‐tetrahydroxyolean‐12‐ene 3‐O‐β‐d ‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside ( 2 ), 21β‐benzoyloxy‐3β,16β,23,28‐tetrahydroxyolean‐12‐ene 3‐O‐6‐acetyl‐[β‐d ‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)]‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside ( 3 ), 21β‐benzoyloxy‐3β,16β,23,28‐tetrahydroxyolean‐12‐ene 3‐O‐β‐d ‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐〈‐l ‐arabinopyranoside ( 4 ), and 21β‐benzoyloxy‐3β,16β,23‐trihydroxyolean‐12‐ene‐28‐al 3‐O‐β‐d ‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐α‐l ‐arabinopyranoside ( 5 ). All isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activities on four human cancer cell lines, HepG‐2, A‐549, MCF‐7, and SW‐626 using the SRB assay. Compounds 1 , 2 , 4 , and 5 showed significant cytotoxic activities against all human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 3.4 to 10.2 μm . Compound 3 containing acetyl group at glc C(6″) exhibited weak cytotoxic activity with IC50 values ranging from 47.0 to 54.4 μm . 相似文献
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Collins Jared Amwatta Mullah Kari Klanderud Ørjan Totland Bernard Kigomo 《African Journal of Ecology》2014,52(1):77-87
In recent years, there have been considerable efforts to restore degraded tropical montane forests through active restoration using indigenous tree species. However, little is known about how these species used for restoration influence other species. In this study, two potential restoration species, Albizia gummifera and Neoboutonia macrocalyx, are investigated with regard to the relationship between their density and the abundance and richness of other plant species. The study was conducted in a degraded forest consisting of disturbed transition zones and secondary forest. Our results show positive relationships between the density of A. gummifera and the abundance of tree seedling and sapling richness in the transition zones and in the secondary forest. Shrub richness was negatively related to the density of A. gummifera. Abundance and richness of tree saplings and shrubs were positively related to N. macrocalyx density both in the transition zones and in the secondary forest. Herb species richness declined with N. macrocalyx density in the transition zones but increased with N. macrocalyx density in the secondary forest. The positive relationships between the density of the two tree species and species richness of other woody species suggest that both A. gummifera and N. macrocalyx can be suitable for active restoration of degraded mountain forests within their natural range. 相似文献
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Jasmin Philippi Edgar Schliephake Hans‐Ulrich Jürgens Gisela Jansen Frank Ordon 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2015,156(1):37-51
Since the beginning of breeding narrow‐leafed lupins [Lupinus angustifolius L. (Fabaceae)] with a low alkaloid content, susceptibility to several aphid species has increased. Therefore, the probing and feeding behavior of Aphis fabae Scopoli, Aphis craccivora Koch, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the well‐adapted Macrosiphum albifrons Essig (all Hemiptera: Aphididae) was studied over 12 h on narrow‐leafed lupin genotypes containing varying amounts and compositions of alkaloids. We used the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique to obtain information on the influence of alkaloid content and composition on the susceptibility to various aphid species. Results indicated that the total time of probing of A. fabae, A. craccivora, A. pisum, and M. persicae increased with a reduced alkaloid content, whereas the alkaloid content had no influence on M. albifrons. Almost all of the individuals (>93%) conducted sieve element phases on the highly susceptible genotype Bo083521AR (low alkaloid content). A reduced occurrence of phloem phases was observed during the 12‐h recording on the alkaloid‐rich cultivar Azuro, especially for A. pisum (37.5%) and A. fabae (55.0%). Furthermore, aphids feeding on genotypes with low alkaloid content had in most cases significantly longer sieve element phases than when feeding on resistant genotypes (Kalya: low alkaloid content, yet resistant; Azuro: high alkaloid content, resistant), whereas M. albifrons showed the longest phloem phase on the alkaloid‐rich cultivar Azuro. As most significant differences were found in phloem‐related parameters, it is likely that the most important plant factors influencing aphid probing and feeding behavior are localized in the sieve elements. The aphids’ feeding behavior on the cultivar Kalya, with a low alkaloid content but reduced susceptibility, indicates that not only the total alkaloid content influences the feeding behavior but additional plant factors have an impact. 相似文献
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Four new ( 1 – 4 ) and thirteen known ( 5 – 17 ) compounds were isolated from a rare cliff plant, Oresitrophe rupifraga. Based on spectroscopic evidence, the new structures were established to be [(2S,3R,4R)‐4‐(4‐methoxybenzyl)‐2‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐tetrahydrofuran‐3‐yl]methanol ( 1 ), (3α)‐23‐(acetyloxy)‐3‐hydroxyolean‐12‐en‐29‐oic acid ( 2 ), 3α,23‐(isopropylidenedioxy)olean‐12‐en‐29‐oic acid ( 3 , artifact of isolation), and (3β,15β)‐3‐hydroxycholest‐5‐en‐15‐yl β‐d ‐glucopyranoside ( 4 ), respectively. Among the isolates, compounds 1 , 4 , epieudesmin ( 7 ), and 1‐O‐(9Z,12Z,15Z‐octadecatrienoyl)glycerol ( 17 ) were found to show significant antineuroinflammatory effects by inhibiting the NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated murine BV‐2 microglial cells, with IC50 values of 7.21, 9.39, 4.96, and 8.51 μm , respectively. 相似文献
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两种体外细胞毒性检测方法的比较研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
目的比较两种常用的细胞毒性检测方法在医疗器械生物学评价中的相关性。方法分别采用MTT比色法和细胞增殖度法,在37℃条件下,将五种医疗器械／生物材料的浸提液分别与小鼠成纤维细胞（L-929）接触2天和2,4,7天,比较材料对细胞的毒性影响。结果5种不同的材料浸提液分别表现出不同程度的细胞毒性反应（0～2级）。将MTT比色法与细胞增殖度法（2天）的实验数据进行相关性分析,显示两者之间具有良好的相关性（R=0．977）。结论MTT比色法由于其检测所需的细胞量相对较少,试验步骤相对简便、检测周期短,因此具有一定的优越性,是个值得推荐的细胞毒性检测方法。 相似文献
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Xiao‐li Li Thomas Kiran Marella Ling Tao Rong Li Archana Tiwari Gu Li 《Phycological Research》2017,65(3):177-187
Diatoms are a group of highly abundant and diverse aquatic algae species. They contain high lipid content along with many bioactive compounds that can be exploited for biotechnological applications. Despite these attractive attributes, diatoms are underrepresented in production projects due to difficulties in their cultivation. To optimize the growth of three freshwater diatom isolates, Cyclotella sp., Synedra sp. and Navicula sp., an orthogonal assay on N, P, Si and Fe, as well as temperature and pH, was designed using traditional single‐factor tests. We also studied the effect of using nanosilica as an alternate Si source on growth and found that the diatom isolates studied achieved their highest growth rates under different combinations of nutrient and environmental conditions. Silica had the greatest influence on growth, followed by phosphate and iron. The optimized growth conditions for Synedra sp. were N: 30 mg L?1, P: 3 mg L?1, Si: 14.8 mg L?1, Fe: 0.448 mg L?1, temperature 25°C and pH 8. For Navicula sp.: N: 20 mg L?1, P: 2.5 mg L?1, Si: 19.7 mg L?1, Fe: 0.112 mg L?1, temperature 30°C and pH 7.5–8. For Cyclotella sp.: N: 20 mg L?1, P: 2.5 mg L?1, Si: 19.7 mg L?1, Fe: 0.448 mg L?1, temperature 30°C and pH 7.5–8. Nano silica negatively affected growth in Navicula sp. and Cyclotella sp., but no such effect was observed in Synedra sp. Fatty acid profiling showed C16:0, C16:1(n ? 7), C18:0 and C20:5(n ? 3) as major fatty acids, with no significant differences in fatty acid methyl ester profiles between traditional and modified media. This work gives us a new insight into the growth requirements of freshwater diatom species, which are less studied than marine species. 相似文献
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Zhenyang Rong Yongtian Yuan Wenwu Ye Xiaoli Wang Xiaobo Zheng 《Journal of Phytopathology》2018,166(4):283-290
Rice bakanae is an important disease that causes serious rice production loss worldwide. We describe a new method for rapid diagnosis of rice bakanae caused by Fusarium fujikuroi and F. proliferatum, based on loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays. After screening, primers were selected to target FusariumDNA sequences, that is, the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the nuclear ribosomal operon and reductase‐coding region (RED1) in F. fujikuroi and F. proliferatum, respectively. Both LAMP assays efficiently amplified target genes in 70 min at 62°C. A colour change from purple to sky blue (visible to the unaided eye) was observed in the presence of the DNA of the targeted pathogens only, by adding hydroxynaphthol blue to the reaction system prior to amplification. The minimum of genomic DNA needed in the assays was 67 and 346 pg/μl for F. fujikuroi and F. proliferatum, respectively. Using the two assays described here, we successfully and rapidly diagnosed suspected diseased rice plant and seed samples collected from Jiangsu Province. 相似文献
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The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), poses a new threat to soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill (Fabaceae), production in the north central USA. As H. halys continues to spread and increase in abundance in the region, the interaction between H. halys and management tactics deployed for other pests must be determined. Currently, the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is the most abundant and damaging insect pest of soybean in the region. Aphid‐resistant soybean, mainly with the Rag1 gene, is commercially available for management of A. glycines. Here, experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of Rag1 aphid‐resistant soybean on the mortality, development, and preference of H. halys. In a no‐choice test, mortality of H. halys reared on Rag1 aphid‐resistant soybean pods was significantly lower than when reared on aphid‐susceptible soybean pods (28 vs. 53%). Development time, adult weight, and proportion females of surviving adults did not differ when reared on Rag1 aphid‐resistant or aphid‐susceptible soybean pods. In choice tests, H. halys exhibited a preference for Rag1 aphid‐resistant over aphid‐susceptible soybean pods after 4 h, but not after 24 h. Halyomorpha halys exhibited no preference when tested with vegetative‐stage or reproductive‐stage soybean plants. The preference by H. halys for Rag1 aphid‐resistant soybean pods and the decreased mortality when reared on these pods suggests that the use of Rag1 aphid‐resistant soybean may favor this emerging pest in the north central USA. 相似文献
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Jin Tian Jun‐Jie Han Xue Zhang Lu‐Wei He Yong‐Jie Zhang Li Bao Hong‐Wei Liu 《化学与生物多样性》2016,13(7):852-860
Five new cyclohexadepsipeptides termed as enniatins R – V ( 1 – 5 ) and seven known cyclohexadepsipeptides ( 6 – 12 ) were isolated from the solid culture of Fusarium proliferatum, a fungus isolated from the cadaver of an unidentified insect collected in Tibet. Their structures were elucidated by NMR and MS spectroscopic analysis. The X‐ray single‐crystal structure of 6 was reported for the first time. Enniatins R and S represented the first enniatins incorporating with an unusual 2,3‐dihydroxy‐isovaleric acid (Div) residue. The cytotoxicity and autophagy‐inducing activities of 1 – 12 were evaluated in vitro. Beauvenniatin F ( 11 ) exhibited strong cytotoxicity against K562/A (adriamycin‐resistant K562) with IC50 value of 3.78 μm , and also autophagy‐inducing activity at the concentration of 20 μm in GFP‐LC3 stable HeLa cells. 相似文献
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María Eugenia Flores‐Giubi Ligia Brito‐Argáez Karlina García‐Sosa Fabiola Escalante‐Erosa Ignacio Islas‐Flores Luis Manuel Peña‐Rodríguez 《Journal of Phytopathology》2013,161(11-12):807-813
Phytophthora capsici is an oomycete known as the causal agent of wilting disease in Capsicum spp., which causes rotting of roots, crowns, stems, leaves and fruits. To date, little is known about the production of phytotoxic metabolites by P. capsici or their role in the infection process. As part of a project directed towards the isolation and identification of phytotoxins produced by a strain of P. capsici pathogenic to habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense), we have evaluated the effect of factors such as aeration, light and culture medium on the production of mycelium and phytotoxic metabolites by P. capsici. The results showed that culturing P. capsici in potato dextrose broth (PDB) containing habanero pepper leaf infusion, in the dark and under still conditions, results in a high production of mycelium and a high phytotoxicity of the culture filtrate, in the shortest period of time. 相似文献
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Mirian F. F. Michereff Miguel Borges Raúl A. Laumann Ivone R. Diniz Maria Carolina Blassioli‐Moraes 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2013,147(1):9-17
Parasitoids use herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) to locate their hosts. However, there are few studies in soybean showing the mechanisms involved in the attraction of natural enemies to their hosts and prey. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae) (cv. Dowling), that were induced after injury caused by Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), on the searching behavior of the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Four HIPVs from soybean, (E,E)‐α‐farnesene, methyl salicylate, (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate, and (E)‐2‐octen‐1‐ol, were selected, prepared from standards at various concentrations (10?6 to 10?1 m ), and tested individually and in combinations using a two‐choice olfactometer (type Y). Telenomus podisi displayed a preference only for (E,E)‐α‐farnesene at 10?5 m when tested individually and compared to hexane, but they did not respond to the other compounds tested individually at any concentration or when combinations of these compounds were tested. However, the parasitoids stayed longer in the olfactometer arm with the mixture of (E,E)‐α‐farnesene + methyl salicylate at 10?5 m than in the arm containing hexane. The results suggest that (E,E)‐α‐farnesene and methyl salicylate might help T. podisi to determine the presence of stink bugs on a plant. In addition, bioassays were conducted to compare (E,E)‐α‐farnesene vs. the volatiles emitted by undamaged and E. heros‐damaged plants, to evaluate whether (E,E)‐α‐farnesene was the main cue used by T. podisi or whether other minor compounds from the plants and/or the background might also be used to locate its host. The results suggest that minor volatile compounds from soybean plants or from its surroundings are involved in the host‐searching behavior of T. podisi. 相似文献
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Phytophagous insects have to contend with a wide variation in food quality brought about by a variety of factors intrinsic and extrinsic to the plant. One of the most important factors is infection by plant pathogenic fungi. Necrotrophic and biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi may have contrasting effects on insect herbivores due to their different infection mechanisms and induction of different resistance pathways, although this has been little studied and there has been no study of their combined effect. We studied the effect of the biotrophic rust fungus Uromyces viciae‐fabae (Pers.) Schroet (Basidiomycota: Uredinales: Pucciniaceae) and the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. (Ascomycota: Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) singly and together on the performance of the aphid Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Vicia faba (L.) (Fabaceae). Alone, botrytis had an inhibitory effect on individual A. fabae development, survival, and fecundity, whereas rust infection consistently enhanced individual aphids' performance. These effects varied in linear relation to lesion or pustule density. However, whole‐plant infection by either pathogen resulted in a smaller aphid population of smaller aphids than on uninfected plants, indicating a lowering of aphid carrying capacity with infection. When both fungi were applied simultaneously to a leaf they generally cancelled the effect of each other out, resulting in most performance parameters being similar to the controls, although fecundity was reduced. However, sequential plant infection (pathogens applied 5 days apart) led to a 70% decrease in fecundity and 50% reduction in intrinsic rate of increase. The application of rust before botrytis had a greater inhibitory effect on aphids than applying botrytis before rust. Rust infection increased leaf total nitrogen concentration by 30%, whereas infection by botrytis with or without rust led to a 38% decrease. The aphids' responses to the two plant pathogens individually is consistent with the alteration in plant nutrient content by infection and also the induction of different plant defence pathways and the possible cross‐talk between them. This is the first demonstration of the complex effects of the dual infection of a plant by contrasting pathogens on insect herbivores. 相似文献
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James R. Hagler Scott A. Machtley Felisa Blackmer 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2015,154(1):28-34
Various types of protein‐spray solutions have proven effective for externally tagging arthropods for mark‐release‐recapture and mark‐capture type dispersal research. However, there is concern that certain standardized arthropod collection methods, such as sweep netting, might lead to high incidences of protein transfer from field‐marked to unmarked arthropods during sample collection and sample handling. Native arthropods were collected in sweep nets from a field of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae). The nets also contained 10 egg white‐, 10 bovine milk‐, 10 soy milk‐, and 10 water (control)‐marked Hippodamia convergens Guérin‐Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) that were visually distinguishable by a yellow, white, green, and blue dot, respectively. The plant debris and arthropods from each sweep net collection were then placed into either a paper or a plastic bag and frozen for storage. The contents of each sweep net sample were thawed and the color‐coded H. convergens and field‐collected arthropods were examined for the presence of each protein by an egg white (albumin), bovine milk (casein), and soy milk (soy trypsin) enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data revealed that only 0.67, 0.81, and 0% of the field‐collected unmarked arthropods acquired an egg white, bovine milk, and soy milk mark, respectively. ELISA results also showed that all the egg white‐marked H. convergens retained their mark, but 22.1% of the bovine milk‐marked and 5.1% of the soy milk‐marked H. convergens (color‐coded beetles) lost their mark during the collection and sample handling processes. 相似文献
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Ying Wu Thomas Seth Davis Sanford D. Eigenbrode 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2014,153(3):246-255
We compared the settling preferences and reproductive potential of an oligophagous herbivore, the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in response to pea plants, Pisum sativum L. cv. ‘Aragorn’ (Fabaceae), infected with two persistently transmitted viruses, Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) and Bean leaf roll virus (BLRV), that differ in their distribution within an infected plant. Aphids preferentially oriented toward and settled on plants infected with PEMV or BLRV in comparison with sham‐inoculated plants (plants exposed to herbivory by uninfected aphids), but aphids did not discriminate between plants infected with the two viruses. Analysis of plant volatiles indicated that plants inoculated with either virus had significantly higher green leaf volatile‐to‐monoterpene ratios. Time until reproductive maturity was marginally influenced by plant infection status, with a trend toward earlier nymph production on infected plants. There were consistent age‐specific effects of plant infection status on aphid fecundity: reproduction was significantly enhanced for aphids on BLRV‐infected plants across most time intervals, though mean aphid fecundity did not differ between sham and PEMV‐infected plants. There was no clear pattern of age‐specific survivorship; however, mean aphid lifespan was reduced on plants infected with PEMV. Our results are consistent with predictions of the host manipulation hypothesis, extended to include plant viruses: non‐viruliferous A. pisum preferentially orient to virus‐infected host plants, potentially facilitating pathogen transmission. These studies extend the scope of the host manipulation hypothesis by demonstrating that divergent fitness effects on vectors arise relative to the mode of virus transmission. 相似文献
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Hui Miao Yongyan Sun Yunfei Yuan Huanhuan Zhao Jiao Wu Weiyun Zhang Lijuan Zhou 《化学与生物多样性》2016,13(4):437-444
Two new triterpenoids, 3β‐hydroxyoleana‐11,13(18)‐diene‐28,30‐dioic acid ( 1 ) and 3‐oxooleana‐11,13(18)‐diene‐28,30‐dioic acid ( 2 ), one novel triterpenoid glycoside, 3β‐O‐(6′‐O‐methyl‐β‐d‐ glucuronopyranosyl)oleana‐11,13(18)‐dien‐28‐oic acid ( 3 ) along with six known compounds ( 4 – 9 ) were isolated from the stem bark of Aralia armata (Wall .) Seem . Their structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic methods. The herbicidal activities of these compounds against Bidens pilosa L., an invasive weed in P. R. China, were evaluated. Compounds 3 , 5, and 6 exhibited more significant herbicidal activities on B. pilosa than the positive‐control pendimethalin. Their possible use as herbicidal chemicals or model compounds deserved more attention. The effects of compounds 1 – 9 on Spodoptera litura cultured cell line Sl‐1 cell proliferation and its morphology were also evaluated. The results indicated that compounds 1 – 5 affected Sl‐1 cell proliferation. Compound 3 showed more obvious proliferation inhibition activities on Sl‐1 cell than the positive‐control rotenone. With regard to the effect on morphology, compound 2 significantly changed Sl‐1 cell, resulting in cell blebbing and vacuole forming. Triterpenoids aremedicinally and agriculturally important, and cytotoxicity of the three new compounds 1 – 3 deserved further studies. 相似文献