独根草不同部位几种化学成分的分析比较

为评价独根草这一药赏两用植物,对独根草根、茎和叶中粗灰分、粗纤维、粗脂肪、还原糖、部分矿质元素及活性成分(多糖、绿原酸和总黄酮)进行了测定分析.结果表明:独根草叶中粗灰分、粗纤维、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及还原糖的含量分别为10.11％、8.02％ 、9.54％、9.91％和6.53％;Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、K、Na、Ca和P等矿质元素含量分别为284、132.8、1.07、19.5μg/g、7.01 mg/g、169.38μg/g、221.9 μg/g和300.5 μg/g;还含有2.00％的绿原酸、6.98％的总黄酮,以及3.29％的粗多糖.叶中各成分含量多高于茎和根,证明其主要药用成分在叶;而茎和根均含有多种元素和活性成分,有一定的药用价值,是一种可以全株入药的药赏两用植物.     

Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Psychotria

Psychotria is a genus of ca. 1500 species in the family Rubiaceae. Up to now, 41 species of the Psychotria genus have been chemically investigated, and 159 compounds, including alkaloids of indole, quinoline and benzoquinolizidine type, terpenoids, steroids, phenolics and aliphatic compounds have been isolated. These compounds show potent bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, and antiparasitic activities.     

Constituents of the Argentine Liverwort Plagiochila diversifolia and Their Insecticidal Activities

Three new compounds, a bicyclogermacrene ( 1 ) and two 2,3‐secoaromadendrane esters ( 2 and 3 ), together with (13S)‐13‐hydroxylabda‐8,14‐diene ( 4 ), fusicogigantone B ( 5 ), 3α,14‐diacetoxy‐2‐hydoxybicyclogermacrene ( 6 ), fusicogigantone A ( 7 ), neofuranoplagiochilal ( 8 ), plagiochiline B ( 9 ), furanoplagiochilal ( 10 ), trans‐nerolidol, spathulenol, α‐tocopherol, and (+)‐globulol were isolated from an Argentine collection of Plagiochila diversifolia. Their structures were elucidated by extensive mono and bidimensional NMR studies. Compounds 4 , 5 , and 6 , incorporated to the larval diet at 100 μg per g of diet, reduced the larval growth of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by 70 ± 25, 57 ± 23, and 33 ± 16%, respectively. Compounds 4 and 5 produced 70% and 60% larval mortality at early instars. The latter also showed antifeedant properties in the Choice Test, with a feeding ratio of 0.54 ± 0.16.     

Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Ixora

Ixora is a genus of ca. 400 species in the family Rubiaceae. Since the 1940s, eighty‐one compounds including phenolics, peptides, terpenoids, and sterols have been isolated from six species of the genus Ixora. Pharmacological studies have shown that these compounds and extracts from the Ixora genus have extensive activities, such as antitumor, chemoprotective, and antioxidant activities. In this review, we summarize the phytochemical progress and list the compounds isolated from the genus Ixora. The biological activities of this genus are also covered.     

Four New Tirucallane Triterpenoids from the Fruits of Melia azedarach and Their Cytotoxic Activities

Four new tirucallane triterpenoids, (21S,23R,24R)‐21,23‐epoxy‐21,24‐dihydroxy‐25‐methoxytirucall‐7‐en‐3‐one ( 2 ), (3S,21S,23R,24S)‐21,23‐epoxy‐21,25‐dimethoxytirucall‐7‐ene‐3,24‐diol ( 8 ), (21S,23R,24R)‐21,23‐epoxy‐24‐hydroxy‐21‐methoxytirucalla‐7,25‐dien‐3‐one ( 11 ), and (21S,23R,24R)‐21,23‐epoxy‐21,24‐dihydroxytirucalla‐7,25‐dien‐3‐one ( 12 ), along with 16 known analogues, 1 , 3  –  7 , 9  –  10 , and 13  –  20 , were isolated from the fruits of Melia azedarach. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. These compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against HepG2 (liver), SGC7901 (stomach), K562 (leukemia), and HL60 (leukemia) cancer cell lines. Compound 20 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against HepG2 and SGC7901 cancer cells with the IC₅₀ values of 6.9 and 6.9 μm , respectively.     

Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Phlegmariurus

Phlegmariurus is a genus of ca. 200 species in the family Huperziaceae. Up to now, six species of the Phlegmariurus genus have been chemically investigated, and 89 compounds, including Lycopodium alkaloids possessing diverse structures and serratane‐type triterpenes, have been isolated. These compounds show potent bioactivities, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and cytotoxic activities.     

Lignans from the Twigs of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold and Their Biological Evaluation

A new sesquilignan, euonymolin A ( 1 ), and six known lignans, (?)‐de‐O‐methylmagnolin ( 2 ), (+)‐de‐O‐methylepimagnolin A ( 3 ), (+)‐syringaresinol ( 4 ), (+)‐pinoresinol ( 5 ), (+)‐medioresinol ( 6 ), and (+)‐lariciresinol 4′‐O‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside ( 7 ), were isolated from the twigs of Euonymus alatus (Thunb .) Siebold (Celastraceae). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses, including extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR techniques, HR‐MS analysis and circular dichroism (CD) data, and the literature data. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against A549, SK‐OV‐3, SK‐MEL‐2, and HCT‐15 cell lines and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated BV2 cell line. All compounds showed cytotoxicity against the SK‐MEL‐2 cell line with IC₅₀ values of 23.24 – 48.14 μm and inhibited NO production in LPS‐activated BV‐2 cells with IC₅₀ values of 6.75 – 23.53 μm .     

Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils of Five Apiaceae Taxa and Some of Their Main Constituents Against Culex quinquefasciatus

Apiaceae are aromatic herbs producing essential oils which are used on an industrial scale for various purposes. Notably, Apiaceae essential oils may replace synthetic insecticides keeping most of their efficacy and avoiding environmental pollution and human poisoning. In the present work, we explored the insecticidal potential of the essential oils from five Apiaceae taxa, namely Sison amomum, Echinophora spinosa, Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sphondylium, Heracleum sphondylium subsp. ternatum, and Trachyspemum ammi, as well as their major constituents (sabinene, p‐cymene, terpinolene, myristicin, and thymol), against the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus. For the purpose, the essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and their composition was achieved by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Their acute toxicity on third instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus was determined. The two most active essential oils were those from T. ammi fruits and E. spinosa roots, showing LC₅₀ below 20 μl/l and LD₉₀ below 50 μl/l. These oils were dominated by the monoterpene phenol thymol and the phenylpropanoid myristicin, respectively, which showed the strongest larvicidal activity (LC₅₀ of 15.1 and 16.3 μl/l, respectively) among the pure compounds tested. These results showed that Apiaceae may be useful as source of larvicidal compounds to be used for the development of cheap, effective and eco‐friendly insecticidal formulations.     

Chemical characterisation of the terpenoid constituents of the Algerian plant Launaea arborescens

Chemical investigation of endemic Algerian plant Launaea arborescens resulted in the isolation of a series of triterpenes and sesquiterpenes from both the aerial parts and roots. Five terpenoids have been chemically characterised by means of spectral methods mainly NMR techniques. In addition, the absolute stereochemistry at the chiral carbon in the side chain of 8-deoxy-15-(3′-hydroxy-2′-methyl-propanoyl)-lactucin-3′-sulfate (6) has been determined by comparison of the ¹H NMR spectra of Mosher derivatives of 6 with those of the corresponding MTPA esters of model compounds.     

A New Iridoid Dimer and Other Constituents from the Traditional Kurdish Plant Pterocephalus nestorianus Nábělek

Accompanied by other rare compounds, a new iridoid dimer, named kurdnestorianoside ( 1 ), showing an unprecedented secologanol configuration, has been isolated for the first time from the Kurdish medicinal plant Pterocephalus nestorianus, which is used in Kurdistan for treating oral diseases and inflammation. The structure of 1 was established from 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopic data. Kaempferol 3‐O‐[3,6‐di‐O‐(E)‐p‐coumaroyl]‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside ( 7 ) showed a remarkable antiproliferative activity against several human tumor cell lines.     

Chemical Constituents from the Flowers of Wild Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis

Four new iridoids, 2′‐O‐(E)‐coumaroylshanzhiside ( 1 ), 6′‐O‐(E)‐coumaroylshanzhiside ( 2 ), 8α‐butylgardenoside B ( 3 ), 6α‐methoxygenipin ( 4 ), and one new phenylpropanoid glucoside, 5‐(3‐hydroxypropyl)‐2‐methoxyphenyl β‐d ‐glucopyranoside ( 5 ), together with sixteen known compounds, were isolated from the edible flowers of wild Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis . Their chemical structures were characterized by extensive spectroscopic techniques, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, HR‐ESI‐MS, and CD experiments. The absolute configurations of the new isolates’ sugar moiety were assigned by HPLC analysis of the acid hydrolysates. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of those isolates were preliminarily evaluated by DPPH scavenging experiment. And comparison of ¹H‐NMR spectra for the EtOH extract of G. jasminoides J.Ellis , gardenoside B and geniposide revealed that the flowers of this plant have a considerable content of gardenoside B instead of geniposide in the fruits, indicating different activities and applications in people's daily life.     

Chemical Constituents in Hybrids of Ligularia tongolensis and L. cymbulifera: Chemical Introgression in L. tongolensis

Two samples with morphologies intermediate between Ligularia tongolensis and L. cymbulifera were collected in Desha, Sichuan Province, and one, in Pachahai, Yunnan Province, P. R. China. The DNA sequencing confirmed that the samples were hybrids of the two species. Tetradymol ( 1 ), the major compound of L. cymbulifera not found in L. tongolensis, was isolated from the hybrid samples collected at both locations, while furanoeremophilan‐15‐oic acid derivative 4 , a compound characteristic to L. tongolensis, was found in the Pachahai hybrid but not in the Desha hybrids. Thus, the chemical consequence of hybridization can be variable. In addition, analysis of L. tongolensis samples at Pachahai indicated that introgression has been a mechanism of generating chemical diversity in the plant. Eleven compounds including three new ones were isolated.     

Chemical Constituents Isolated from Bletilla striata and Their Inhibitory Effects on Nitric Oxide Production in RAW 264.7 Cells

Bioassay‐guided fractionation of the MeOH extract of the tubers of Bletilla striata led to the isolation of two new C‐methylated flavan‐3‐ols, bletillanols A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ), along with ten known compounds ( 3  –  12 ). Their structures were determined by using extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D‐, 2D‐NMR, and circular dichroism data. All of the isolated compounds were tested for their inhibitory potential on the nitric oxide generation in LPS‐stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.     

Chemical Constituents from the Stems of Daphne holosericea (Diels) Hamaya

Two new compounds, one flavanol dimer dapholosericol A ( 1 ) and one tigliane diterpene dapholosericin A ( 2 ), together with ten known ones, were isolated from the AcOEt extract of Daphne holosericea (Diels ) Hamaya . Their structures were elucidated by their spectroscopic data analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate activities against acetylcholinesterase with inhibition ratio of 36% and 29% at a concentration of 100 μmol/l, respectively.     

Antiviral Activity of Faramea hyacinthina and Faramea truncata Leaves on Dengue Virus Type‐2 and Their Major Compounds

The defatted fractions of the Faramea hyacinthina and F. truncata (Rubiaceae) leaf MeOH extracts showed in vitro non‐cytotoxic and anti‐dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) activity in human hepatocarcinoma cell lineage (HepG2). Submitting these fractions to the developed RP‐SPE method allowed isolating the antiviral flavanone (2S)‐isosakuranetin‐7‐O‐β‐d ‐apiofuranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside ( 1 ) from both species and yielded less active sub‐fractions. The new diastereoisomeric epimer pair (2S) + (2R) of 5,3′,5′‐trihydroxyflavanone‐7‐O‐β‐d ‐apiofuranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside ( 2a / 2b ) from F. hyacinthina; the known narigenin‐7‐O‐β‐d ‐apiofuranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside ( 3 ) from both species; rutin ( 4 ) and quercetin‐4′‐β‐d ‐O‐glucopyranosyl‐3‐O‐rutinoside ( 5 ) from F. hyacinthina, and kaempferol‐3‐O‐rutinoside ( 6 ), erythroxyloside A ( 7 ) and asperuloside ( 8 ) from F. truncata have been isolated from these sub‐fractions. Compounds 4  –  8 are reported for the first time in Faramea spp.     

Constituents from the Roots of Actinidia chinensis and Their Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Inhibitory Activities

A newly discovered triterpenoid, (2α,3β)‐2,3,23‐trihydroxyurs‐13(18)‐en‐28‐oic acid ( 1 ), along with twelve known compounds ( 2  –  13 ), were isolated from the roots of Actinidia chinensis Planch (Actinidiaceae). Their chemical structures were determined by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectra and mass spectrometry (MS). The crude extracts and six main constituents ( 8  –  13 ) were tested for cytochrome P450 (CYPs) enzyme inhibitory activity. The results showed that, except for compound 8 , compounds 9  –  13 had different inhibitory effects on the cytochrome P450 (CYPs) enzyme, and compound 9 significantly inhibited the catalytic activities of CYP3A4 to < 10% of its control activities.     

Chemical Composition and In vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Extracts of Tagetes patula Against a Multidrug‐Resistant Isolate of Haemonchus contortus

Sheep breeding has suffered economic losses due to parasitism by gastrointestinal nematodes, particularly Haemonchus contortus. The use of natural products, specifically Tagetes patula, has been suggested as an alternative method of combatting this issue. Chemical analyses of the extracts of this species described in the literature report the presence of important classes of secondary metabolites such as thiophenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, and benzofurans, some of which were identified and isolated in this study. The aim of this work was to test the effect of the essential oil (EO) and the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts (Tp_EtOH) of T. patula on eggs and larvae of H. contortus, through an egg hatch test (EHT) and a larval development test (LDT). In the EHT, the EO showed 100% inhibition at 0.75 mg mL^?1 (LC₅₀ = 0.0780 mg mL^?1), and the Tp_EtOH showed 100% inhibition at 100 mg mL^?1 (LC₅₀ = 12.8 mg mL^?1). In the LDT, the EO showed 100% inhibition at 0.375 mg mL^?1 (LC₅₀ = 0.0400 mg mL^?1), and the Tp_EtOH showed 100% inhibition at 1.56 mg mL^?1 (LC₅₀ = 0.340 mg mL^?1). Compared to available literature data, the results presented here suggest that the crude extracts of T. patula have substantial potential for controlling this nematode by interrupting its life cycle and/or preventing it from reaching the infective stage.     

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from Aerial Parts and Roots of Eryngium barrelieri Boiss. and Eryngium glomeratum Lam. from Tunisia

The study of chemical composition and biological activity of unexplored essential oils may open new perspectives on their potential use in facing major health concerns such as drug‐resistant infections. The present study investigates the chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of previously unstudied essential oils obtained from genus Eryngium: Eryngium glomeratum Lam . and Eryngium barrelieri Boiss . The chemical compositions of the essential oils from aerial parts and roots of both species were studied using GC and GC/MS analytical technics. The analysis led to the identification of 102 compounds totalizing 85 – 94% of all detected compounds. Essential oils were characterized by the predominance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The oils obtained from aerial parts were tested against 36 microbial strains by agar dilution method and showed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the range of 2 – 625 μg/ml. A strong antibacterial activity against multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed especially from E. glomeratum essential oil with MIC value up to 2 μg/ml. These findings give significant information about the pharmacological activity of these essential oils, which suggest their potential use to develop new remedies, or as sources of active compounds.     

Structural Modification of Stilbenoids from Acanthopanax leucorrhizus and Their Cytotoxic Activity

A new cis‐stilbenoid, 1,9‐dihydroxy‐10‐methoxy‐6H‐dibenzo[b,f]oxocin‐6‐one ( 2 ) was isolated from the AcOEt extract of the stem barks of Acanthopanax leucorrhizus, along with three known stilbenoids, 9‐hydroxy‐10‐methoxy‐6H‐dibenzo[b,f]oxocin‐6‐one ( 1 ), 5‐O‐methyl‐(E)‐resveratrol 3‐O‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside ( 3 ), and (E)‐resveratrol 3‐O‐β‐d ‐xylopyranoside ( 4 ). Two derivatives ( 2a and 2b ) were synthesized by the structural modification of compound 2, which exhibited certain cytotoxic activities against HT‐29 and HeLa cell lines in vitro. All compounds were structurally characterized by comprehensive analysis of their spectroscopic data and comparison with literature information, and evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against three human tumor cell lines (HL‐60, HT‐29, and HeLa) by the standard MTT assay in vitro. The results showed that derivatives 2a and 2b exhibited strong activities than compounds 2 against HT‐29 and HeLa cell lines.