抗生素对新生儿肠道菌群影响的初步研究

本文采用肠道菌群定量定性分析法,利用用药前后的自身对照,研究了静脉应用氨苄青霉素加青霉素的先锋铋对30例足月、患非肠道感染性疾病的新生儿肠道菌群的干扰,结果表明:两组抗生素均造成新生儿肠道菌群紊乱。氨苄青霉素加青霉素使肠杆菌科细菌明显增加,其他细菌无显著变化,优势菌由乳杆菌变为肠杆菌,腹泻率26.7％,菌群失调程度Ⅰ°—Ⅱ°;先锋铋使正常肠菌群成员显著减少,仅酵母菌过盛繁殖,成为优势菌,腹泻率53.3％,菌群失调程度多为Ⅰ°—Ⅱ°。部分Ⅲ°。     

复合益生菌制剂"海生元"对实验性肠菌群失调症调整作用的研究

目的 :观察及评价复合益生菌制剂“海生元”对实验性肠菌群失调症的纠正作用。方法 :1)制备复合益生菌制剂“海生元” ;2 )制备SPF·BALB/c小鼠肠菌群失调症模型 ;3)观察“海生元”对模型小鼠 (复方制剂 )组灌胃治疗效果 ;设自然恢复对照组和生理盐水对照组 (安慰组 ) ;动态比较疗后第 2、4、6天各组腹泻症状恢复情况和肠菌群定量分析。结果 :1)小鼠肠菌群失调症造模效果分析 :氨苄青霉素造模前 ,10 0 %小鼠为正常大便 (无腹泻 ) ;造模第 3天 ,6 0 %为重度 (Ⅲ度 )腹泻 ,4 0 %为中度 (Ⅱ度 ) ,即 10 0 %模型小鼠出现中、重度腹泻 ,表明造模成功。此外 ,模型小鼠肠菌群中双歧杆菌、乳杆菌未检出 ,肠杆、肠球、类杆菌数量大大低于正常小鼠 (P <0 0 1)证实出现了菌群失调症。 2 )各组腹泻恢复情况 :疗前各组均为中、重度腹泻。疗后第 2天 ,复方制剂组Ⅱ～Ⅲ度腹泻降至 4 7% ,而自然恢复组和生理盐水组分别为 99%和93% ;疗后第 4天 ,复方制剂组Ⅱ～Ⅲ度仅 16 % ,两个对照组则分别为 6 5 %和 5 7% ;疗后第 6天 ,复方制剂组完全正常者为 89% ,而两对照组分别为 2 1%。 3)各组肠菌群动态定量分析 :自然恢复和生理盐水两个对照组 ,造模后第 2、4、6天五种肠道正常生理菌数量逐渐递升 ,但仍明显低于正常健康小鼠     

口服双歧杆菌,酪酸梭菌活菌制剂药效作用研究

利用氨苄青霉素引起ＳＰＦ－ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠肠道菌群失调腹泻作为模型,观察肠康平制调整扬道菌群的药效作用,并与它同类单价制剂不平制剂对该ＳＰＦ－ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠肠道菌群失调腹泻具有治疗作用,高剂量组９１０＾６ＣＦＵ／次）的治疗效果优于低剂量组（１０＾４ＣＦＵ／次）,肠康平制剂缓解ＳＰＦ－ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠筵菌群失调后腹泻症状的时间较单价制剂略快。     

肠道菌群失主财的腹泻动物模型的制备

本研究使用氨苄青霉素喂服ＳＰＦ小鼠８小时后,再喂服福氏志贺氏痢疾杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌,制备成菌群失调的动物模型,模型稳定,肠道菌群失调明显,可用于微生物制备的保护性实验中。     

益生元对抗生素引起的肠道菌群失调的作用

目的 评价益生元菊糖和大蒜多糖在治疗肠道菌群失调中的作用.方法 72只Balb/c小鼠随机分为6组,随机取出12只作为正常对照组,其余灌胃盐酸林可霉素和头孢曲松钠混合抗生素溶液3d,建立小鼠肠道失调模型后,以生理盐水灌胃作为自然恢复组,其余4组分别灌胃菊糖、低剂量大蒜多糖、高剂量大蒜多糖以及丽珠肠乐5d.受试小鼠无菌取粪,观察各组肠道菌群的数量变化、测量血清IgG,粪便内毒素含量、有机酸含量变化.结果 菊糖和大蒜多糖高剂量灌胃能加速恢复抗生素导致的小鼠肠道菌群失调,这两种益生元对内毒素的清理、免疫力的恢复也有积极的效果,效果均优于丽珠肠乐和自动恢复.结论 益生元有加快肠道菌群恢复和降低抗生素的破坏效果,有益于小鼠肠道健康.     

螺旋藻对腹泻模型小鼠肠道菌群的影响

为评价螺旋藻对肠道菌群的影响, 采用注射氨苄青霉素的方法, 制造小鼠腹泻模型, 造模成功后灌服不同剂量螺旋藻进行治疗, 取不同治疗时间的粪便样品, 检测双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、大肠杆菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌菌群的数量,并在螺旋藻灌胃8 d后, 测定小鼠不同肠段各指标菌群的数量。结果表明, 中高剂量组螺旋藻对腹泻模型小鼠肠道菌群有明显调整作用, 有效缩短了肠道菌群由失调到平衡的时间;粪便样品同各肠段内容物所反映的菌群的变化趋势相同, 即治疗恢复组的双歧杆菌、乳杆菌数量总体上高于生理盐水组, 肠杆菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌数量均低于生理盐水组, 但取样位置不同, 各指标菌群的数量明显存在差异。     

肠道菌群失调的腹泻动物模型的制备

本研究使用氨苄青霉素（１５－４０ｇ／ｋｇ）喂服ＳＰＦ小鼠８小时后,再喂服福氏志贺氏痢疾杆菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（１０７～１０９ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ）,制备成菌群失调的动物模型,模型稳定,肠道菌群失调明显,可用于微生态制剂的保护性实验中。     

应用PCR-DGGE法评价石斛多糖对肠道微生态失调的调节作用

目的 从微生态学角度研究石斛多糖治疗肠道微生态失调小鼠的作用及初步机制.方法 盐酸林可霉素灌胃制备肠道菌群失调小鼠模型,应用石斛多糖进行治疗,同时设正常对照组、丽珠肠乐组、阴性对照组,给药7d后处死小鼠,应用PCR-DGGE法检测肠道菌群丰富度、血清IL-2.结果 应用盐酸林可霉素灌胃3d后,小鼠肠道菌群丰富度、血清IL-2降低,持续治疗7d后,石斛多糖治疗小鼠肠道菌群丰富度、血清IL-2增高.结论 石斛多糖具有扶植肠道正常菌群生长,调整菌群失调,提高机体免疫力的作用.     

纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调动物生物学机制研究

目的 研究纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对抗生素脱污染菌群失调白兔的生物学效应和机制.方法 用盐酸林可霉素造成微生态失调白兔模型,不同时间点取盲肠内容物,采用标本菌落计数法,对治疗前后各组动物菌群数量进行检测,扫描电镜观察各组肠黏膜变化.结果 各组治疗后,双歧杆菌、乳酸菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌数量及肠黏膜恢复情况,制剂组优于阳性对照组及自然恢复组.结论 纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对抗生素脱污染菌群失调白兔有显著调节作用.     

肝硬化患者口服培菲康和妈咪爱对肠道菌群影响的研究

目的:研究肝硬化患者肠道菌群的特点,观察患者口服妈咪爱和培菲康前后肠道菌群、粪便pH及血氮水平的变化.方法:选择肠道菌群中具有代表性的细菌共4种进行培养和计数.选择20例正常人为对照组,计数肠道菌群中4种细菌的数量.40例肝硬化患者随机分成2组,分别给予培菲康(三联活菌)及妈咪爱(二联活菌)共治疗14 d.观察治疗前后肠道菌群落计数、粪便pH、血氨水平.结果:①肝硬化组患者存在不同程度的肠道菌群失调,主要表现为双歧杆菌减少(P＜0.05),而肠球菌、肠杆菌则显著增多(P＜0.01)②菌群失调的严重程度随患者肝功能严重程度而加重.③临床表现有腹泻的肝硬化患者,肠道总体菌量和厌氧菌数量均低于非腹泻患者,以双歧杆菌(P＜0.01)减少为著.④两种益生菌制剂均可提高肝硬化患者肠道双歧杆菌的数量(P＜0.05),并可降低血氨和粪便pH(P＜0.05).结论:①肝硬化组患者存在肠道菌群失调.②益生菌制剂均可有效改善肝硬化患者肠道菌群失调并可降低血氨和粪便pH.     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism