细胞MEK1/2蛋白及其相关通路在单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型（HSV-2）复制中的作用

基于细胞Raf/MEK/ERK信号通路与病毒复制的关系,应用Western印迹检测 p-ERK1/2蛋白的表达、用终点滴定法测定病毒增殖量（TCID_５０）,以及观察感染细胞的细胞病变效应（CPE）等,揭示单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(HSV-2)复制与 ERK通路的关系. 结果表明,HSV-2的复制可引起细胞ERK通路的活化;用U0126预先抑制ERK通路的活化,或用特异性siRNA敲减MEK1/2基因的表达可显著地抑制病毒复制.提示ERK信号通路以及MEK1/2蛋白对HSV-2的复制具有重要的作用.该研究对进一步阐明细胞ERK通路各激酶蛋白在病毒复制中的作用机制、寻找抗病毒作用靶标等奠定了良好的基础.     

MEK1-ERKs级联激活方式是调控单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型复制的重要机制

本研究通过阐明MEK1和MEK2亚型在单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(herpes simplex virus type 2,HSV2)复制中介导的Raf/MEK/ERK(简称ERK)通路活化中的作用,以期进一步阐明该通路调控病毒复制的机制.研究中应用了MEK抑制剂U0126、针对MEK1和MEK2的特异性小干扰RNA(small ...     

新型病毒衣壳结合剂 哌嗪新衍生物抑制肠道病毒71型的复制

目的研究哌嗪新衍生物体外对肠道病毒71型(EV71)的抑制作用。方法培养EV71感染的人横纹肌肉瘤RD细胞,建立体外病毒感染模型,将哌嗪新衍生物作用于RD细胞,通过Western blot、Real-time PCR和病毒滴度检测细胞内EV71病毒蛋白和mRNA的表达水平及培养基上清中子代病毒颗粒的数量;并且观察细胞病变效应(CPE),采用CCK-8法检测哌嗪新衍生物对细胞活性的影响。结果哌嗪新衍生物VP1-4浓度为5μg/mL能够显著抑制RD细胞中EV71 VP1蛋白的表达,EV71 mRNA水平降低了(93.8±3.1)%,IC_(50)约为0.016μg/mL,培养基上清病毒滴度降低了(51.1±0.8)%;而且VP1-4能够减缓EV71病毒感染引起的CPE。此外,化合物VP1-4 CC_(50)200μg/mL,说明细胞毒性低,安全性较高。结论本研究证实VP1-4能有效抑制EV71的复制,可以作为先导化合物开展进一步研究。     

Cyclosporin A通过MEK/ERK1/2信号通路调节滋养细胞titin表达

探讨MEK/ERK1/2信号通路在Cyclosporin A(CsA)诱导滋养细胞表达titin中的作用。应用RT-PCR、Western blot检测CsA诱导的滋养细胞titin的表达水平,Western blot检测CsA作用于滋养细胞后ERK1/2的活化程度,并观察MEK特异性抑制剂U0126对其mRNA转录的影响。发现CsA以时间和剂量依赖方式诱导titin表达,并刺激滋养细胞ERK1/2的活化,U0126以剂量依赖方式抑制CsA诱导的titin表达。结果表明CsA通过活化MEK/ERK1/2信号通路诱导滋养细胞titin 的表达,改变其生物学行为,从而有利于胚胎着床及早期发育。     

下调细胞P21WAF1/CIP1基因表达可抑制单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型复制

为了揭示细胞P21蛋白在单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型（herpes simplex virus type 2, HSV-2）复制中的作用,通过用HSV-2感染和感染前用特异性小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA,siRNA) 抑制P21基因表达,应用Western 印迹方法检测宿主细胞和病毒蛋白水平,用终点滴定法测定病毒半数组织培养感染量（50% tissue culture infectious dose, TCID50）,以及观察感染细胞的细胞病变效应（cytopathic effect, CPE）等3个方面,揭示细胞P21蛋白水平的变化对病毒复制的影响.结果表明,HSV-2在细胞内复制时可引起P21蛋白水平增高;而用特异性siRNA下调细胞P21基因表达时,可显著地抑制HSV-2 gB蛋白水平,减少培养细胞上清液中病毒TCID50.提示P21蛋白对HSV-2的复制具有重要的作用.     

沙眼衣原体生长依赖MEK/ERK信号通路的激活

衣原体感染可激活宿主细胞的MEK/ERK信号通路,但该信号通路对表原体生长的影响尚不清楚.通过Western blot和免疫荧光试验分别检测MEK/ERK信号通路阻断后沙眼衣原体(Chlamydia trachomatis,Ct)主要外膜蛋白(MOMP)表达及沙眼衣原体感染滴度的变化.研究MEK/ERK信号通路对沙眼衣原体生长的影响.研究发现,MEK/ERK信号通路阻断后MOMP表达减少,同时衣原体感染滴度也明显降低.结果表明沙眼衣原体的生长依赖MEK/ERK信号通路的激活.     

EV71病毒对树鼩原代肾上皮细胞感染模型的建立

目的建立EV71对树鼩原代肾细胞的感染模型。方法胰蛋白酶消化法获得树鼩的原代肾细胞,用EV71感染树鼩肾细胞,测定1、2、4、6和8 d培养上清病毒滴度,分别用Western blot和间接免疫荧光法检测细胞中EV71病毒VP1蛋白的表达,以确定EV71病毒对树鼩原代肾细胞的感染性。结果对分离得到的树鼩原代肾细胞进行传代纯化和形态鉴别,建立以树鼩原代肾细胞为主的细胞培养。用EV71病毒感染树鼩原代肾细胞,感染后48~96 h病毒滴度可达到1.3×10~6TCID_(50)/m L,说明EV71病毒可有效感染树鼩原代肾细胞并有效增殖。Western blot检测发现,EV71病毒VP1蛋白可在感染后2~8 d的树鼩原代肾细胞中有效检出,间接免疫荧光法则在感染后2~6 d细胞的细胞质中检测到病毒VP1蛋白的分布。结论在成功建立树鼩原代肾细胞培养的基础上,确定了EV71病毒对树鼩原代肾细胞的感染性和病毒增殖特性,初步建立了EV71树鼩原代肾细胞感染模型。     

肠道病毒71型外壳蛋白VP1在Pichia pastoris酵母中的表达

利用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT PCR)扩增肠道病毒71型(EV71)外壳蛋白VP1基因,经序列测定证实后,构建重组表达质粒pPIC9K/VP1,转化Pichiapastoris酵母宿主菌GS115,甲醇诱导表达。SDS PAGE分析显示:表达产物的分子量约为34kD,与天然VP1大小一致。凝胶薄层扫描分析显示:目的蛋白表达量占培养上清总蛋白的60%以上。ELISA实验表明,重组蛋白VP1具有较好的抗原性。使用饱和硫酸铵分级沉淀法初步纯化的表达产物,能够较特异性地与EV71感染者血清中的抗体产生反应,而且与抗柯萨奇病毒A16特异性抗体不产生反应。通过利用表达产物作为抗原,对156份血清的检测初步证实,重组蛋白VP1可以作为检测EV71感染的的检测用抗原。     

应答流感病毒感染的宿主信号途径研究进展

一系列广泛的宿主细胞信号转导通路可以被流感病毒感染激活. 一些信号转导通路引起宿主细胞的先天免疫应答来抵抗流感病毒, 而一些其他的信号转导通路却是流感病毒实现高效复制所必需的. 本文综述了宿主细胞中由流感病毒感染引起的胞内信号转导, 包括宿主模式识别受体(PRRs)相关信号, PKC, Raf/MEK/ERK和PI3K/Akt信号, 同时对上述信号通路的下游具体效应进行了总结. 这些效应包括宿主细胞对流感病毒的识别, 流感病毒的吸附及入侵, 流感病毒核蛋白的输出, 病毒蛋白的翻译控制, 流感病毒引起的宿主细胞凋亡. 对流感病毒引起的细胞信号转导的研究有助于更加清晰地认识病毒与宿主的相互作用, 也是寻找新的抗病毒靶点和新的抗病毒策略的基础.     

miR373和miR542-5p调控肠道病毒71型在人横纹肌肉瘤细胞中的复制

研究发现microRNAs(miRNAs)可以参与调控病毒在宿主细胞内感染和复制的过程。为了揭示miRNAs是否参与肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus 71,EV71)的感染与复制,研究了miRNAs对EV71病毒在宿主细胞内复制的影响。构建miRNAs靶基因筛选系统,在双荧光素酶报告体系的pMIR载体插入病毒基因,如果插入的基因序列能被细胞内的miRNAs靶向调控,报告基因的表达将发生变化。实验发现EV71病毒5′-UTR基因可能是miRNAs的作用靶标。随后利用miRNAs在线分析软件预测并验证可能作用于5′-UTR基因片段的miRNAs。为了研究miRNAs分子对5′-UTR基因的调控作用是否可以体现在EV71病毒的复制过程中,在人横纹肌肉瘤(Rhabdomyosarcoma,RD)细胞中转染miRNAs mimics,利用Western blotting和real-time PCR实验检验EV71病毒的复制和表达情况。实验结果表明,miR373和miR542-5p可以通过作用于EV71病毒5′-UTR基因从而抑制病毒在RD细胞中的复制和表达。细胞内miR373和miR542-5p可以调控EV71在宿主细胞中的复制过程。研究EV71病毒与宿主miRNAs的相互作用机制为进一步阐明EV71病毒感染与复制机理奠定了基础。     

Recent Progress on Functional Genomics Research of Enterovirus 71

Enterovirus 71(EV71) is one of the main pathogens that causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease(HFMD). HFMD caused by EV71 infection is mostly self-limited; however, some infections can cause severe neurological diseases, such as aseptic meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, and even death. There are still no effective clinical drugs used for the prevention and treatment of HFMD. Studying EV71 protein function is essential for elucidating the EV71 replication process and developing anti-EV71 drugs and vaccines. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the studies of EV71 noncoding regions(50 UTR and 30 UTR) and all structural and nonstructural proteins, especially the key motifs involving in viral infection, replication, and immune regulation. This review will promote our understanding of EV71 virus replication and pathogenesis, and will facilitate the development of novel drugs or vaccines to treat EV71.     

Monoclonal neutralizing antibodies against EV71 screened from mice immunized with yeast-produced virus-like particles

Periodic outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD) occur in children under 5 years old, and can cause death in some cases. The C4 strain of enterovirus 71(EV71) is the main pathogen that causes HFMD in China. Although no drugs against EV71 are available, some studies have shown that candidate vaccines or viral capsid proteins can produce anti-EV71 immunity. In this study, female BABL/c mice(6–8 weeks old) were immunized with virus-like particles(VLPs) of EV71 produced in yeast to screen for anti-EV71 antibodies. Two hybridomas that could produce neutralizing antibodies against EV71 were obtained. Both neutralizing m Abs(D4 and G12) were confirmed to bind the VP1 capsid protein of EV71, and could protect 95% cells from 100 TCID50 EV71 infection at 25 μg/m L solution(lowest concentration). Those two neutralizing m Abs identified in the study may be promising candidates in development for m Abs to treat EV71 infection, and utilized as suitable reagents for use in diagnostic tests and biological studies.     

Discovery of 3-benzyl-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4-dione analogues as allosteric mitogen-activated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors and anti-enterovirus 71 (EV71) agents

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a kind of RNA virus and one of the two causes of Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Inhibitors that target key components of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in host cells could impair replication of EV71. A series of 3-benzyl-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4-diones were designed from a specific MEK inhibitor G8935, by replacing the double bond between C3 and C4 within the coumarin scaffold with amide bond. One compound (9f) showed submicromolar inhibitory activity among the 12 derivatives. Further optimization on 9f led to two active compounds (9k and 9m) with nanomolar bioactivities (55 nM and 60 nM). The results of enzymatic assays also demonstrated that this series of compounds were allosteric inhibitors of unphosphorylated MEK1. The binding mode of compound 9k was predicted by molecular dynamic simulation and the key interactions were same as published MEK1/2 allosteric inhibitors. In the cell-based assays, compounds 9k and 9m could effectively suppress the ERK1/2 pathway, expression of EV71 VP1, and EV71 induced cytopathic effect (CPE) in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells.     

Antiviral effects of two Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids against enterovirus 71 infection

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and fatal neurological and systemic complications in children. However, there is currently no clinical approved antiviral drug available for the prevention and treatment of the viral infection. Here, we evaluated the antiviral activities of two Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids (GLTs), Lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3-one,15;26-dihydroxy (GLTA) and Ganoderic acid Y (GLTB), against EV71 infection. The results showed that the two natural compounds display significant anti-EV71 activities without cytotoxicity in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells as evaluated by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell proliferation assay. The mechanisms by which the two compounds affect EV71 infection were further elucidated by three action modes using Ribavirin, a common antiviral drug, as a positive control. The results suggested that GLTA and GLTB prevent EV71 infection through interacting with the viral particle to block the adsorption of virus to the cells. In addition, the interactions between EV71 virion and the compounds were predicated by computer molecular docking, which illustrated that GLTA and GLTB may bind to the viral capsid protein at a hydrophobic pocket (F site), and thus may block uncoating of EV71. Moreover, we demonstrated that GLTA and GLTB significantly inhibit the replication of the viral RNA (vRNA) of EV71 replication through blocking EV71 uncoating. Thus, GLTA and GLTB may represent two potential therapeutic agents to control and treat EV71 infection.     

MEK inhibition impairs influenza B virus propagation without emergence of resistant variants

Influenza A and B viruses are still a major worldwide threat. We demonstrate that influenza B virus infection induces signaling via the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade, a process required for efficient virus production. Expression of dominant-negative Raf and ERK mutants or treatment with a MEK inhibitor (U0126) strongly impaired viral propagation, while selective activation of the pathway resulted in increased virus titers. MEK inhibition appears to interfere with a distinct viral nuclear export process. Most importantly, no resistant virus variants emerged in the presence of U0126 demonstrating that influenza viruses cannot easily adapt to the missing cellular function.     

Influenza virus propagation is impaired by inhibition of the Raf/MEK/ERK signalling cascade

Influenza A viruses are important worldwide pathogens in humans and different animal species. The functions of most of the ten different viral proteins of this negative-strand RNA virus have been well elucidated. However, little is known about the virus-induced intracellular signalling events that support viral replication. The Raf/MEK/ERK cascade is the prototype of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades and has an important role in cell growth, differentiation and survival. Investigation of the function of this pathway has been facilitated by the identification of specific inhibitors such as U0126, which blocks the cascade at the level of MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK). Here we show that infection of cells with influenza A virus leads to biphasic activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade. Inhibition of Raf signalling results in nuclear retention of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs), impaired function of the nuclear-export protein (NEP/NS2) and concomitant inhibition of virus production. Thus, signalling through the mitogenic cascade seems to be essential for virus production and RNP export from the nucleus during the viral life cycle.