Combinations of PARP Inhibitors with Temozolomide Drive PARP1 Trapping and Apoptosis in Ewing’s Sarcoma

Ewing’s sarcoma is a malignant pediatric bone tumor with a poor prognosis for patients with metastatic or recurrent disease. Ewing’s sarcoma cells are acutely hypersensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition and this is being evaluated in clinical trials, although the mechanism of hypersensitivity has not been directly addressed. PARP inhibitors have efficacy in tumors with BRCA1/2 mutations, which confer deficiency in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR). This drives dependence on PARP1/2 due to their function in DNA single-strand break (SSB) repair. PARP inhibitors are also cytotoxic through inhibiting PARP1/2 auto-PARylation, blocking PARP1/2 release from substrate DNA. Here, we show that PARP inhibitor sensitivity in Ewing’s sarcoma cells is not through an apparent defect in DNA repair by HR, but through hypersensitivity to trapped PARP1-DNA complexes. This drives accumulation of DNA damage during replication, ultimately leading to apoptosis. We also show that the activity of PARP inhibitors is potentiated by temozolomide in Ewing’s sarcoma cells and is associated with enhanced trapping of PARP1-DNA complexes. Furthermore, through mining of large-scale drug sensitivity datasets, we identify a subset of glioma, neuroblastoma and melanoma cell lines as hypersensitive to the combination of temozolomide and PARP inhibition, potentially identifying new avenues for therapeutic intervention. These data provide insights into the anti-cancer activity of PARP inhibitors with implications for the design of treatment for Ewing’s sarcoma patients with PARP inhibitors.     

PARP1–TDP1 coupling for the repair of topoisomerase I–induced DNA damage

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) attach poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chains to various proteins including themselves and chromatin. Topoisomerase I (Top1) regulates DNA supercoiling and is the target of camptothecin and indenoisoquinoline anticancer drugs, as it forms Top1 cleavage complexes (Top1cc) that are trapped by the drugs. Endogenous and carcinogenic DNA lesions can also trap Top1cc. Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1), a key repair enzyme for trapped Top1cc, hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond between the DNA 3′-end and the Top1 tyrosyl moiety. Alternative repair pathways for Top1cc involve endonuclease cleavage. However, it is unknown what determines the choice between TDP1 and the endonuclease repair pathways. Here we show that PARP1 plays a critical role in this process. By generating TDP1 and PARP1 double-knockout lymphoma chicken DT40 cells, we demonstrate that TDP1 and PARP1 are epistatic for the repair of Top1cc. The N-terminal domain of TDP1 directly binds the C-terminal domain of PARP1, and TDP1 is PARylated by PARP1. PARylation stabilizes TDP1 together with SUMOylation of TDP1. TDP1 PARylation enhances its recruitment to DNA damage sites without interfering with TDP1 catalytic activity. TDP1–PARP1 complexes, in turn recruit X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1). This work identifies PARP1 as a key component driving the repair of trapped Top1cc by TDP1.     

PARP的生物学与病理学功能

PARP1是真核细胞内具有多聚腺苷酸二磷酸核糖基（PAR）催化活性的蛋白酶,目前发现18个具有该活性的蛋白．多聚腺苷酸二磷酸核糖基化反应是细胞内进行的翻译后修饰,该修饰作用于许多蛋白,涉及到染色体的稳定,DNA损伤修复,基因转录,细胞的增长,死亡和凋亡等方面．在生理病理方面与炎症,肿瘤,衰老等疾病相关联．本文针对以上方面进行了总结和讨论．     

PARP1基因表达与NSCLC患者铂类药物治疗敏感性的降低有关

为了探讨多聚ADP核糖聚合酶-1(PARP1)基因多态性与非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者铂类方案化疗敏感性的关系,本研究选取2012年12月至2014年1月我院收治的NSCLC患者共128例,采用质谱法检测所有患者PARP1基因多态性,所有患者均采用含铂类化疗方案进行化疗,在2个疗程后进行化疗效果评估,按照化疗效果进行分组探讨PARP1基因多态性对化疗效果的影响。本研究发现,经过2个疗程的化疗,128例患者有5例患者中途退出研究,剩余123例患者完成相关化疗过程,化疗结果为:CR 1例(0.81%)、PR43例(34.96%)、SD 59例(47.97%)、PD 20例(16.26%);治疗有效44例(35.77%)、治疗无效79例(64.23%)。化疗有效患者的TT基因型、T基因携带率分别为18.18%、43.18%,化疗无效患者的TT基因型、T基因携带率分别为41.77%、60.76%,两组比较差异显著,具有统计学意义(p0.05)。病理学类型为腺癌、组织学低分化、临床分期Ⅳ期、携带T基因是NSCLC患者化疗不良预后的独立危险因素(p0.05)。本研究表明,PARP1基因多态性与NSCLC患者铂类方案化疗敏感性降低有关。     

HP1β Is a Biomarker for Breast Cancer Prognosis and PARP Inhibitor Therapy

Members of the heterochromatin protein 1 family (HP1α, β and γ) are mostly associated with heterochromatin and play important roles in gene regulation and DNA damage response. Altered expression of individual HP1 subtype has profound impacts on cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. We analyzed the expression profile of HP1 family by data mining using a published microarray data set coupled with retrospective immunohistochemistry analyses of archived breast cancer biospecimens. We found that the patient group overexpressing HP1β mRNA is associated with poorly differentiated breast tumors and with a significantly lower survival rate. Immunohistochemical staining against HP1α, HP1β and HP1γ shows that respective HP1 expression level is frequently altered in breast cancers. 57.4 - 60.1% of samples examined showed high HP1β expression and 39.9 - 42.6 % of examined tumors showed no or low expression of each HP1 subtype. Interestingly, comparative analysis on HP1 expression profile and breast cancer markers revealed a positive correlation between the respective expression level of all three HP1 subtypes and Ki-67, a cell proliferation and well-known breast cancer marker. To explore the effect of individual HP1 on PARP inhibitor therapy for breast cancer, MCF7 breast cancer cells and individually HP1-depleted MCF7 cells were treated with PARP inhibitor ABT-888 with or without carboplatin. Notably, HP1β-knockdown cells are hypersensitive to the PARP inhibitor ABT-888 alone and its combination with carboplatin. In summary, while increased HP1β expression is associated with the poor prognosis in breast cancer, compromised HP1β abundance may serve as a useful predictive marker for chemotherapy, including PARP inhibitors against breast cancer.     

山奈酚对胃癌细胞PARP1以及P53基因表达的影响研究

胃癌(GC)是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,是人类健康的主要威胁,其发病机制是一个单基因或多基因逐步突变的过程,与细胞的侵袭、增殖和转移有关,包括癌基因遗传和表观遗传的突变、肿瘤抑制基因、DNA修复途径基因、细胞周期途径基因和幽门螺杆菌感染等。而山奈酚具有多种生物学活性,能够抑制多种肿瘤细胞的细胞周期,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡从而抑制肿瘤细胞/组织的侵袭及转移。因此本研究用不同浓度的山奈酚处理胃癌细胞,并检测了胃癌细胞的形态变化情况、癌细胞凋亡相关因子P53和PARP1基因的表达水平和其对应的蛋白质表达变化。结果表明大于100μmol/L山奈酚处理后的胃癌细胞中P53基因和P53蛋白的表达水平被显著提高,而相反的PARP1基因和蛋白的表达则被显著抑制,且山奈酚处理后胃癌细胞的凋亡数目也明显增加,因此本实验结果表明,山奈酚能够有效的促进胃癌细胞凋亡的发生,以此来达到抑制癌细胞恶性增殖的作用。这一结果可以为后续针对胃癌新疗法的研究提供一些思路和理论支持。     

潜在性药物靶点PARP16的研究进展

PARP16属于聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(PARP)家族成员,是一种单ADP-核糖基转移酶,与其他家族成员不同,它是位于内质网的锚定跨膜蛋白.内质网未折叠蛋白反应期间,会激活内质网的两个压力传感器PERK和IRE1α,PARP16在这个过程中发挥着重要功能.通过对它们单ADP-核糖基化,激活其生物活性而对癌症、心血管疾病...     

Activation of the SNF2 Family ATPase ALC1 by Poly(ADP-ribose) in a Stable ALC1·PARP1·Nucleosome Intermediate

The human ALC1/CHD1L oncogene encodes an SNF2 family ATPase with a macrodomain that binds poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). We and others previously showed that ALC1 possesses a cryptic ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling activity that is potently activated in the presence of PARP1 and NAD⁺, its substrate for PAR synthesis. In this work, we dissected the mechanism by which PARP1 and NAD⁺ activate ALC1 nucleosome remodeling. We demonstrate that ALC1 activation depends on the formation of a stable ALC1·PARylated PARP1·nucleosome intermediate. In addition, by exploiting a novel PAR footprinting assay, we obtained evidence that the ALC1 macrodomain remains stably associated with PAR on autoPARylated PARP1 during the course of nucleosome remodeling reactions. Taken together, our findings are consistent with the model that PAR present on PARylated PARP1 acts as an allosteric effector of ALC1 nucleosome remodeling activity.     

降低PARP酶活性对外源基因稳定整合的影响

通过使用 PARP酶的抑制剂研究了降低PARP酶的活性对外源基因转染效率及整合作用的影响, 结果表明,转染的外源基因的吸收及瞬时表达不依赖于PARP酶的活性,而外源基因的整合作用与PARP酶的活性有关。 Abstract:In this study,the effect of lowering PARP activity on the transfection of cultured cells with foreigh genes was evaluated.The results indicated that PARP enzyme involved in the stable integration of foreign genes into the host genome.However,inhibition of PARP activity exhibited no effect on both the uptake into the cells and the expression of the forging genes.     

Inflammasome-activated caspase 7 cleaves PARP1 to enhance the expression of a subset of NF-κB target genes

Caspase 1 is part of the inflammasome, which is assembled upon pathogen recognition, while caspases 3 and/or 7 are mediators of apoptotic and nonapoptotic functions. PARP1 cleavage is a hallmark of apoptosis yet not essential, suggesting it has another physiological role. Here we show that after LPS stimulation, caspase 7 is activated by caspase 1, translocates to the nucleus, and cleaves PARP1 at the promoters of a subset of NF-κB target genes negatively regulated by PARP1. Mutating the PARP1 cleavage site D214 renders PARP1 uncleavable and inhibits PARP1 release from chromatin and chromatin decondensation, thereby restraining the expression of cleavage-dependent NF-κB target genes. These findings propose an apoptosis-independent regulatory role for caspase 7-mediated PARP1 cleavage in proinflammatory gene expression and provide insight into inflammasome signaling.     

PARP酶抑制剂未引起整合的外源LacZ基因的丢失

使用聚ＡＤＰ核糖聚合酶（ＰＡＲＰ）ＮＡＤ位点抑制剂苯甲酰胺（ＢＡ）研究了降低ＰＡＲＰ酶活性对外源ＬａｃＺ基因整合稳定性的影响,利用ＤＮＡ体外重组技术将ＬａｃＺ基因全序列插入到真核表达载体载体ＰＳＶ２ｎｅｏ的ＨｉｎｄⅢ位点,构建了一个具有真核细胞ｎｅｏ基因筛选标记和ＬａｃＺ基因的真核表达重组体ＰＳＶ２ｎｅｏ－ｂｅｔａ－ｇａｌ将该重组体导入ＨｅＬａ细胞,经Ｇ４１８筛选获得了能稳定表达β－半乳糖苷酶的Ｈ     

The 3′–5′ DNA Exonuclease TREX1 Directly Interacts with Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP1) during the DNA Damage Response

The main function of the 3′–5′ DNA exonuclease TREX1 is to digest cytosolic single-stranded DNA to prevent activation of cell-intrinsic responses to immunostimulatory DNA. TREX1 translocates to the nucleus following DNA damage with its nuclear activities being less well defined. Although mutations in human TREX1 have been linked to autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, the mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of these diseases remain incompletely understood. Here, using mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation assays and in vivo overexpression models, we show that TREX1 interacts with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), a nuclear enzyme involved in the DNA damage response. Two zinc finger domains at the amino terminus of PARP1 were required for the interaction with TREX1 that occurs after nuclear translocation of TREX1 in response to DNA damage. Functional studies suggested that TREX1 may contribute to stabilization of PARP1 levels in the DNA damage response and its activity. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of single-stranded DNA repair following DNA damage and alterations induced by gene mutations.     

PARP酶抑制剂未引起整合的外源LacZ基因的丢失

使用聚ADP核糖聚合酶（PARP）NAD位点抑制剂苯甲酞胺（BA）研究了降低PARP酶活性对外源LacZ基因整合稳定性的影响．利用DNA体外重组技术将LacZ基因全序列插入到真核表达载体pSV2neo的HindⅢ位点,构建了一个具有真核细胞neo基因筛选标记和LacZ基因的真核表达重组体pSV2neo-beta-gal．将该重组体导入HeLa细胞,经G418筛选获得了能稳定表达β-半乳糖苷酶的HeLa转化细胞系HeLa-beta-gal．使用PARP酶抑制剂苯甲酸胺处理细胞5周,随后进行细胞基因组Southern杂交分析与细胞内容物β-半乳苷酶的活性检测．结果表明,经BA处理的HeLa-beta-gal细胞β-半乳糖苷酶的活性及杂交带密度与未经BA处理的HeLa-beta-gal细胞相比未有明显区别．结合以前的结果可以认为,PARP酶抑制剂BA并不能导致所有外源基因的丢失,且使用PARP酶抑制剂BA引起外源基因的丢失具有选择性．     

PARP10组织分布、相互作用蛋白及UV应激反应的分析

根据GenBank中公布的人多聚腺苷酸二磷酸核糖聚合酶10(PARP10)cDNA序列,设计并合成一对特异性引物,通过RT-PCR扩增293FT细胞mRNA,获得PARP10cDNA。将获得的cDNA克隆到pCMV-Myc和pEGFP-C1中,用免疫沉淀和激光共聚焦实验验证了PARP10和β-actin存在相互作用。然后,通过RT-PCR法发现该基因在小鼠体内表达的组织分布,组织表达谱显示该蛋白在各组织中均有表达;Westernblotting分析表明,UV造成的细胞损伤能够引起PARP10表达水平的增高。PARP10组织表达谱的确定,与β-actin相互作用的验证以及对UV的应激反应都为进一步研究PARP10的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

Expression of DNA Damage Response Molecules PARP1, γH2AX,BRCA1, and BRCA2 Predicts Poor Survival of Breast Carcinoma Patients

BACKGROUND: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 are conventional molecular indicators of DNA damage in cells and are often overexpressed in various cancers. In this study, we aimed, using immunohistochemical detection, whether the co-expression of PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 in breast carcinoma (BCA) tissue can provide more reliable prediction of survival of BCA patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated immunohistochemical expression and prognostic significance of the expression of PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 in 192 cases of BCAs. RESULTS: The expression of these four molecules predicted earlier distant metastatic relapse, shorter overall survival (OS), and relapse-free survival (RFS) by univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed the expression of PARP1, γH2AX, and BRCA2 as independent poor prognostic indicators of OS and RFS. In addition, the combined expressional pattern of BRCA1, BRCA2, PARP1, and γH2AX (CSbbph) was an additional independent prognostic predictor for OS (P < .001) and RFS (P < .001). The 10-year OS rate was 95% in the CSbbph-low (CSbbph scores 0 and 1) subgroup, but that was only 35% in the CSbbph-high (CSbbph score 4) subgroup. CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that the individual and combined expression patterns of PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 could be helpful in determining an accurate prognosis for BCA patients and for the selection of BCA patients who could potentially benefit from anti-PARP1 therapy with a combination of genotoxic chemotherapeutic agents.     

PARP酶抑制剂诱导转化细胞逆转及外源ras癌基因丢失的研究

用 5mmol/L PARP抑制剂苯甲酰胺处理经c-Ha-T24-ras活化癌基因转染得到的转化细胞系, 处理4周后发现转化细胞系的某些细胞生物学特性发生了改变,呈现出正常细胞的某些特性。伴随这一现象,检测到细胞中整合的外源T24-ras基因发生了丢失。 Abstract:A transformant line obtained by transfection of NTH3T3 cells with c-Ha-T24-ras gene was treated with 5mmol/L benzamide,an inhibitor of PARP enzyme for 4 weeks.Some changes in cellular properties of the transformant line were observed.Concomitant with these changes was the deletion of the exogenous c-Ha-T24-ras which had been integrated into genomic DNA of recipient cells.