高亲和K+转运载体SsHKT1的抗体制备及表达分析

利用RT-PCR及RACE技术从盐生植物盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsaL.)根中克隆了高亲和K 转运载体SsH-KT1的基因。以SsHKT1基因的cDNA为模板,扩增了cDNA中的亲水片段(403~612 bp),连接至原核表达载体pGEX-6P-3中并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达了融合蛋白。该蛋白主要以包涵体的形式存在,纯化后免疫新西兰兔,得到了特异性较高的SsHKT1多克隆抗体。利用此抗体进行了W estern b lot分析,表明SsHKT1可能主要存在于质膜上。进一步研究了K 饥饿及盐胁迫条件下SsHKT1蛋白表达量的变化,结果表明K 饥饿及盐胁迫条件下SsHKT1的表达量都明显增加,表明SsHKT1在盐地碱蓬K 吸收特别是高盐条件下K 营养中有重要作用。     

K+营养对NaCl胁迫下盐地碱蓬生长及叶片液泡膜V-H+-ATPase和V-H+-PPase活性的影响

对溶液培养的盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa L.)幼苗进行不同浓度NaCl胁迫并改变培养液中K+浓度,以了解K+营养对NaCl胁迫下盐地碱蓬幼苗生长及叶片液泡膜V-H+-ATPase、V-H+-PPase活性的影响.提高培养液K+浓度可明显增加盐胁迫下碱蓬植株的鲜重、干重,促进盐地碱蓬叶片及根部组织K+积累.盐地碱蓬叶片液泡膜V-H+-ATPase至少由A、B、C、D、E及c亚基组成,其表达量在缺K+处理(12 μmol/L K+)下随盐胁迫浓度的增加而减小,而在正常K+(6 mmol/L)培养下则随盐胁迫浓度的增加而增加;盐地碱蓬叶片液泡膜V-H+-PPase分子量为72 kD,在缺K+和正常K+供应情况下,V-H+-PPase均有较高表达.V-H+-ATPase及V-H+-PPase活性变化与其亚基表达量变化基本成正相关.结果表明: K+对盐生植物碱蓬的耐盐性有重要作用,盐胁迫下,K+可能参与了V-H+-ATPase和V-H+-PPase活性调控.     

NaCl处理对盐地碱蓬开花及Na＋、K＋含量的影响

为探讨盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）开花与盐的关系, 研究了1 （对照）、200和400 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理对盐地碱蓬不同分枝和单株开花数目、叶片和茎及花器官中的Na＋、K＋含量及Na＋/K＋比的影响。结果表明： 与对照相比, 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下盐地碱蓬分枝及单株开花数目增加最显著, 单株开花数目增加了69.90%, 花器官中的Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了1.41倍和1.77倍, 而一级叶片的Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了3.96倍和4.96倍, 茎中Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了7.00倍和12.39倍。400 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下, 单株开花数目增加了19.00%, 花器官中的Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了2.09倍和3.21倍, 而一级叶片的Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了4.28倍和6.50倍, 茎中Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比分别增加了7.65和15.40倍。这些结果表明, NaCl处理下真盐生植物盐地碱蓬可能通过把Na＋区域化到茎叶而动员其中的K＋到花器官中维持花器官中合适的Na＋/K＋比而促进开花。     

Specific regulation of SOD isoforms by NaCl and osmotic stress in leaves of the C3 halophyte Suaeda salsa L

The halophyte Suaeda salsa L., exposed to different NaCl concentrations (100 and 400 mmol/L) and polyethylene glycol (isoosomotic to 100 mmol/L NaCl) containing nutrient solutions under normal or K+-deficient conditions for 7 days, was used to study effects of NaCl salinity and osmotic stress on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, malonedialdehyde (MDA) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoform activities. Photosynthetic capacity was not decreased by NaCl treatment, indicating that S. salsa possesses an effective antioxidative response system for avoiding oxidative damage. Seven SOD activity bands were detected in S. salsa leaf extracts, including an Mn-SOD and several isoforms of Fe-SOD and CuZn-SOD. It turned out that NaCl salinity and osmotic stress lead to a differential regulation of distinct SOD isoenzymes. This differential regulation is suggested to play a major role in stress tolerance of S. salsa.     

Effects of salt treatment and osmotic stress on V-ATPase and V-PPase in leaves of the halophyte Suaeda salsa.

The Chenopodiaceae Suaeda salsa L. was grown under different salt concentrations and under osmotic stress. The fresh weight was markedly stimulated by 0.1 M NaCl, 0.4 M NaCl and 0.1 M KCl and reduced by osmotic stress (PEG iso-osmotic to 0.1 M NaCl). Treatment with 0.4 M KCl severely damaged the plants. Membrane vesicle fractions containing tonoplast vesicles were isolated by sucrose gradient from leaves of the S. salsa plants and modulations of V-ATPase and V-PPase depending on the growth conditions were determined. Western blot analysis revealed that V-ATPase of S. salsa consists of at least nine subunits (apparent molecular masses 66, 55, 52, 48, 36, 35, 29, 18, and 16 kDa). This polypeptide pattern did not depend on culture conditions. V-PPase is composed of a single polypeptide (69 kDa). An additional polypeptide (54 kDa) was detected in the fractions of NaCl-, KCl- and PEG-treated plants. It turned out that the main strategy of salt-tolerance of S. salsa seems to be an up-regulation of V-ATPase activity, which is required to energize the tonoplast for ion uptake into the vacuole, while V-PPase plays only a minor role. The increase in V-ATPase activity is not obtained by structural changes of the enzyme, but by an increase in V-ATPase protein amount.     

The leaf tonoplast V-H(+)-Atpase activity of a C3 halophyte Suaeda salsa is enhanced by salt stress in a Ca-dependent mode

Suaeda salsa seedlings grown in Hoagland nutrient solution were treated with different concentrations of NaCl combined with two levels of Ca2+ (0 and 20 mmol/L) to study the effect of Ca2+ nutrition on the growth and activity of leaf tonoplast V-H(+)-ATPase. Increase of Ca2+ concentration in the solution markedly increased the relative growth quantity of S. salsa seedlings and Ca2+ and K+ concentration in the leaf cell sap under NaCl stress. The leaf V-H(+)-ATPase activity was significantly increased with increasing NaCl concentration under high Ca2+ application (20 mmol/L), but little changed under Ca2+ starvation (0 mmol/L). Western blot analysis showed that the leaf V-H(+)-ATPase of S. salsa was at least composed of A, B, D and c subunits, and their protein amounts were not affected by NaCl treatments under Ca2+ starvation (0 mmol/ L) with an exception of 100 mmol/L NaCl, but increased under high Ca2+ application (20 mmol/L). There was a positive correlation between activity of V-H(+)-ATPase and the protein amounts of the subunits. The results suggest that Ca2+ nutrition played an important role in the salt tolerance of S. salsa, and that enhancement of V-H(+)-ATPase activity under salt stress was Ca2(+)-dependent.     

盐地碱蓬叶片液泡膜H+-ATPase B亚基的克隆及盐胁迫下表达分析

植物液泡膜H -ATPase在建立跨液泡膜质子梯度、促进液泡Na 区域化、提高植物耐盐性方面发挥着重要作用.本实验从盐生植物盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa L.)cDNA文库分离到碱蓬叶片液泡膜H -ATPase B亚基cDNA克隆.测序表明该基因长达1 974 bp,开放阅读框有1 470 bp编码489个氨基酸,含有一个保守的ATP结合位点,其蛋白分子量约为54.29 kD.Northem及Western印迹表明盐地碱蓬液泡膜H -ATPase B亚基表达明显受NaCl胁迫诱导,并且在NaCl胁迫下,B亚基在转录及翻译水平上与液泡膜H -ATPase c亚基存在协同作用.盐胁迫下,盐地碱蓬液泡H -ATPase B亚基与c亚基的协同表达增加了液泡H -ATPase的数量,从而提高了液泡H -ATPase活性,为碱蓬叶片液泡Na 区域化提供了动力,最终提高了碱蓬植株的耐盐性.     

Two Na^＋ and Cl^- Hyperaccumulators of the Chenopodiaceae

The authors found five sodium (Na^ ) and chloride (Cl^-) hyperaccumulating halophytes in the Temperate Desert of Xinjiang, China and studied two of them (Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. and Kalidium folium (Pall.) Moq.). K. folium and S. salsa had a NaCl content of 32.1% and 29.8%, respectively, on a dry weight basis. X-ray microanalysis of the Na in the vacuole, apoplasts and cytoplasm of the two plants indicated a ratio of 7.3:5.6:1.0 in K. folium and 7.3:6.6:1.0 in S. salsa. These data show that K. folium and S. salsa both have a high Na and Cl^- accumulating capacity, which is related to high activity of tonoplast H^ -ATPase and H^ -PPase.     

Cloning and Differential Expression of Two Catalases in Suaeda salsa in Response to Salt Stress

Two different cDNA clones (Sscat1 and Sscat2) encoding catalase, the primary important H2O2_scavenging enzyme, were isolated from a λZap_cDNA library constructed from a 400 mmol/L NaCl_treated library of Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall aerial tissue. Sscat1 (1.7 kb) contains a full open reading frame of 492 amino acids and Sscat2 (1.1 kb) is a partial clone. BLAST analysis indicates that the two clones share 71.9% identity in nucleotide sequence and 75% identity in deduced amino acid sequence within the last 287 amino acid residues of Sscat1. Southern blotting analysis showed that Sscat1 is multicopy in S. salsa genome, while Sscat2 is a single copy gene. Northern blotting analysis showed a rapid increase in the steady_level of both genes in roots after 48 h salt treatment, but only Sscat1 was induced in salinity treated leaves. Time_course analysis carried out in leaves confirmed that Sscat1 was induced by salt stress, in contrast to Sscat2. These implied that the expression of Sscat1 and Sscat2 genes are differentially regulated in S. salsa. The activity of total catalase is dramatically increased in response to salt stress.     

转入盐地碱蓬谷胱甘肽转移酶和过氧化氢酶基因增强水稻幼苗对低温胁迫的抗性

以水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种中花11号成熟种子为材料,利用农杆菌介导法将盐地碱蓬的GST（谷胱甘肽转移酶）单基因和GST＋CAT1（catalase 1）双基因转入低温敏感水稻品种中花11号,并对T4代转基因水稻幼苗的抗低温特性进行了分析。结果显示,低温处理后,转基因植株的GST和CAT活性都比未转入这两种基因的对照高;且PSⅡ最大光化学效率也高于非转基因对照;而H2O2和MDA（malondialdehyde）含量及细胞膜透性则低于对照。说明转基因水稻幼苗GST和GST＋CAT1的表达提高了对低温胁迫的抗性。     

盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)中SsINPS基因的分子克隆及表达特性分析

肌醇 1 磷酸 (I 1 P)合成酶 (EC5 .5 .1 .4,INPS)是肌醇生物合成中的关键酶 ,催化葡萄糖 6 磷酸 (G 6 P)到I 1 P的反应。从该实验室已构建的NaCl40 0mmol/L处理的盐地碱蓬 (Suaedasal sa)cDNA文库中克隆了肌醇 1 磷酸合成酶的全长cDNA (S .salsamyo inositol 1 phosphatesynthase,SsINPS) ,基因注册号为AF43 3 879。SsINPS全长约 1 986bp ,含有开放式阅读框架 1 5 3 0bp ,3′和 5′的非翻译区分别为 1 3 9bp和 3 1 7bp ;推导的氨基酸序列全长 5 1 0个氨基酸残基 ,分子量约为 5 6 .7kD ,pI值为 5 .3 5。BLAST同源性分析表明 ,该cDNA与已报告的冰叶日中花 (Mesembryanthemumcrys tallinum)的INPS基因同源性最高 ,其中 ,核苷酸水平的同源性为 91 % ,氨基酸水平上的同源性为84%。以SsINPS全长cDNA为探针进行的South ern杂交结果表明 ,SsINPS基因在盐地碱蓬基因组中只有一个拷贝 ;Northern结果表明 ,在盐处理(40 0mmol/L的NaCl)下 ,SsINPS在叶中的表达量有显著的增加。从而说明SsINPS在盐胁迫下是上升调节的     

不同盐处理对盐地碱蓬幼苗肉质化的影响

用不同的钠盐和含Cl- 的盐处理盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)幼苗后, 测定不同器官的肉质化及相关生理指标,结果表明：NaF处理明显抑制盐地碱蓬幼苗的生长;NaCl处理下生长最好,其中叶片的肉质化程度显著高于对照,正在伸展茎次之,而根则不明显;其次是NaHCO3,肉质化程度也明显高于对照;CaCl2和KCl处理下肉质化程度都与对照相似;MgCl2处理下叶片的肉质化程度明显低于对照。这些结果表明,NaCl处理明显促进盐地碱蓬肉质化是Na+和Cl-两种离子作用的结果,而Na+起主导作用;在这个过程中,HCO3-有一定的作用,Mg2+抑制肉质化。     

NaCl胁迫对2种表型盐地碱蓬种子萌发的渗透效应和离子效应研究

采用高低2个浓度的NaCl、LiCl及等渗甘露醇溶液处理紫红色表型(紫色型)和绿色表型(绿色型)盐地碱蓬种子,通过测定它们的种子萌发率、吸胀速率和胚内离子含量,研究NaCl胁迫对2种表型种子萌发的离子效应和渗透效应.结果表明:(1)2种表型盐地碱蓬种子萌发率在高浓度(300 mmol/L)和低浓度(100 mmol/L)NaCl处理下均显著降低,紫色型种子萌发率在低浓度下显著低于绿色型,而在高浓度下却显著高于绿色型;绿色型种子萌发率在高浓度(30 mmol/L)和低浓度(10 mmol/L)LiCl处理下均未受到显著影响,但紫色型种子萌发率却均极显著降低;2种表型盐地碱蓬种子萌发率在低浓度等渗甘露醇处理下均极显著低于低浓度NaCl处理,而高浓度等渗甘露醇处理却均与高浓度NaCl处理无显著差异.(2)2表型种盐地碱蓬种子的吸胀速率在低浓度NaCl处理下没有受到显著影响,但高浓度NaCl处理及与之等渗的高浓度甘露醇处理下都显著降低,而且紫色型种子的吸胀速率在等渗甘露醇处理时显著高于绿色型.(3)2种表型盐地碱蓬种子胚中的Na 含量和Na /K 在对照和低浓度NaCl处理下无显著差异,但紫色型种子胚中的Na 、K 含量在高浓度NaCl处理时都显著高于对照,且K 含量增加的幅度远大于Na 含量,导致紫色型种子胚中的Na /K 显著低于绿色型.研究发现,盐地碱蓬种子萌发在低浓度NaCl胁迫下主要受离子效应抑制,而高浓度NaCl胁迫下则主要受渗透效应抑制,紫色型种子萌发率在高浓度NaCl胁迫下高于绿色型的原因之一是前者能维持更低的Na /K 比.     

不同盐处理对盐地碱蓬幼苗肉质化的影响

用不同的钠盐和含Cl-的盐处理盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)幼苗后,测定不同器官的肉质化及相关生理指标,结果表明:NaF处理明显抑制盐地碱蓬幼苗的生长;NaCl处理下生长最好,其中叶片的肉质化程度显著高于对照,正在伸展茎次之,而根则不明显;其次是NaHCO3,肉质化程度也明显高于对照;CaCl2和KCl处理下肉质化程度都与对照相似;MgCl2处理下叶片的肉质化程度明显低于对照.这些结果表明,NaCl处理明显促进盐地碱蓬肉质化是Na 和Cl-两种离子作用的结果,而Na 起主导作用;在这个过程中,HCO3-有一定的作用,Mg2 抑制肉质化.     

ERK and p38 pathways regulate amino acid signalling

The ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) is emerging as a common downstream target of signalling by hormones and nutrients such as insulin and amino acids. Here, we have investigated how amino acids signal through the S6K1 pathway. First, we found that a commercial anti-phospho-Thr389-S6K1 antibody detects an 80-90 kDa protein that is rapidly phosphorylated in response to amino acids. Unexpectedly, this phosphorylation was insensitive to both mTOR and PI-3 kinase inhibitors, and knockdown experiments showed that this protein was not S6K1. Looking for candidate targets of this phosphorylation, we found that amino acids stimulated phosphorylation of RSK and MSK kinases at residues that are homologous to Thr389 in S6K1. In turn, these phosphorylations required the activity of either p38 or ERK MAP kinases, which could compensate for each other. Moreover, we show that these MAP kinases are also needed for the amino acid-induced phosphorylation of S6K1 at Thr421/Ser424, as well as for that of S6K1 substrate, the S6 ribosomal protein. Consistent with these results, concomitant inhibition of p38 and ERK pathways also antagonised the well-known effects of amino acids on the process of autophagy. Altogether, these findings demonstrate a previously unknown role for MAP kinases in amino acid signalling.     

Thiophosphorylation of hog gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase membranes by endogenous protein kinases

(H+ + K+)-ATPase-enriched membranes from hog stomachs were tested for their capacity to autophosphorylate using [gamma-32P]ATP or [gamma-35S]ATP[S] as phosphate donors. The radioactive polypeptides were characterized by SDS-PAGE. In the presence of Mg2+ and 5 microM [gamma-32P]ATP, rapid and transient incorporation of 32P occurred at 0 degrees C. Radioactivity was essentially found in the major polypeptide of the material, the 95 kDa subunit of (H+ + K+)-ATPase. Under the same experimental conditions, thiophosphorylation was slower and reached a plateau within 1 h. Incorporation levels were higher with manganese than with magnesium. After one hour at 0 degrees C, and in the presence of 10 mM manganese and 5 microM ATP[S], 0.58 +/- 0.06 nmoles of thiophosphate were incorporated per mg of protein. Twenty seven percent of the thiophosphorylated amino acids were acylphosphates i.e. likely to be the ATPase thiophosphointermediate. The remaining thiophosphorylated amino acids (73%) were thought to be produced by protein kinases. This was supported by the autoradiographies of membrane SDS-PAGE which indicated that, in addition to the 95 kDa ATPase subunit, other polypeptides were thiophosphorylated especially at 108, 58, 47, 45 and 36-40 kDa. A previous study had provided strong evidence that chloride transport in gastric microsomes, is modulated by a protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation (Soumarmon, A., Abastado, M., Bonfils, S. and Lewin M.J.M. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 11682-11687). In the present work, we demonstrate that the peptidic inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinases decreased thiophosphorylation of a 45 kDa polypeptide. We suggest that this polypeptide could be regarded as a candidate for the role of chloride transporter or chloride transport regulator.     

湿地翅碱蓬生物量遥感估算模型

以黄河三角洲HJ-1A CCD遥感数据和滨海湿地翅碱蓬生物量实测数据为数据源,通过对比分析参数回归模型（单变量线性和非线性回归模型,多元线性逐步回归模型）和人工神经网络模型（BP网络、RBF网络、GRNN网络）,构建黄河三角洲湿地翅碱蓬生长初期的生物量湿重遥感估算最优模型。研究表明：基于遥感信息变量能够建立生长初期翅碱蓬生物量湿重估算模型。尽管基于RDVI、MSAVI和PC2的3个变量的多元线性回归模型的拟合效果较优,但是以SAVI、MSAVI、RVI、DVI、RDVI和PC2等7个遥感信息变量构建的BP神经网络模型的精度更高,平均相对误差为12.73%,估算效果最优,能够满足较高精度的生物量湿重估算需求。翅碱蓬生长初期生物量湿重最优估算模型的建立,为滨海地区植被生物量监测、区域翅碱蓬生物量季节动态模拟以及黄河三角洲生态系统功能评价提供技术支持与基础。     

Effects of Salinity on Ion Contents,Betaine Level and Betaine-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity in Seepweed (Suaeda salsa) Seedlings

The changes of ion contents, betaine levels and betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) activity in seedling of halophyte seepweed (Suaeda salsa) were studied under different salinity (NaC1 and KC1). Results showed that the K+ contents in seepweed seedlings grown in NaC1 for 96 h decreased as the external salinity was increased comparing with the controls while the Na+ levels increased substantially. The levels of Na+ in seepweed treated with KC1 fell, but K+ levels rose. The betaine levels and the BADH activity rose with the increase of external NaC1 concentrations and the betaine levels increased as the time of the treatment was lengthened. The effects of KC1 on the betaine levels and BADH activity were similar to these of NaC1. These results illustrated that NaC1 and KC1 can cause a large amounts of betaine accumulation in seepweed, and preliminary data suggest that BADH activity has played a role in betaine accumulation.     

硫腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因的克隆及其在盐胁迫条件下的不同表达

硫腺苷甲硫氨酸作为甲基供体在转甲基反应中起到重要作用.为了解硫腺苷甲硫氨酸在盐地碱蓬(Suaedasalsa (L.)Pall)耐盐中的作用,我们对可能编码硫腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的基因(SsSAMS2)进行了分析.该基因在经400 mmol/L NaCl处理的盐地碱蓬地上部分的λ-Zap cDNA文库中克隆到,其插入片段全长1 531 bp,包含一个395个氨基酸的开放阅读框架,该基因推断的分子量约为43 kD.SsSAMS2与长春花(Catharanthus roseus)的SAMS2在氨基酸水平上的一致性为93%.Southern杂交显示,SsSAMS2在盐地碱蓬基因组中可能是两个拷贝.Northern分析显示硫腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因受NaCl等胁迫的正调控.酶活性检测表明,NaCl胁迫条件下该酶活性增强.     

盐旱互作对不同生境盐地碱蓬种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了盐旱互作对潮间带和盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬棕色种子萌发、地上部生长和离子积累的影响。不同盐浓度预处理后,未萌发的种子风干后复水,其萌发率与对照相比没有降低,说明两种生境盐地碱蓬种子萌发期间都耐干湿交替。400mmol/LNaCl溶液浇灌的潮间带生境盐地碱蓬幼苗在第3次干旱处理后萎蔫幼苗的百分比高于盐碱地生境的,而复水后正常幼苗的百分比却相反。400mmol/LNaCl溶液处理下,第3次干旱处理复水后,盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬幼苗地上部离子含量(主要是Na+和Cl-)高于潮间带生境的。表明在干旱情况下,盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬幼苗能积累更多的无机离子,降低渗透势,提高根系吸收水分的能力。上述结果说明,盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬幼苗较潮间带生境盐地碱蓬幼苗更耐盐与干旱的交互作用。