Prediction of the net energy value of broiler diets

Thirty pelleted diets were given to broiler chickens (eight birds per diet; 21 to 35 days of age) for individual in vivo measurements of dietary net energy (NE) value, using three trials with 10 diets/trial. Amino acid formulation of diets was done on the basis of ratios to CP. NE was measured according to the body analysis method. The basal metabolism component of NE values was calculated on the basis of mean metabolic weight using a coefficient obtained in a previous experiment. Information about apparent metabolisable energy (AME) value of diets, AME corrected to zero nitrogen retention (AMEn) and digestibilities of proteins, lipids, starch and sugars was available from a previous publication. In each trial, mean NE/AME ratios of diets varied by about 6%. From the multiple regressions (n=30) expressing NE and AMEn values as functions of digestible component contents, it was deduced that the NE/AMEn ratios assigned to dietary components were 0.760, 0.862, 0.806, 0.690 and 0.602 for CP, lipids, starch, (sucrose+glucose) and fermentable sugars (α-galacto-oligosaccharides and lactose), respectively. The NE/AME ratio of CP was 0.680. Regression calculations showed that the NE values assigned to individual birds (n=240) could also be predicted with diet AMEn values (NE=0.80 AMEn; R²=0.770) or with an equation combining AMEn value and CP/AMEn ratio (R²=0.773). The latter ratio was found to be the only additional parameter that was significant when added in the NE regression scheme based on AMEn.     

Effect of age of growing turkeys on nutrient digestibility and energy value of cereal-soybean-based diets

Ileal and total tract digestibility of protein, total tract digestibility of fat and AME_N of cereal-based diets were assayed in growing turkeys at four, seven and 12 weeks of age. Fat digestibility and AME_N improved linearly with age. Total tract protein digestibility improved with age according to a curvilinear trend, while ileal protein digestibility improved from 4?–?7 weeks of age but decreased from 7?–?12 weeks of age. It can be concluded that higher AME_N values could be applied when formulating diets for older than for younger turkeys. Regarding protein digestibility more investigation is needed but a possible fall in values after the first weeks of age may be expected.     

Prediction of the nutritional value of European compound feeds for rabbits by chemical components and in vitro analysis

Chemical composition and in vitro analyses were used to predict the nutritional value of 164 experimental rabbit diets evaluated in six European Laboratories under standardised conditions. The equations were mainly developed by stepwise regression analysis with over two third of the samples (111) used as calibration set. The other third (53) was used as validation set, and a study of the residues was undertaken to calculate the error of validation. Twenty three different equations have been proposed to predict the nutritional value (mainly gross energy digestibility, GEd; and digestible energy, DE) of rabbit diets, as a function of the available variables. Acid detergent fibre (ADFom) was the chemical variable most closely related to GEd and DE (R² = 0.49 and 0.43, respectively, RSD = 0.033 and 0.62, for GEd and DE, respectively), but the in vitro DM digestibility (DMd_inv) predicted the energy value with greater accuracy (R² = 0.7, 0.52, for GEd and DE, respectively) and lower standard error (RSD = 0.025, 0.58 for GEd and DE, respectively). The latter equations were improved (R² = 0.81, 0.74 for GEd and DE, respectively) when ether extract (EE) and Lignin (sa) were included. The use of additive equations that predict the DE from the main constituents that supply energy (protein, ether extract and carbohydrates) did not increase the precision, nor decrease the validation error respect to the simplest ones. Digestible Energy was predicted with a similar accuracy and validation errors than GEd. Crude protein digestibility (CPd) was better predicted from chemical analysis (Lignin (sa), R² = 0.49) than for DMd_inv. The further inclusion of CP slightly increased its coefficient of determination (0.53). The error of validation was relatively low (0.050 as average) and of the same magnitude than the RSD of the equations.     

Prediction of metabolisable energy value of broiler diets and water excretion from dietary chemical analyses

Thirty various pelleted diets were given to broilers (8/diet) for in vivo measurements of dietary metabolisable energy (ME) value and digestibilities of proteins, lipids, starch and sugars from day 27 to day 31, with ad libitum feeding and total collection of excreta. Water excretion was also measured. Amino acid formulation of diets was done on the basis of ratios to crude proteins. Mean in vivo apparent ME values corrected to zero nitrogen retention (AMEn) were always lower than the AMEn values calculated for adult cockerels using predicting equations from literature based on the chemical analyses of diets. The difference between mean in vivo AMEn values and these calculated AMEn values increased linearly with increasing amount of wheat in diets (P = 0.0001). Mean digestibilities of proteins, lipids and starch were negatively related to wheat introduction (P = 0.0001). The correlations between mean in vivo AMEn values and diet analytical parameters were the highest with fibre-related parameters, such as water-insoluble cell-walls (WICW) (r = −0.91) or Real Applied Viscosity (RAV) (r = −0.77). Thirteen multiple regression equations relating mean in vivo AMEn values to dietary analytical data were calculated, with R² values ranging from 0.859 to 0.966 (P = 0.0001). The highest R² values were obtained when the RAV parameter was included in independent variables. The direct regression equations obtained with available components (proteins, lipids, starch, sucrose and oligosaccharides) and the indirect regression equations obtained with WICW and ash parameters showed similar R² values. Direct or indirect theoretical equations predicting AMEn values were established using the overall mean in vivo digestibility values. The principle of indirect equations was based on the assumption that WICW and ashes act as diluters. Addition of RAV or wheat content in variables improved the accuracy of theoretical equations. Efficiencies of theoretical equations for predicting AMEn values were almost the same as those of multiple regression equations. Water excretion was expressed either as the water content of excreta (EWC), the ratio of water excretion to feed intake (WIR) or the residual value from the regression equation relating water excretion to feed intake (RWE). The best regression predicting EWC was based on sucrose, fermentable sugars (lactose + oligosaccharides) and chloride variables, with positive coefficients. The best equations predicting WIR or RWE contained the sugar and chloride variables, with positive coefficients. Other variables appearing in these equations were AMEn or starch with negative coefficients, WICW, ‘cell-wall-retained water’, RAV or potassium with positive coefficients.     

Nutritional value of 15 corn gluten meals for growing pigs: chemical composition,energy content and amino acid digestibility

The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition, energy content and amino acid digestibility for corn gluten meals (CGM) and to develop prediction equations for estimating energy content and amino acid digestibility for growing pigs based on the chemical characteristics of these meals. The 15 CGM tested were obtained from seven Chinese companies. Experiment 1 was conducted to determine the digestible (DE) and metabolisable energy (ME) of the 15 CGM. The 18 growing barrows (38 ± 4 kg) were assigned to three 6 × 6 Latin square designs. The 15 CGM test diets were formulated to contain 19.20% CGM, which replaced 20% of the energy supplied by corn and crystalline amino acid in the basal diet. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine the apparent (AID) and standardised (SID) ileal digestibility of the crude protein (CP) and amino acids in the 15 CGM using chromic oxide as an inert marker. The 18 growing barrows (25 ± 2 kg) fitted with a simple T-cannula were assigned to three 6 × 6 Latin square designs. The 15 test diets contained 35% of one of the 15 CGM as the sole source of amino acids in the diet. The results showed a considerable variation in the chemical composition of CGM within and among plants. On dry matter basis, the DE and ME content of the CGM ranged from 18.8 to 21.0 MJ/kg and from 18.0 to 19.9 MJ/kg, respectively. There were no significant differences in the AID and SID for CP, arginine, lysine, glycine and proline among the 15 CGM, however, for all the other amino acids, significant differences were found for their AID and SID. With R ² values exceeding 0.50, the DE of CGM can be predicted accurately from CP and fibre content and ME from starch and fibre content. Suitable prediction equations for SID of methionine were also developed.     

饲料中添加中性蛋白酶对青鱼生长、消化及鱼体组成的影响

用含中性蛋白酶8000U/g的酶制剂,制作酶制剂使用量分别为0‰、0.5‰、1‰、2‰和3‰的5种实验饲料,喂养平均初始重为(3.03±0.04)g的5组三重复的青鱼鱼种8周。实验在容积为80L的15只循环式水族箱中进行。实验水温为(25.0±0.5)℃。结果表明：实验饲料中酶制剂含量为0.5‰时,实验鱼的鱼体增重与摄食不含酶制剂饲料的实验组无显著差异(P>0.05), 而当饲料中酶制剂含量提高至1‰时,鱼体增重出现显著提高(P<0.05)。但饲料中酶制剂含量从1‰进一步提高至2‰和3‰,则鱼体增重不再有显著变化(P>0.05);饲料中酶制剂含量为1‰、2‰和3‰实验组的摄食量显著高于饲料中酶制剂含量为0和0.5‰的实验组(P<0.05)。而饲料中酶制剂含量为1‰、2‰和3‰实验组的饲料系数显著低于饲料中酶制剂含量为0和0.5‰的实验组(P<0.05);青鱼饲料中使用酶制剂对饲料干物质的表观消化率、实验鱼的肠蛋白酶活性、肠和肝胰脏淀粉酶活性、全鱼营养组成、脏体指数、肝体指数无显著影响(P>0.05);饲料中0.5‰－3‰酶制剂含量时,实验鱼对饲料蛋白质的表观消化率均显著高于饲料中不含酶制剂的实验组 (P<0.05)。青鱼鱼种肝胰脏蛋白酶活性随着饲料中酶制剂使用量从0增加0.5‰和1‰而呈逐渐升高的趋势,但饲料中酶制剂使用量继续增加则不再有显著变化。因此,在本实验条件下,饲料中使用1‰－3‰的中性蛋白酶制剂促进青鱼鱼种的生长和降低饲料系数。     

Prediction of the energy value of commercial pig feeds,according to the various energy systems used in the European Community that are based on simple analytical parameters of the feed

An attempt was made to predict the energy value of mixed pig feeds from chemical composition alone, using multiple linear regression analysis. A total of 24 commercial mixed pig feeds were collected on the Belgian market and analysed for various chemical parameters. The digestibility of the Weende nutrients was also determined.For several energy systems used in the European Community (EC), the most reliable regression is given for one to seven independent variables. It was finally found that Nettoenergie Fett (Schiemann et al., 1971), net energy growth (A. Just, 1975, personal communication), digestible energy (Schiemann et al., 1971), metabolizable energy (Just, 1975), Gesamtnährstoffe and total digestible nutrients were most accurately predicted when the following five variables were entered in the regression equation: crude protein, crude fat and the three nitrogen-free extractives (NFE) fractions: starch, invert sugars and “other NFE” (= NFE — starch — invert sugars).     

Effect of graded levels of rapeseed oil in isonitrogenous diets on the development of the gastrointestinal tract,and utilisation of protein,fat and energy in broiler chickens

The effect of feeding 0, 4, 8 and 16% rapeseed oil from 12–42 days of age was studied in broiler chickens on performance, digestibility of nutrients, and development of gastrointestinal tract, protein and energy metabolism. Thirty six female chickens (Ross 208) with initial body weight average 246 g were allocated to the four groups and kept pair-wise in metabolism cages. The chickens were fed similar amounts of metabolisable energy (ME) per day and similar amounts of essential amino acids relative to ME by adjusting with crystalline amino acids. The chickens were subjected to four balance periods each of five days with two 24 h measurements of gas exchange in two open-air-circuit respiration chambers inserted on the second and third day of each period. The addition of rapeseed oil increased the amount of gutfill indicating a reduced rate of passage and causing a hypertrophy of the gastrointestinal tract. There was a positive effect on feed utilisation as well as on digestibility especially of dietary fat together with higher utilisation of protein with addition of rapeseed oil. The partial fat digestibility of rapeseed oil estimated by regression was 91.1% and the partial metabolisability (ME/GE) of the rapeseed oil was estimated to 85% yielding an apparent metabolisable energy value of 34.30 MJ/kg.     

The application of the n-alkane technique for estimating the composition of diets consumed by equines and cattle feeding on upland vegetation communities

The application of n-alkanes as faecal markers to estimate diet composition of equines and cattle was studied. Twelve mature crossbreed mares (385 ± 47 kg live weight – LW) and six adult non-lactating cows (499 ± 36 kg LW) of Asturiana de los Valles breed were divided in groups of three animals (H1, H2, H3 and H4 in equines and C1 and C2 in cattle) and housed in individual stalls. Animals received a daily total amount of 1.0 kg DM/100 kg LW of different experimental diets composed of herbaceous (Lolium perenne L.) and woody species (Ulex gallii Planchon and heather: Erica spp. and Calluna vulgaris L.). Diet composition varied among treatments: H1 and C1 – L. perenne as sole component; H2 and C2 – L. perenne (0.70) and heather (0.30); H3 – L. perenne (0.70) and U. gallii (0.30); H4 – L. perenne (0.40), heather (0.30) and U. gallii (0.30).     

The effect of organic diets on the performance of pullets maintained under semi-organic conditions

The effects of organic diets, with or without supplements of betaine, saponin, fructo-oligosaccharide and methionine, on the health, performance and gut flora of pullets were investigated. A comparison was also made between birds fed organic diets and those fed a non-organic diet. Day-old Lohmann Tradition pullets were reared in 24 groups of 64 chicks indoors until 11 weeks, and then in 48 groups of 24 to 27 chicks with access to range until 17 weeks of age. Groups of birds were fed one of eight diets, a conventional rearing diet with supplementary amino acids, an organic basal diet, organic basal plus methionine and organic basal supplemented with one of the test ingredients. At most stages of growth the birds fed the conventional diet and those fed the basal diet with methionine performed better than those that had no supplemental methionine. Other dietary treatments had no consistently significant effect on growth, the microbial populations within the gastro-intestinal tract of the birds or the number of parasite eggs excreted. After 5 weeks with access to range, the birds that were fed three out of five diets regarded as deficient in sulphur amino acids achieved similar weights (P > 0.05) to birds that received diets adequate in sulphur amino acids. Health and welfare of birds fed organic diets was not adversely affected; however, an investigation of birds housed in larger flocks and taken into the laying phase, when physical demands on birds are greatest, is required.     

Some effect of sodium application on the yield and chemical composition of pasture grown under differing conditions of potassium and moisture supply

The effects of Na fertiliser (supplied as an NPK-Na compound) on herbage yield and composition were examined at two different sites to see if pasture responses to Na were affected by differences in K and moisture availability. At one site, pasture was grown under conditions of moisture stress and limited K availability, whereas at the other site the pasture was grown under comparatively non-stress conditions.The results were interesting in that Na fertilisation appeared to be detrimental to pasture yield and quality under conditions of moisture stress and suboptimal K supply, whereas under the non-stress conditions it actually increased herbage N offtake, marginally improved the nutritional quality of the pasture and produced appreciable (albeit non-significant) increases in DM yield. It was suggested that an important effect of Na on grass production may have been its ability to enhance the rate of NO₃^– uptake by plants, thereby minimising NO₃^–-N losses from the soil-plant system by denitrification. However, because the amount of N fertiliser used in the experiments (i.e. 390 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1) was close to that normally required for maximum yield production (N max) under Northern Ireland conditions, the scope for yield increases in response to Na-elicited improvements in N offtake were thought to have been very limited at both experimental sites.On the basis of results from both the present study and previous field trials, a unifying theory is presented to explain the differential effects of Na on NO₃^– uptake and herbage growth under different sets of circumstances.     

Kinetic model‐based prediction of the persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium under tropical agricultural field conditions

Aim: Present a kinetic model‐based approach for using isothermal data to predict the survival of manure‐borne enteric bacteria under dynamic conditions in an agricultural environment. Methods and Results: A model to predict the survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium under dynamic temperature conditions in soil in the field was developed. The working hypothesis was that the inactivation phenomena associated with the survival kinetics of an organism in an agricultural matrix under dynamic temperature conditions is for a large part due to the cumulative effect of inactivation at various temperatures within the continuum registered in the matrix in the field. The modelling approach followed included (i) the recording of the temperature profile that the organism experiences in the field matrix, (ii) modelling the survival kinetics under isothermal conditions at a range of temperatures that were registered in the matrix in the field; and (iii) using the isothermal‐based kinetic models to develop models for predicting survival under dynamic conditions. The time needed for 7 log CFU g^?1Salmonella Typhimurium in manure and manure‐amended soil to reach the detection limit of the enumeration method (2 log CFU g^?1) under tropical conditions in the Central Agro‐Ecological Zone of Uganda was predicted to be 61–68 days and corresponded with observed CFU of about 2·2–3·0 log CFU g^?1, respectively. The Bias and Accuracy factor of the prediction was 0·71–0·84 and 1·2–1·4, respectively. Conclusions: Survival of Salm. Typhimurium under dynamic field conditions could be for 71–84% determined by the developed modelling approach, hence substantiating the working hypothesis. Significance and Impact of the Study: Survival kinetic models obtained under isothermal conditions can be used to develop models for predicting the persistence of manure‐borne enteric bacteria under dynamic field conditions in an agricultural environment.     

室内纱笼条件下不同蛋白饲粮对工蜂生理代谢的影响

本文旨在探究不同蛋白饲粮对蜜蜂生长发育代谢的影响进而指导养蜂生产实践,试验选取刚出房的意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica 270头,分为3组,3个重复,每个重复30头工蜂,分别饲喂3种饲粮。对照组饲粮：蜂蜜∶蔗糖粉=1∶3;试验组A饲粮：花粉∶蜂蜜∶蔗糖粉=5∶1∶6;试验组B饲粮：蜂粮∶蜂蜜∶蔗糖粉=5∶1∶6。在纱笼内进行室内喂养,观察记录蜜蜂7 d内的存活情况;采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)方法检测试验组A与B饲粮对饲喂5日龄蜜蜂的代谢差异,对数据进行模式识别分析,筛选鉴别差异代谢物。结果表明：饲喂试验组B饲粮的蜜蜂比试验组A蜜蜂存活时间显著增长(P<0.05);代谢组数据显示试验组A和B明显分离,共鉴定出15个差异代谢物,包括氨基酸、维生素、糖类等,其中11个差异代谢物下调,4个差异代谢物上调;代谢物通路分析差异显著有甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢通路,精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢通路,赖氨酸降解通路、戊糖磷酸通路(P<0.05)。说明在纱笼等特殊环境中,工蜂饲粮不可直接加入花粉,按照蜂粮∶蜂蜜∶蔗糖粉=5∶1∶6的比例混合制成的人工饲粮更适合蜜...     

Effect of different husbandry systems on the reproductive development of post-weaning ram lambs under tropical conditions

Two groups of three-to four-month-old weaning ram lambs were studied for 20 months, beginning with weaning at between three and four months. Group 1 was comprised of nine ram lambs which were reared under an intensive husbandry system, and given standard nutrition and mineral supplements throughout the study. Group 2 was comprised of nine rams which were reared under the traditional nomadic/extensive management system, in which the only source of feed was the available pasture. The reproductive traits studied include: age, weight and scrotal circumference at puberty and at all corresponding ages up to 23 months, libido and sexual dexterity and semen characteristics at puberty and all corresponding ages. In the intensively managed rams, the average age at puberty was 6.4+/-0.5 mos. The averages of the other parameters at puberty were: body weight (BW), 21.7+/-2.5kg; scrotal circumference (SC), 18.5+/-1.3cm; libido score, 1.7+/-0.7 and sexual dexterity, 1.7:0.8. In the extensively managed rams, the average age at puberty was 7.8+/-0.3 mos. The average values of the various parameters at puberty were: BW, 17.3+/-1.2kg; SC, 15.2+/-1.4cm; libido score, 3.2+/-0.6 and sexual dexterity, 3.2:1.8. The inter- and intra-group variations in all the parameters at puberty and at all corresponding ages were significant. The average morphological sperm cell abnormalities at puberty were: 25.2+/-3.4% and 31.6+/-8.3% for rams reached puberty and at all corresponding ages than the extensively reared flock. Certain factors that influence post-weaning reproductive development and performance are discussed.     

AM真菌和施磷量对不同叶位烟叶生长和化学成分的交互效应

采用土培试验研究了不同施P水平下接种AM真菌摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae)和苏格兰球囊霉（Glomus caledonium)对烤烟不同叶位烟叶生长和化学成分的影响,结果表明,接种AM真菌提高了烟草根系菌根侵染率,增加了烟叶总干重,其中对下位和上位烟叶效果明显,中位叶因菌种而异,接种G.mosseae显著提高了中位叶总糖,烟碱,P,K含量和上位叶K含量,而接种G.caledonium则提高了下位叶总糖和上位叶总糖,还原糖,烟碱含量,促进了上,下位烟叶P含量的增加,烟叶N,Mg,Fe,Zn含量因菌种和施P量不同而变化,施P量为0．056－0．112g/kg^-1土时接种效果最好。     

Kinetic and chemical studies on the isomerization of monosaccharides in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) under Lyocell conditions

The Lyocell process is a modern and environmentally fully compatible industrial fiber-making technology. Cellulosic pulp is dissolved without chemical derivatization in a melt of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide monohydrate (NMMO). In the present work, the reactions of monosaccharides under Lyocell conditions were investigated in detail, using capillary zone electrophoresis as the analytical technique to clarify the composition of reaction mixtures and to follow the kinetics. Under Lyocell conditions, xylose and glucose undergo two competitive reactions: rapid conversion to nonreducing products, and complete isomerization involving the whole carbohydrate backbone, via ketose intermediates. Sugar acids are present in minor amounts only, as demonstrated by employing isotopically labeled material for NMR techniques.     

基于叶绿素荧光研究球形棕囊藻在富磷条件下的生长特性

棕囊藻属于定鞭藻纲、定鞭藻目,广泛分布在不同海洋生态环境中。有报道指出,棕囊藻时常在北太平洋温带港湾、挪威海、北海、英吉利海峡及南极海域等地方引发的大规模有害赤潮。近年来,我国东海海域和南海粤东海域均发生较大面积的棕囊藻赤潮,给当地的水产养殖业带来了严重的影响。除此之外,棕囊藻具有特殊的生理机制,可以产生二甲基硫化物(DMS),对整个海域的气候状况,酸雨酸雾的形成以及全球硫循环都有重要的意义。本文以球形棕囊藻为研究材料,设置3组较高的磷浓度处理(5mg·L^-1、10mg·L^-1和20mg·L^-1),利用细胞记数和叶绿素荧光测定等方法研究了该藻在不同富磷浓度下的生长情况。结果显示,不同磷浓度下的藻体荧光值变化均呈现"S"型曲线,表明藻细胞的生长经历缓慢期,快速期和平缓期3个阶段;同时,试验所设置的磷浓度对球形棕囊藻的叶绿素荧光值有一定的影响,其中在5mg·L^-1磷浓度下的藻体荧光值最低,在第7天只有802μg·L^-1,而在10mg·L^-1和20mg·L^-1磷浓度下的藻体荧光值较高,在第7天分别达到836μg·L^-1和850μg·L^-1,表明磷营养可以促进藻细胞的生长增殖,但在较高磷浓度下,这种促进作用不明显。结果还显示,较低浓度的磷(5mg·L^-1)减缓与限制了藻细胞的生长,在5mg·L^-1磷浓度下的藻最大特定比生长速率和细胞密度分别只有0.704d^-1和190cells·mL^-1。相对而言,20mg·L^-1磷浓度下的藻最大特定比生长速率和细胞密度最高,分别达到了0.771d^-1和250cells·mL^-1。研究结果揭示,水体中的磷营养浓度的变化是导致藻细胞大量增殖的一个主要的外在因素,而利用叶绿素荧光来测定藻细胞生长是一种快速、简便和可靠的方法,在今后有害水华监测过程中应该多加利用,以更及时、准确地预测预报有害水华的发生,降低其对经济、环境和社会造成的潜在危害。     

基于双作物系数法估算不同水分条件下温室番茄蒸发蒸腾量

2015—2016年在中国农业科学院新乡综合试验基地,以华北地区典型日光温室滴灌番茄为研究对象,分析2种灌溉水平[参考20 cm标准蒸发皿的累积蒸发量(E_p),设置2种灌溉水平(高水: 0.9E_p;低水:0.5E_p)]下番茄不同生育期土壤蒸发(E)、作物蒸腾(T)、蒸发蒸腾(ET)和土壤蒸发占蒸发蒸腾比值(E/ET)的变化,探讨水分亏缺对作物系数(K_c)的影响以及水分胁迫系数(K_s)在全生育期的动态变化.采用双作物系数法分别估算E、T和ET,并与实测结果进行对比分析.结果表明: 2015和2016年全生育期高水处理的E分别比低水处理高21.5%和20.4%, 占总蒸发蒸腾量的24.0%和25.0%,E/ET在生育初期最大、中期最小;高水处理的K_c值在生育初期、发育期、生育中期和生育后期分别为0.45、0.89、1.06和0.93,低水处理下分别为0.45、0.89、0.87和0.41;低水处理的K_s值在0.32～1.0,生育初期、发育期、生育中期和生育后期分别为0.98、0.93、0.78和0.39.双作物系数法可较精确地估算不同水分处理的ET,其平均绝对误差(MAE)为0.36～0.48 mm·d^-1,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.44～0.65 mm·d^-1;该方法也可精确地估算E和T,其MAE分别为0.15～0.19和0.26～0.56 mm·d^-1,RMSE分别为0.20～0.24和0.33～0.72 mm·d^-1.