长喙毛茛泽泻遗传多样性及其与繁育系统的关系

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术测定了濒危植物长喙毛茛泽泻（ＲａｎａｌｉｓｍａｒｏｓｔｒａｔｕｍＳｔａｐｆ）及３个对照种冠果草［Ｓａｇｉｔａｒｉａｇｕａｙａｎｅｎｓｉｓｓｓｐｌａｐｐｕｌａ（ＤＤｏｎ）Ｂｏｇｉｎ］、武夷慈姑（ＳｗｕｙｉｅｎｓｉｓＪＫＣｈｅｎｅｔａｌ）、矮慈姑（ＳｐｙｇｍａｅａＭｉｑ）共６个自然居群的遗传多样性。自花受精和以营养繁殖为主的长喙毛茛泽泻维持较低的遗传多样性,预期杂合度和观察杂合度分别为００６４和０１０４。以自花受精为主的冠果草遗传多样性更低,预期杂合度和观察杂合度分别为００３９和００６７。异体繁育但以营养繁殖为主的武夷慈姑遗传多样性比长喙毛茛泽泻的高,预期杂合度和观察杂合度分别为０１１１和０１８３。以异体繁育为主和营养繁殖的矮慈姑遗传多样性在这４个种中最高,其预期杂合度和观察杂合度分别是０１５５和０２６９。４个种的内繁育系数Ｆ值全为负值。冠果草、长喙毛茛泽泻、武夷慈姑直至矮慈姑,其异交程度从几乎为零逐渐递增,而其遗传多样性指标也相应地增高。长喙毛茛泽泻的遗传多样性程度高于冠果草但冠果草并不濒危,因此遗传多样性较低并不是濒危的直接原因     

ALLOZYME VARIATION IN OLD WORLD RACES OF SORGHUM BICOLOR (POACEAE)

A survey of allozyme variation in cultivated races of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) was undertaken. Eight plants each of 83 accessions representing the five primary races and five of the intermediate races of sorghum were analyzed for 15 enzyme systems encoded by 27 loci. Low levels of variation were found within accessions, which is typical of self-pollinating species. Little variation was also found among accessions. Compared with other cereals, S. bicolor is depauperate in allozyme variation. We found an average of 1.81 alleles per locus with a mean expected heterozygosity of 0.008 for the accessions and total panmictic heterozygosity of 0.093. Only 9% of the variation present was found within accessions, while 91% was among accessions. Most of the variation present is attributable to differences in geographic origin of the accessions rather than racial differences. Western and eastern Africa have the highest levels of total heterozygosity (0.108 and 0.088, respectively), while southern Africa has the lowest (0.008). Principal component analysis revealed continuous variation among races and geographic regions with the accessions failing to segregate into discrete racial or geographic clusters.     

The Ribosomes of Drosophila II. Studies on Intraspecific Variation

Electrophoretic comparisons of 40S and 55S ribosomal subunit proteins from 18 strains of Drosophila melanogaster revealed the virtual absence of allelic variation. More detailed two-dimensional studies on the large subunit proteins in 6 of the strains demonstrated additional complexity but still no interstrain variation. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to present estimates of genic heterozygosity in natural populations.     

Genetic variation at nine short tandem repeat loci among islanders of the eastern Adriatic coast of Croatia

We have analyzed the extent of genetic variation at nine autosomal short tandem repeat loci (D3S1358, VWA, FGA, TH01, TPOX, CSF1PO, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820) among six populations from Croatia: five distributed in the islands of the eastern Adriatic coast and one from the mainland. The purpose is to investigate the usefulness of these loci in detecting regional genetic differentiation in the studied populations. Significant heterogeneity among the island and mainland populations is revealed in the distributions of allele frequencies; however, the absolute magnitude of the coefficient of gene differentiation is small but significant. The summary measures of genetic variation, namely, heterozygosity, number of alleles, and allele size variance, do not indicate reduced genetic variation in the island populations compared to the mainland population. In contrast to the two measures of genetic variation, allele size variance and within-locus heterozygosity, the imbalance index (beta) indicates evidence of recent expansion of population sizes in all islands and in the mainland. High mutation rates of the studied loci together with local drift effects are likely explanations for interisland genetic variation and the observed lack of reduced genetic diversity among the island populations.     

Genetic diversity across natural populations of three montane plant species from the Western Ghats, India revealed by intersimple sequence repeats

We analysed genetic diversity across the natural populations of three montane plant species in the Western Ghats, India; Symplocos laurina, Gaultheria fragrantissima and Eurya nitida using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. These markers revealed genetic diversity within the populations of these plants from Nilgiri and also between two populations of S. laurina from Nilgiri and Amboli. Genetic variation within and between populations was analysed using various parameters such as total heterozygosity (HT), heterozygosity within population (HS), diversity between populations (DST), coefficient of population differentiation (GST), genetic distance (D) and gene flow (Nm). Total heterozygosity (HT) was higher for S. laurina (0.238) than for G. fragrantissima (0.172) and E. nitida (0.182). Two populations of S. laurina, separated by > 1000 km, showed a high within-population variation (53.7%) and a low gene flow (Nm = 0.447). upgma phenograms depicted a tendency of accessions to group according to their geographical locations in all the three plant species. The insight gained into the genetic structure of these plant populations might have implications in developing in situ and ex situ conservation strategies.     

Intersex in the clam Scrobicularia plana: a sign of endocrine disruption in estuaries?

The phenomenon of endocrine disruption is currently a source of growing concern. Feminization of male fish in UK rivers has been shown to occur extensively and has been linked with exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds present in the environment. Much less is known of the extent and scale of endocrine disruption in estuarine and marine ecosystems, particularly in invertebrates. We present evidence that intersex, in the form of ovotestis, is occurring in the common estuarine bivalve Scrobicularia plana, which is considered to be inherently gonochoristic. We report varying degrees in the severity of ovotestis in male S. plana, and have adopted and developed a grading method to assess the extent of this intersex condition. These findings indicate that S. plana offers potential for widespread screening and investigation of endocrine disruption, helping to focus remediatory strategy.     

Allozyme variation among the spontaneous species of Sorghum section Sorghum (Poaceae)

Summary A survey of allozyme variation among the spontaneous taxa of Sorghum section Sorghum was undertaken. Eight plants each of 90 accessions representing the diploid S. bicolor (ssp. arundinaceum and drummondii) and the tetraploids S. almum and S. halepense were analyzed for 17 enzyme systems encoded by 30 loci. Low levels of variation were found within and among accessions, although there was more variation than is typical of inbreeding species. We found an average of 3.2 alleles per locus in ssp. arundinaceum, with a mean expected heterozygosity for the accessions of 0.034 and total panmictic heterozygosity of 0.154. An analysis of the apportionment of genetic variation among accessions of ssp. arundinaceum indicated that 26% of the variation occurs within accessions and 74% among accessions. Cultivated sorghum contains far less allozymic variation than ssp. arundinaceum, its presumed progenitor. This is consistent with the prediction that cultivated sorghum experienced a loss of genetic variation during domestication. For the most part, cultivated sorghum contains a subset of the allozymes found in ssp. arundinaceum. Principal component analysis revealed continuous variation among the accessions and geographic regions, with accessions failing to segregate into discrete clusters. However, accessions of race virgatum of ssp. arundinaceum occupied one end of the continuum and were, in that sense, distinguished from the other accessions. Similarly, most accessions of S. halepense and S. almum occupied the central portion of the continuum. The allozymic data presented here are consistent with the hypothesized origin of S. halepense via autopolyploidy or segmental allopolyploidy.     

Fecundity and size in the housefly: investigations of some environmental sources and genetic correlates of variation

Environmental sources and genetic correlates of variation in fecundity and size were studied in field and laboratory housefly populations in central Iowa, U.S.A. Electrophoresis of enzymatic proteins was used to monitor genotypes and heterozygosity. In the field, mean fecundity declined as adult densities increased. Fecundity varied greatly within breeding seasons. Fly body size varied spatially and temporally during summer and winter. Fecundity and size were positively correlated. Size was independent of genotypes at the six loci studied. No relationship was observed between heterozygosity and the magnitude or variability of body size.     

On the estimation of genome-wide heterozygosity using molecular markers

Coltman and Slate (2003) recently performed a meta-analysis on studies that investigated the association between genetic variation at microsatellite loci and phenotypic trait variation. One factor not explicitly addressed in their meta-analysis is the actual estimation of genome-wide heterozygosity via molecular markers. Many authors still associate marker-estimated heterozygosity with genome-wide heterozygosity, despite allozyme-based evidence that such correlations are usually very weak or nonexistent. Here, we show that genome-wide heterozygosity is poorly estimated not only by allozymes but also by microsatellite loci and by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Thus, associations between fitness (or other phenotypes) and heterozygosity should be established firmly on causative factors and not on simple correlations.     

DEVELOPMENTAL NOISE,PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY,AND ALLOZYME HETEROZYGOSITY IN DAPHNIA

Previous theories and studies have postulated negative correlations between allozyme heterozygosity and developmental noise and between heterozygosity and phenotypic plasticity. We examined these relationships for morphological and life-history traits of Daphnia magna in four independent experiments using two different Moscow populations and one German population. Clones were raised under a range of food levels or individual densities. Heterozygosity was scored at five allozyme loci in two experiments and at three loci in two others. Relative differences in developmental noise among clones with different heterozygosity levels were estimated as the pooled residual variation from an analysis of variation that removed the effects of macroenvironment, clones, and their interaction. Plasticity was measured as the amount of macroenvironmental variation plus genotype-by-environment interaction variation. We found a positive correlation between developmental noise and heterozygosity, although this correlation varied among traits and experiments. This result contradicts most previous claims about these relationships. In contrast, we found that phenotypic plasticity and heterozygosity were negatively correlated for some traits. Developmental noise and phenotypic plasticity were correlated for only two traits in two different experiments. This trait-specific relationship is in concordance with previous studies. Our results could not be explained by effects of developmental time, a previously hypothesized mechanism. We propose several explanations for our results and the disparate results of others that do not require that heterozygosity be the actual cause of variation in developmental noise.     

Evolution of the hemiascomycete yeasts: on life styles and the importance of inbreeding

The term 'breeding system' is used to describe the morphological and behavioural aspects of the sexual life cycle of a species. The yeast breeding system provides three alternatives that enable hapoids to return to the diploid state that is necessary for meiosis: mating of unrelated haploids (amphimixis), mating between spores from the same tetrad (intratetrad mating, automixis) and mother daughter mating upon mating type switching (haplo-selfing). The frequency of specific mating events affects the level of heterozygosity present in individuals and the genetic diversity of populations. This review discusses the reproductive strategies of yeasts, in particular S. cerevisiae (Bakers' or budding yeast). Emphasis is put on intratetrad mating, its implication for diversity, and how the particular genome structure could have evolved to ensure the preservation of a high degree of heterozygosity in conjunction with frequent intratetrad matings. I also discuss how the ability of yeast to control the number of spores that are formed accounts for high intratetrad mating rates and for enhanced transmission of genomic variation. I extend the discussion to natural genetic variation and propose that a high level of plasticity is inherent in the yeast breeding system, which may allow variation of the breeding behaviour in accordance with the needs imposed by the environment.     

利用26S rDNAD1/D2区序列和微卫星标记分析各种工业酿酒酵母的种内遗传差异

选取30株传统发酵工业中不同来源的酿酒酵母菌株和实验室常用酿酒酵母菌株,利用大亚基(26S)rDNA D1/D2区序列和微卫星标记分析酿酒酵母种内菌株间的遗传多样性和系统发育关系,以揭示酿酒酵母在长期的各种工业发酵环境下发生的遗传变异。结果表明:30株酿酒酵母的26S rDNA D1/D2区序列(591bp)比较保守,与测序菌株S288C相比序列相似度在99.8%–100%,说明种内菌株间存在一定的多态性,但序列差异并不十分明显,其变异情况表现在个别碱基的差异(大多由转换突变引起);通过扩增11个微卫星位点,每个菌株均有其独特的基因型,即30种基因型,共得到188个等位基因,观测杂合度平均值和期望杂合度平均值分别为0.576、0.886,多态信息含量平均值高达0.858,说明酿酒酵母种内菌株间具有较高的遗传多样性,而聚类分析表明30株酿酒酵母可以得到很好地区分,但是没有呈现与其工业来源相关的聚类。     

Associations between heterozygosity and morphological variance

Recent studies have contrasted the expression of phenotypic traits, such as variance in morphological characters, with levels of genetic variation (heterozygosity) as determined by electrophoretic analysis of protein-coding loci. The theoretical basis for interpreting significant covariation stems in part from Lerner's work on genetic homeostasis, which predicts that within populations increased heterozygosity will produce decreased morphological variance, owing to a buffering effect of heterosis during development. However, the prediction for the relationship between genic heterozygosity and the variance of morphological traits among populations is unclear. To determine if a relationship existed between heterozygosity and morphological variance, we compared estimates of heterozygosity and morphological variance across 15 population samples of the fox sparrow and 17 samples of the pocket gopher. The estimates of morphological variance included coefficients of variation for each character and the variance of individual scores about the population mean in a principal components analysis. Although several recent studies have reported a significant relationship between heterozygosity and morphological variance, we found that the two measures do not covary significantly.     

Genetic structure and clonal diversity of an introduced pest in Chile, the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae

In Chile, the aphid Sitobion avenae is of recent introduction, lives on cultivated and wild Poaceae, and is thought to reproduce by permanent parthenogenesis. In order to study the genetic variability and population structure of this species, five microsatellite loci were typed from individual aphids collected from different cultivated and wild host plants, from different geographical zones, and years. Chilean populations showed a high degree of heterozygosity and a low genetic variability across regions and years, with four predominant genotypes representing nearly 90% of the sample. This pattern of low clonal diversity and high heterozygosity was interpreted as the result of recent founder events from a few asexually reproducing genotypes. Most geographical and temporal variation observed in the genetic composition resulted from fluctuations of a few predominant clones. In addition, comparisons of the genotypes found in Chile with those described in earlier surveys of S. avenae populations in Western Europe led us to identify 'superclones' with large geographical distribution and high ecological success, and to make a preliminary exploration of the putative origin(s) of S. avenae individuals introduced to Chile.     

Ribosomal DNA variation within and among individuals ofLisianthius (Gentianaceae) populations

Restriction endonuclease fragment analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was completed on 25 individuals each from seven populations of theLisianthius skinneri (Gentianaceae) species complex in Panama. Seven restriction enzymes were used to determine the amount and type of rDNA variation within and among individuals of the populations. No restriction site variation was seen within populations or individuals although site differences were seen among populations. Spacer length variation within and among individuals of populations was mapped to the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region between the 18S and 5.8S rRNA genes, a region inLisianthius rDNA that previously was shown to exhibit length differences among populations. This is the first reported case of such variation within and among individuals of populations for the ITS region. Presence or absence of ITS spacer length variation is not correlated with levels of isozymic heterozygosity within populations. No detectable length variation within individuals or populations was seen in the larger intergenic spacer (IGS). Although populations varied with respect to IGS length, all individuals of a given population had a single and equivalent IGS length.     

Timing of first feeding and life-history strategies in salmon: genetic data

To investigate the relationship between genetic composition and some physiological traits of interest (age at smoltification, precocious maturation in male parr) in early and late first feeding Atlantic salmon, genetic variation at 6 isozyme and 8 microsatellite loci was examined. Early and late first feeding salmon showed different allelic and genotypic distributions at both isozyme and microsatellite loci. A positive relation between enzymatic loci heterozygosity and precocious active alimentation and earlier smoltification (S1 cf. S2) were also found.     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GENETIC VARIABILITY AND LIFE-HISTORY FEATURES OF BONY FISHES

Correlations between genetic variation and life-history variables were obtained for 80 species of bony fishes as a means of testing the hypothesis that genetic variation is directly related to 1) opportunity for balancing selection, as indicated by fecundity, and 2) environmental variation, as indicated by capacity for population increase. Genetic data were taken from the literature, and data on longevity, age at maturity, egg size, body size, and lifetime fecundity were taken from the literature where available and were otherwise estimated from other variables. Average heterozygosity does not increase significantly with increasing fecundity. However, heterozygosity is significantly associated with short generation times, quick maturation, small maximum size, and small eggs. Thus, heterozygosity appears to increase on a demographic continuum toward maximum values in species that are most strongly selected for maximizing the intrinsic rate of increase. Such species are associated with less stable environments. Thus, the results indicate a predominate role for environmental variation in controlling genetic variation of bony fishes.     

不同猪种肠毒素大肠杆菌（ETEC）F4受体微卫星标记遗传差异性研究The

采用13号染色体上与K88ab和K88ac受体基因连锁的2对引物（S0223和S0068）,研究沙子岭猪和大约克猪的遗传差异性。结果表明,2个猪种在2个基因座均存在多态性,其基因杂合度和Shannon信息指数存在很大差异,而中外猪种的K88ab和K88ac受体基因也存在遗传差异,这2对引物可望作为K88ab和K88ac受体基因的遗传标记。Abstract: The genetic variation of ETEC F4 receptor in Shaziling and Yorkshire breeds were studied using two microsatellite markers(S0223 and S0068). The results showed that there were polymorphisms in the two markers, and there were great variations of the gene heterozygosity and Shannon information index in the two breeds. It was also reported that there were differences in K88ab and K88ac receptors in Chinese native breeds and foreign breeds, so the two markers might be the genetic markers of F4 receptor gene.     

Restriction-map variation with the yellow-achaete-scute region in five populations of Drosophila melanogaster

It has been proposed that the degree of recombination for a genomic region will affect the level of both nucleotide heterozygosity and the density of transposable elements. Both features of genomic diversity have been examined in a number of recent reports for regions undergoing relatively normal levels of recombination in Drosophila melanogaster. In this study the genomic variation associated with yellow-achaete- scute loci located at the tip of the X chromosome is examined by six- cutter restriction mapping. In this region, as usual for regions adjacent to telomeres, crossing-over is dramatically reduced, and published studies of visible mutants indicate extremely little restriction-map variation. Eight six-cutter restriction endonucleases were used to locate sequence variation in 14- and 16.5-kb regions in 109 lines sampled from North America, Africa, and Europe. The overall level of heterozygosity is estimated as 0.29%. Nine large insertions, all presumed to be transposable elements, were observed. Base-pair heterozygosity appears to be reduced compared with regions having normal levels of recombination. The estimated heterozygosity is much higher than reported in earlier studies of restriction-map variation among visible mutations in the complex. The incidence of large insertions is not elevated compared with that in other regions of the genome. This suggests that asymmetric synapsis and exchange is not an important mechanism for the elimination of transposable elements.      

Problems in measuring among-family variation in inbreeding depression

Understanding the sources of variation in inbreeding depression within populations is important for understanding the evolution of selfing rates. At the population level, inbreeding depression is due to decreased heterozygosity caused by inbreeding, which decreases overdominance and increases the frequency of expression of recessive deleterious alleles. However, within individual families inbreeding has two distinct consequences: it reduces heterozygosity and it restricts the alleles present in offspring to those present in the parent. Outcrossing both increases heterozygosity and brings new alleles into a family (compared to the alleles present if the plant is self-pollinated). Both consequences of inbreeding affect offspring fitness, but the most common experimental design used to measure among-family variation in inbreeding depression cannot distinguish them. The result is that variance in inbreeding depression among families is confounded by genetic variation in the traits being measured. Also, correlations (among families) between measures of inbreeding depression or between inbreeding depression and mean trait values are confounded by genetic variation in the traits being measured. I conclude that more complex crossing designs that allow estimation of breeding values for individual families are required to accurately detect and measure among-family variation in inbreeding depression.