The Relationship Between Plant Water Potential and Transpiration Rate in Young Cabbage Plants Growing in Wet Soil

Water potentials in the plant stem were monitored together withtranspiration rates in young cabbage plants growing in potsof soil and subjected to cyclic transpirational demands. Whenthe soil was very wet plant water potential was approximatelyproportional to transpiration rate. At lower soil water contentswater potentials remained almost constant despite considerablechanges in transpiration rate. When the transpiration rate washigh, water potentials in plants were lower in wet soil thanin soil having a slightly lower moisture content. It is arguedthat the results can best be explained in terms of root conductivityincreasing as the plant becomes more water stressed when thegradient between soil and plant water potentials steepens. Key words: Cabbage, Stem water potential, Transpiration rate     

Modelling Stem Height and Diameter Growth in Plants

A model of stem height and diameter growth in plants is developed.This is formulated and implemented within the framework of anexisting tree plantation growth model: the ITE Edinburgh ForestModel. It is proposed that the height:diameter growth rate ratiois a function of a within-plant allocation ratio determinedby the transport-resistance model of partitioning, multipliedby a foliage turgor pressure modifier. First it is demonstratedthat the method leads to a stable long-term growth trajectory.Diurnal and seasonal dynamics are also examined. Predicted timecourses over 20 years of stem mass, stem height, height:diameterratio, and height:diameter growth rate ratio are presented forsix treatments: control, high nitrogen, increased atmosphericcarbon dioxide concentration, increased planting density, increasedtemperature and decreased rainfall. High nitrogen and increasedtemperature give initially higher stem height:diameter ratios,whereas high CO₂gives an initially lower stem height:diameterratio. However, the responses are complex, reflecting interactionsbetween factors which often have opposing influences on height:diameterratios, for example: stem density, competition for light andfor nitrogen; carbon dioxide and decreased water stress; rainfall,leaching and nitrogen nutrition. The approach relates stem heightand diameter growth variables via internal plant variables toenvironmental and management variables. Potentially, a coherentview of many observations which are sometimes in apparent conflictis provided. These aspects of plant growth can be consideredmore mechanistically than has hitherto been the case, providingan alternative to the empirical or teleonomic methods whichhave usually been employed.Copyright 1999 Annals of Botany Company Plant, stem, height, diameter, growth, model, forest, plantation, trees.     

Measurement of Stem Water Potential of Young Plants Using a Hygrometer Attached to the Stem

A simple method was developed for the continuous non-destructivemeasurement of plant stem water potential. It consists of exposinga small section of stem vascular tissue and attaching to ita standard commercially available dewpoint hygrometer. Excellentagreement was found between water potential determined by thismethod, and that measured with a pressure-chamber on leavescovered with aluminium foil. Stem water potentials respondedwithin minutes to changes in radiation and transpiration. Resistanceto water uptake was found to be independent of the rate of transpiration.     

The Relationship between Sugar and Amino Acid Export to the Phloem in Young Wheat Plants

The relationship between amino acid and sugar export to thephloem was studied in young wheat plants (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Pro-INTA, Isla Verde’) using the EDTA-phloemcollection technique. Plants grown with a 16 h photoperiod showeda rapid decrease in the concentration of sugars and amino acidsin the phloem exudate from the beginning of the dark period.When plants grown with a 16 h photoperiod were kept in the darkfor longer than 8 h the free amino acid content in leaves andexudate (on a dry weight basis) increased continually throughoutthe 72 h of darkness. During the first 24 h of darkness thesugars in the phloem exudate decreased to 30% of the initialvalue, and returned to the control level when plants were returnedto light. When plants grown under low light intensity for 10d were transferred to high light intensity, they showed an increasein leaf sugar content (dry weight basis) after 3 d but therewere no differences in leaf free amino acid content (dry weightbasis) compared to low-light plants. The sugar concentrationin the phloem exudate was increased by higher light intensities,but there was no difference in the amino acid concentrationof the phloem exudate, and thus the amino acid:sugar ratio inthe phloem decreased in the high-light plants. The present resultssuggest that amino acids can be exported to the phloem independentlyof the export of sugars. Copyright 1999 Annals of Botany Company Sugar exudation, amino acid transport, nitrogen, phloem, transport, wheat, Triticum aestivum L.     

植物生长素与体细胞胚发生

简要介绍了植物生长素对体细胞胚发育的作用及其调控机制的研究进展。     

间充质干细胞与肿瘤的关系

最近的研究表明问充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)与多种肿瘤的发生发展有密切关系.MSCs对多种肿瘤具有趋向性,外源性(局部混合注射或静脉注射)MSCs可参与肿瘤间质的形成,同时MSCs的免疫抑制作用可以促进肿瘤在体内的生长.通过细胞因子介导或直接的细胞接触,MSCs与多种肿瘤细胞之间存在相互作用.MSCs可以抑制肿瘤细胞的的凋亡,促进肿瘤细胞的增殖及肿瘤的转移.由于MSCs易于分离、体外扩增及进行基因修饰,因此可以利用MSCs对肿瘤的趋向性,使MSCs携带抗肿瘤基因来实现对肿瘤的靶向治疗.     

Movement of Tritiated Water through Young Citrus Plants

Water movement through different organs of 1–2 year oldSour Orange seedlings was studied by using tritium as a tracerinjected into the nutrient solution. The activity of the leaftissue water of plants free to exchange water with the atmospherereached only 60–70% of the nutrient solution even afterlong periods exceeding 30 h, whereas in plants exposed to dryair the activity approached equilibrium with the solution. Turnoverof water was less rapid in the laminae than in the midveinsof the leaves, in both cases the rate being a function of theamount of foliage on the plant. A reduction in transpirationrate effected by plastic covering, silicone coating, or abscisicacid spray was clearly indicated by a lowered level of tritiumactivity in the plant tissue.     

8种木本植物木质部栓塞变化与生理生态指标关系的研究 I.与植物木质部水势的关系

以自然状况下生长良好的耐旱树种刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia L.）、元宝枫（Acer truncatum Bge）、沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides L.）、白榆（Ulmus pumila L.）、油松（Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.）、白皮松（Pinus bungeana Zucc.ex Endl.）及中生树种女贞（Ligustrum lucidum Ait.）、柳树（Salix matsudana Koidz.f.pendula Schneid.）为研究对象,用压力室法测定木质部水势,用冲洗法测定木质部栓塞程度,研究不同生长季节木质部栓塞与水势间的火系。结果表明：针叶树油松、白皮松在各个季节水势均较高,水势变化幅度较小,木质部不易发生栓塞,这与其木质部由管胞构成,对木质部栓塞不敏感,在干旱时采用高水势延迟脱水的耐旱策略有关。阔叶树刺槐、元宝枫、沙棘、白榆、女贞和柳树的木质部栓塞现象是其在每天正常生长过程中不可避免的“平常事件”,是它们适应干旱的一种方式。它们的木质部栓塞程度与水势表现出了相反的变化趋势,即同一树种在同一季节内水势值越低,木质部栓塞程度越大,但在不同树种及同一树种的不同季节不存在这种关系。由此可见,植物木质部栓塞对水势的敏感程度（即木质部栓塞脆弱性）主要由树种的木质部结构决定,同时受到树种特性、树木生长发育时期、外界环境因子的影响,木质部栓塞的脆弱性也具有季节变化特征。     

Water Stress and --SH-Dependent Physiological Activities in Young Maize Plants

In young maize plants, water stress affects the —SH-dependentactivities: photosynthesis and dark respiration are reducedto about 60% at the wilting point; protein synthesis is inhibitedeven by moderate stress; and nitrate reductase activity is immediatelyinhibited also, prior to significant changes in the water statusof the plant As protoplasmatic protein denaturation occurs,protein —SS—increases at the expense of —SH,with consequent decrease of the —SH/—SS— ratio.The linear correlation between —SH/—SS— ratioand —SH-dependent activities suggests a strict dependencebetween them. A moderate increment both in rhodanese activityand labile sulphide content has been also demonstrated at thebeginning of the stress.     

Ca2+与植物抗旱性的关系

干旱是制约植物生长发育的主要逆境因素，并抑制根系对钙的吸收。近年来研究表明，外源钙能提高植株的抗旱性，抑制干旱胁迫下活性氧物质的生成，保护细胞质膜的结构，维持正常的光合作用，以及调节激素和一些重要的生化物质代谢；此外，细胞内Ca2+可作为第二信使传递干旱信号，调节干旱胁迫导致的生理反应。     

The Relationship between the Growth Rate of Young Plants and their Total-N Concentration is Unique and Simple: a Comment

A series of experiments with cabbage and lettuce, where nitrogensupply is interrupted at a given and the future developmentof plants mass and of nitrogen concentration are observed, isre-analysed. Using the nitrogen productivity theory, it is shownthat plant properties determined from growth under unlimitednitrogen supply also explain the behaviour under interruptednitrogen supply. This is in contrast to the suggestion of theoriginal author Burns 1994, Annals of Botany 74: 143-157, whoquestions the existence of a unique relationship between plantrelative growth rate (RGR) and nitrogen concentration. Someserious problems in the models suggested by the author are alsoindicated.Copyright 1995, 1999 Academic Press Cabbage, lettuce, model, nitrogen limitation, nitrogen productivity, relative growth rate     

The Problem of Stem Cells in Plants

The uppermost cells of the root and shoot apical meristems are considered as stem cells. They are similar, in many features, to the stem cells of animals. But, unlike animals, the stem cells can repeatedly arise in plants during morphogenesis and regeneration or in tissue culture from actively dividing or differentiated cells. When the stem cells are removed, they can be repeatedly restored from the actively dividing cells. The maintenance of the population of stem cells is determined by interaction between the stem cells and actively dividing cells located below according to the feedback principle. The protein synthesized in the stem cells determines how the lower located cells affect the stem cells. Specificity of stem cell identification in plants is discussed.     

Ca^2＋与植物抗旱性的关系

干旱是制约植物生长发育的主要逆境因素,并抑制根系对钙的吸收,近年来研究表明,外源钙能提高植株的抗旱性,抑制早旱胁迫下活性氧物质的生成,保护细胞质膜的结构,维持正常的光合作用,以及调节激素和一些重要的生化物质代放,此外,细胞内Ca^2 可作为第二信使传递干旱信号,调节干旱胁迫导致的生理反应。     

材积与胸径关系的Richards衍生模型研究

本文以Richards模型为基础,推导出了Richards衍生模型,刻服了时间因子获取比较困难的不足,又保留了Richards模型的优点.同时对北京市昌平区西部采用LIDAR技术获得的35株铅笔柏数据应用Richards衍生模型和其它常用的胸径一元材积公式进行了拟合,都通过了F检证,得到了Richards衍生模型的残差平方和最小为0.0315,可用;还可进一步推导出材积树高的Richards衍生模型.     

The Effects of Transverse Cuts Through the Stems of Transpiring Woody Plants on Water Transport and Stress in the Leaves

Both single and double-overlapping transverse cuts were madein the stems of transpiring plants (Acer pseudoplatanus andGossypium hirsutum) and their effects on transpiration and waterstress in the leaves studied. Water stress was measured as depressionof water potential and ß-gauge reading. Results weresimilar with both species. Single cuts severing as much as 90 per cent of the cross-sectionalarea of the stem had no detectable effect on the rate of transpirationor on stress in the leaves above. Double overlapping cross cutscaused irreversible increased stress and cessation of sap flowonly if their vertical separation was less than a critical distance,specific for each species and related to the respective vessellengths. Cuts separated by more than this distance had no detectableeffect on stress and transpiration rate was unchanged. Alsono effect was detected if a length of the stem between suchcuts was cooled to near-freezing temperature, or killed by steamtreatment. Patterns of heat pulse velocities showed how thesap was channelled around the cuts through remaining intactxylem.     

植物钾营养高效与膜运系统的关系

HKT1和HAK1等转运子介导钾离子的高亲和吸收以及K^ /Na^ 共运转,从而可能增强Na^ 替代K^ 能力,KAT1和KST1等离子通道介导钾离子的累积和转运,从而调节气孔细胞的渗透压,控制气孔运动,阐述了植物生物膜上离子转运机制和钾营养高效机理的某种可能的关系,这些转运子和通道的高效表达可能与植物钾营养高效有很大的相关性。     

植物钾营养高效与膜转运系统的关系(英)

HKT1和HAK1等转运子介导钾离子的高亲和吸收以及K+/Na+共运转,从而可能增强Na+替代K+的能力;KAT1和KST1等离子通道介导钾离子的累积和转运,从而调节气孔细胞的渗透压,控制气孔运动。阐述了植物生物膜上离子转运机制和钾营养高效机理的某种可能的关系。这些转运子和通道的高效表达可能与植物钾营养高效有很大的相关性。     

植物染色体数目及其变异与生境关系初探

染色体是基因的载体 ,基因决定生物的性状 ,一定的性状则适应特定的环境。染色体对生物繁衍后代 ,延续种族起着重要的作用。虽然在一定的生境中 ,植物的染色体是恒定的 ,但是大尺度的生境异质性往往导致染色体水平的变异 ,从而增加了物种的遗传多样性。由于一个物种的稳定性和进化潜力依赖其遗传多样性 ,因此保护遗传多样性成为生物多样性保护的最终目的[1 ] 。近年来 ,由于分子生态学的兴起 ,目前遗传多样性研究多集中于同工酶遗传多样性、蛋白质多样性、ＤＮＡ序列多样性和基因位点多样性的研究[2～8,34～ 36] ,而细胞水平的遗传多样性与…