α7烟碱型胆碱能受体调节胆管癌细胞化疗敏感性的相关探讨

目的：观察尼古丁对胆管癌细胞QBC939化疗敏感性影响,并初步探讨其作用靶点。方法：应用MTT法检测α7烟碱型胆碱能受体激动剂尼古丁及其阻断剂仪银环蛇毒素（α-BTX）干预后的人胆管癌细胞QBC939经5-FU处理后存活增殖能力变化,应用单克隆平板试验观察尼古丁及α银环蛇毒素对5-FU处理后细胞克隆形成率变化。结果：经5-fu处理后,尼古丁刺激组（终浓度分别为10-3g／L、10-4g／L、10-5g／L）细胞存活率分别为128％、124％、118％,细胞存活率较阴性对照组明显升高,并呈一定的浓度依赖性,而α银环蛇毒素刺激组（2ug／mL）、尼古丁α银环蛇毒素联合组细胞存活率分别为92％、94％、93％、92％。尼古丁刺激组（6．2±0．40）的克隆形成能力明显高于α银环蛇毒素刺激组（3．2±0．20）、联合组（3．2±0．20）及对照组（3．4±0．33）;结论：尼古丁可明显降低胆管癌细胞对化疗药物的敏感性,其可能是通过α7烟碱型胆碱能受体发挥化疗抵抗效应。     

胃癌SGC-7901细胞株侧群细胞分选及生物学特性的初步研究

目的:分选胃癌细胞株中的侧群(side population,SP)细胞并初步研究其相关生物学特性。方法:选择人胃癌细胞株SGC-7901,以荧光染料Hoechst 33342染色,维拉帕米拮抗对照,应用流式细胞仪检测并分选出SP细胞和nonSP细胞。CCK-8法观察两组细胞体外增殖活性;体外耐药实验检测两组细胞对化疗药物5-FU的耐药存活率;无血清培养基培养观察肿瘤球形成能力;荧光定量PCR检测干细胞相关基因Musashi-1和CD44在两组细胞中的表达差异;裸鼠体内成瘤实验观察两组细胞体内成瘤能力。 结果:胃癌细胞株SGC-7901中SP细胞的比例为2.8%,与nonSP细胞相比,SP细胞具有较强的体外增殖活性(P<0.05),对5-FU的耐药存活率明显高于nonSP细胞(P<0.05),在无血清培养基中能形成明显的肿瘤球,SP细胞中Musashi-1和CD44mRNA的相对表达量明显高于nonSP细胞(P<0.05),裸鼠体内成瘤实验表明,皮下注射2×10³ 个SP细胞就能形成肿瘤,而2×10⁴ 个nonSP细胞也不能形成肿瘤。 结论:胃癌细胞株SGC-7901中存在数量极少的SP细胞,SP细胞具有肿瘤干细胞的相关生物学特性。     

CDl33＋／ABCG2＋的人肺癌多耐药性肿瘤细胞亚群的分离及鉴定

肿瘤干细胞的多耐药性是导致肿瘤化疗失败的重要因素之一。因此,鉴定和明确耐药性肺癌干细胞亚群（cancer stem-cell subpopulations）的特征和机制是当前的热点。该研究从肺癌病人的肿瘤组织中分离出一个高表达CDl33和ABCG2蛋白的细胞亚群。发现该CDl33＋／ABCG2＋肺癌细胞高表达干细胞的生物标志,如：Nanog、Oct4、Sox2、Nestin、CD44、CDll7、CDl33和ABCG2等。不仅如此,这群细胞在体外具有高增殖性和高侵袈性,对于多种常用的化疗药物（如：顺铂和吉西他滨等）都具有耐受性。而且,少量的CDl33＋／ABCG2＋肺癌细胞即可以在免疫缺陷小鼠体内形成肿瘤。为了研究耐药性机制,我们检测了CDl33＋／ABCG2＋中ABCG2基因启动子区域的cpG岛（cpGislands）DNA甲基化修饰状态。实验结果表日月,该细胞中,ABCG2基因启动子区域的cpG岛处于去甲基化修饰状态。综上所述,作者成功地从肺癌病人肿瘤组织中分离、富集得到了CDl33＋／ABCG2＋细胞亚群,并利用该群细胞在体外建立了肿瘤耐药性研究模型。对于肺癌CDl33＋／ABCG2＋细胞的研究可为开发肺癌个体化治疗和新型化疗药物的设计和研发提供理论依据．     

大鼠体内气管损伤修复过程及气管干细胞的定位研究

目的观察大鼠体内气管损伤修复过程,进行气管干细胞的定位.方法应用氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)诱发在体气管上皮损伤,动态观察修复过程;对损伤后气管上皮细胞行Hoechst33342荧光染色,并用RT-PCR法检测ABC转运蛋白ABCG2/bcrp1基因.结果1.5-FU作用30min后大鼠气管上皮细胞绝大部分脱落,可见少量间隔分布的类似裸核的细胞呈钉状位于基底膜上,免疫组化检测增殖细胞核抗原阴性,证明为G0期细胞.其中部分细胞Hoechst33342染色阴性,为侧群(side population,SP)细胞.2.将5-FU 去除3-6h后,上皮细胞形态变为扁平,9-12h 后细胞变为立方,细胞数目逐渐增多,24h上皮细胞数更多,连接成片,可见纤毛,48h 接近恢复假复层纤毛柱状上皮.3.RT-PCR检测ABCG2/Bcrp1阳性反应产物长度为272bp.结论5-FU打击后,残余的G0期气管上皮细胞中含有干细胞.     

丙型肝炎病毒高水平复制细胞株的构建及其机制初步研究

旨在探讨丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus, HCV)cured细胞株的易感机制。本研究将体外转录的HCV RNA电转入肝癌细胞系Huh 7细胞,建立HCV复制子细胞株,用 γ-干扰素(interferon,IFN)处理复制子细胞株,获得HCV cured Huh 7A和Huh 7B细胞株。用插入报告基因的HCV毒株Jc1-G感染上述细胞株,分别进行荧光素酶活性测定、蛋白质印迹法和荧光定量聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)检测以验证其易感性。收集Huh 7、Huh 7.5、Huh 7A和Huh 7B细胞并利用IFN-α处理,之后用蛋白质印迹法及荧光定量PCR进行检测,验证细胞株中IFN诱生信号通路中关键因子内源性表达及抗病毒活性ISGs的激活水平。结果显示,在Huh 7A和Huh 7B细胞中检测不到病毒RNA,与Huh 7细胞一致。病毒感染实验中,与Huh 7细胞相比,Huh 7A和Huh 7B细胞株中荧光素酶活性增高百倍,病毒蛋白表达和RNA水平亦显著上调,与Huh 7.5细胞株中的表达水平接近。IFN信号通路实验中,与Huh 7细胞相比,Huh 7A和Huh 7B细胞株中RIG-I/MDA5/MAVS内源性蛋白表达和mRNA水平无明显差异;IFN-α处理细胞后IFN刺激基因isg56,mx1,mx2,oax1,oax2,viperin,cxcl10,ifitm1和ifitm3激活水平亦无显著变化。结果提示,本研究制备的Huh 7A和Huh 7B细胞株可支持HCV高水平复制,将为研究病毒复制机制提供有力的支持。     

丙型肝炎病毒NS5A蛋白对Huh7细胞周期的影响

应用PCR技术从含有丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）全长开放阅读框的质粒pBRTM／HCV1～3011中获得NS5A全长基因片段,利用基因重组技术将其克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA3．1（-）中。通过酶切、PCR及测序鉴定证实,NS5A基因已正确插入到pcDNA3．1（-）中。再利用脂质体介导转染Huh7细胞,30h后收获细胞,经Western blot验证,证实HCV的NS5A基因在Huh7细胞中已经获得表达。在培养条件完全一致的条件下,表达NS5A基因的Huh7细胞与pcDNA3．1（-）转染的细胞在转染30h后被收集起来,乙醇固定,PI染色后利用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期变化。G0／G1期由60．6％下降到49．7％,S期由23．9％上升到32．7％,而转染pcDNA3．1（-）细胞的细胞周期与正常的Huh7细胞则差别不大。从而证明HCV NS5A蛋白对Huh7细胞周期具有调节作用。     

肝癌细胞系中Yamanaka因子的内源和异位表达及其作用

目的检测肝癌细胞系中Yamanaka因子的表达,为肝癌细胞来源的诱导多能干细胞（iPS细胞）的建立和通过细胞重编程逆转肝癌的恶性表型提供实验依据。方法通过反转录PCR检测Huh7、SMMC-7721、HepG2等肝癌细胞系中4种Yamanaka因子Oct3／4、Sox2、Klf4和c-Myc的mRNA水平,通过Western印迹方法检测上述因子在蛋白质水平的表达,并构建上述因子的慢病毒表达载体,在肝癌细胞中过表达上述转录因子。结果4种Yamanaka因子在肝癌细胞系中均有不同程度表达,mRNA和蛋白质水平的检测结果一致。统计学分析显示,c-Myc的表达显著高于正常肝细胞。成功构建了Yamanaka因子的慢病毒表达载体,并诱导肝癌细胞呈现类似iPS细胞的形态。结论Yamanaka因子在肝癌细胞中有不同程度的内源表达,而外源高表达外源Yamanaka因子对于iPS细胞的诱导至关重要。     

靶向survivin的siRNA联合5-Fu转染抑制肝细胞株HepG2增殖的研究

目的：研究靶向survivin的（小分子干扰RNA）siRNA和（氟尿嘧啶）5-FU联用对肝癌细胞HepG2的增殖抑制及凋亡的影响。方法：将HepG2细胞分为空白对照组、阴性对照组、5-FU处理组、siRNA转染组、5-FU＋siRNA转染组。转染采用脂质体法。RT-PCR法检测HepG2细胞survivinmRNA转录水平;MTT法检测靶向survivin的siRNA和5．FU对HepG2细胞增殖的抑制作用;流式细胞术检测HepG2细胞凋亡情况。结果：空白对照组、阴性对照组、5-FU处理组survivinmRNA表达无明显变化（P〉0．05）,siRNA转染组、5-FU＋siRNA转染组survivinmRNA表达明显下降（F=280．326,q=4．72-7．34,P〈0．05）。5-FU＋siRNA转染组增殖抑制率为51．58％±1-35％,与其它各组相比抑制率明显增高（F=280．326,q=5．27-9．84,P〈0．05）。5-Fu＋siRNA组与其它各组相比细胞凋亡率明显增高（F=13568．68,q=110．47-327．16,P〈0．01）。结论：将靶向survivin的siRNA和5一Fu联合应用可以显著抑制肝癌细胞survivin基因表达,并协同抑制HepG2细胞增殖,共同发挥诱导细胞凋亡作用。     

ABCG2/Bcrp1转运蛋白:侧群干细胞的表型标记与功能调控蛋白

在骨髓、骨骼肌及神经组织均发现侧群干细胞（SPSCs）。ABC转运蛋白ABCG2／Bcrp1基因在不同来源侧群（SP）干细胞均呈高表达,且该基因表达与SP细胞表型密切相关。SP细胞能向不同类型或不同胚层的组织细胞分化,很可能代表了一群更原始的干细胞,且与干细胞可塑性相关。而ABCG2／Bcrp1在造血及神经等组织来源的SP干细胞中的特异表达,使得该转运蛋白成为从不同组织中分选多潜能干细胞的一种新的表型标记。     

NDRG2通过调控CD24影响肝癌细胞侵袭能力的研究

目的：阐明NDRG2（N-Myc downstream-regulated gene2）在肝癌细胞中对CD24的调控及其对乳腺癌细胞侵袭能力的影响。方法：Western blot检测低转移性的肝癌细胞Huh7、高转移性的肝癌细胞系MHCC97h及正常人肝细胞系L-02中NDRG2和CD24的表达;通过腺病毒载体上调MHCC97h细胞中NDRG2的水平,或利用siRNA下调Huh7细胞中NDRG2的表达,检测CD24的变化以及细胞侵袭能力的改变。结果：MHCC97h细胞中NDRG2基因和蛋白的表达水平低于Huh7细胞,而CD24的表达水平高于Huh7细胞;在MHCC97h细胞中上调NDRG2可以抑制CD24的表达并抑制其侵袭能力,而在Huh7细胞中下调NDRG2的表达可以提高CD24的水平及细胞的侵袭能力。结论：NDRG2可能通过影响CD24参与调控肝癌细胞的侵袭能力。     

Low Molecular Weight Heparin Ablates Lung Cancer Cisplatin-Resistance by Inducing Proteasome-Mediated ABCG2 Protein Degradation

Cancer side population (SP) cells, which are often referred to as cancer stem cells, are thought to be responsible for lung cancer chemotherapy resistance, and currently no drug can specifically target these cells. We hypothesize low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) may affect the biological properties of SP cells and could be used to clinically target these cells. To test this, SP cells were isolated from cisplatin (DDP)-resistant lung adenocarcinoma A549/DDP cells by flow cytometric sorting. Compared to non-SP cells, SP cells formed increased numbers of colonies in vitro, and had a 1000-fold increase in tumorigenicity in vivo. Proliferation and apoptosis assays demonstrated LMWH had no significant effect on lung SP cell proliferation or apoptosis. However, LMWH reduced lung SP cell colony formation ability and protein expression of the multidrug transporter, ABCG2, by FACS and western blot analyses without affecting its mRNA levels by RT-PCR. Consistently, immunohistochemistry stainings of ABCG2 in LMWH-treated tumor tissues were significantly reduced compared with those in controls. Further, we found proteasomal inhibitor MG132, but not lysosomal inhibitors leupeptin and pepstatin A, could restore ABCG2 protein levels in LMWH-treated SP cells. These suggest LMWH ablates lung SP cell chemoresistance by proteasome-mediated reduction of ABCG2 protein levels without affecting its mRNA levels. We also determined LMWH combined with cisplatin could overcome cisplatin-resistance and induced lung SP cells apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. This study provides an experimental basis for using a combination of LMWH, which targets lung SP cells, with chemotherapy to improve lung cancer survival.     

The ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 (BCRP), a marker for side population stem cells, is expressed in human heart.

Efforts to improve severely impaired myocardial function include transplantation of autologous hematopoietic side population (SP) stem cells. The transmembrane ABC-type (ATP binding cassette) half-transporter ABCG2 (BCRP) serves as a marker protein for SP cell selection. We have recently shown that other ABC transport proteins such as ABCB1 and ABCC5 are differentially expressed in normal and diseased human heart. Here we investigated localization and individual ABCG2 expression in 15 ventricular (including 10 cardiomyopathic) and 51 auricular heart tissue samples using immunohistochemistry, confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, and real-time RT-PCR. Individual genotypes were assigned using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and subsequently correlated to ABCG2 mRNA levels. ABCG2 was localized in endothelial cells of capillaries and arterioles of all samples. Ventricular samples from cardiomyopathic hearts exhibited significantly increased levels of ABCG2 mRNA (ABCG2/18S rRNA: 1.08 +/- 0.30 x 10(-7); p=0.028 (dilative cardiomyopathy) and 1.16 +/- 0.46 x 10(-7); p=0.009 (ischemic cardiomyopathy) compared with 0.44 +/- 0.26 x 10(-7) in nonfailing hearts). The individual haplotypes were not associated with altered mRNA expression. ABCG2 is variably expressed in endothelial cells of human heart, where it may function as a protective barrier against cardiotoxic drugs such as anthracyclines or mitoxantrone. ABCG2 expression is induced in dilative and ischemic cardiomyopathies.     

Developing multidrug-resistant cells and exploring correlation between BCRP/ABCG2 over-expression and DNA methyltransferase

Expression of breast cancer resistance protein/ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (BCRP/ABCG2) is the major cause of chemotherapy failure. It is important to establish and characterize the multidrug resistance cells and to investigate the mechanism of multidrug resistance. Multidrug-resistant cells expressing BCRP/ABCG2 based on human breast cancer MCF-7/wt cells were developed by gradually increasing application of low concentration of mitoxantrone. Real-time quantitative PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence assay were employed to analyze BCRP mRNA and protein expression. Drug accumulation in the cells was measured by flow cytometry and DNA methyltransferases were analyzed by western blot. The results indicated that the inhibitory ratio of cell proliferative growth exhibited an exponential relation with the concentration of mitoxantrone. The IC?? of MCF-7/wt cells to mitoxantrone was found to be 0.42 μM. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthlthiazol-2-YI)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide assay indicated that the mitoxantrone-resistant cells at different stages exhibited cross-resistance to adriamycin and taxol. BCRP/ABCG2 mRNA and protein levels in the mitoxantrone-resistant cells at different stages increased with increasing concentration of mitoxantrone. Intracellular accumulation of mitoxantrone in the cells decreased with the increase of the BCRP/ABCG2 expression levels. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a) expressions in the cells at different stages decreased slightly, whereas DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) expression decreases significantly. BCRP/ABCG2 overexpression and its drug-efflux function in the drug-resistant cells are the main factors to produce multidrug resistance. Our results suggest that multidrug resistance is related to overexpression of BCRP/ABCG2 and the decrease of DNA methyltransferases, especially DNMT3b.     

Prostate cancer cell lines under hypoxia exhibit greater stem-like properties

Hypoxia is an important environmental change in many cancers. Hypoxic niches can be occupied by cancer stem/progenitor-like cells that are associated with tumor progression and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, it has not yet been fully elucidated how hypoxia influences the stem-like properties of prostate cancer cells. In this report, we investigated the effects of hypoxia on human prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3 and DU145. In comparison to normoxia (20% O(2)), 7% O(2) induced higher expressions of HIF-1α and HIF-2α, which were associated with upregulation of Oct3/4 and Nanog; 1% O(2) induced even greater levels of these factors. The upregulated NANOG mRNA expression in hypoxia was confirmed to be predominantly retrogene NANOGP8. Similar growth rates were observed for cells cultivated under hypoxic and normoxic conditions for 48 hours; however, the colony formation assay revealed that 48 hours of hypoxic pretreatment resulted in the formation of more colonies. Treatment with 1% O(2) also extended the G(0)/G(1) stage, resulting in more side population cells, and induced CD44 and ABCG2 expressions. Hypoxia also increased the number of cells positive for ABCG2 expression, which were predominantly found to be CD44(bright) cells. Correspondingly, the sorted CD44(bright) cells expressed higher levels of ABCG2, Oct3/4, and Nanog than CD44(dim) cells, and hypoxic pretreatment significantly increased the expressions of these factors. CD44(bright) cells under normoxia formed significantly more colonies and spheres compared with the CD44(dim) cells, and hypoxic pretreatment even increased this effect. Our data indicate that prostate cancer cells under hypoxia possess greater stem-like properties.     

槟榔碱对2型糖尿病大鼠肝脏胰岛素抵抗的作用

目的：探讨槟榔碱对2型糖尿病大鼠肝脏胰岛素抵抗的影响及其机制。方法：采用高果糖饲料饲养Wistar大鼠12周制备2型糖尿病大鼠模型,实验动物随机分为5组（n=8）：对照组、模型组、模型＋不同浓度的槟榔碱（0,0．5,1,5mg／kg）组。4周后通过检测血糖、血脂、胰岛素、RT-PCR检测肝脏组成型雄甾烷受体（CAR）、孕甾烷x受体（PXR）、糖代谢相关基因：葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶（G6Pase）、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶（PEPCK）和炎症相关因子：白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）mRNA表达,Western blot检测大鼠肝内p-AKT和葡萄糖转运体4（GLUT4）蛋白表达。结果：1,5mg／kg槟榔碱显著降低糖尿病大鼠体重、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、血脂和糖代谢相关基因及炎症相关因子mRNA水平,提高CAR、PXR mRNA水平及p-AKT、GLUT4蛋白水平。结论：槟榔碱可能通过提高CAR和PXR的表达,导致肝脏糖代谢关键酶PEPCK、G6Pase基因表达或者炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素-6（n-6）表达降低,改善2型糖尿病大鼠肝脏胰岛素抵抗。     

Effect of TET1 regulating MGMT on chemotherapy resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma stem cells

The study was to evaluate the effect of ten‐eleven translocation 1 (TET1) regulating o6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in chemotherapy resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) stem cells. OSCC stem cells were divided into the blank, negative control (NC), TET1‐siRNA, TET1‐siRNA + MGMT‐OE, and MGMT‐OE groups. Methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP), qRT‐PCR and Western blotting were conducted to detect the methylation status of MGMT, expressions of TET1, MGMT, ABCG2, and Oct‐4. Cell proliferation, cisplatin chemosensitivity, and cell cycle and apoptosis, were detected using CCK8 and flow cytometry. A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was employed for detecting the link between TET1 and MGMT gene promoters. In comparison to the NC group, the TET1‐siRNA group exhibited increased levels of MGMT methylation, the number of apoptotic cells and cisplatin chemosensitivity consisting of varying concentrations, however, decreased levels of mRNA and protein expressions of TET1 as well as MGMT, cell viability, the number of cells in the S phase, and protein expressions of ABCG2 and Oct‐4 were all have diminished amounts. The TET1‐siRNA + MGMT‐OE and MGMT‐OE groups had higher MGMT mRNA and protein expression, as well as increased protein expressions of ABCG2 and Oct‐4, greater cell activity, higher number of cells in the S phase, decreased apoptotic rates in cells and decreased cisplatin chemosensitivity with different concentrations. Our study provided evidence that low‐expression of TET1 in OSCC stem cells may stimulate MGMT promoter methylation, while inhibiting MGMT mRNA expression, this ultimately strengthens the sensitivity of OSCC stem cells in regards to chemotherapeutics.