人趋化因子MIP-3α的原核可溶性表达及趋化活性分析

目的:克隆人趋化因子MIP3α,进行原核表达并初步鉴定其趋化活性。方法:从人扁桃体中提取总RNA,进行RTPCR,扩增MIP3α成熟蛋白基因,重组于pET32a( )载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21TrxB(DE3),进行融合表达,Westernblot验证融合蛋白,金属离子亲和层析,肠激酶酶切,弱阳离子交换层析,得到纯化的MIP3α蛋白,趋化试验鉴定其趋化活性。结果:成功构建了MIP3α天然蛋白的硫氧还蛋白融合表达载体,表达并纯化出MIP3α蛋白,Westernblot证明融合蛋白能与羊抗人MIP3α抗体结合,纯化的MIP3α蛋白能趋化HEK293CCR6稳定转染细胞。结论:构建的天然MIP3α融合表达载体以可溶性蛋白的方式稳定表达MIP3α,初步纯化得到的MIP3α具有趋化HEK293CCR6稳定转染细胞的活性。     

hTEM8-N-RFP融合蛋白真核表达载体的构建及在HEK293F细胞中表达

目的:构建人肿瘤内皮标志物8(hTEM8)胞外区(N端)与红色荧光蛋白(RFP)融合表达载体并在HEK293F细胞中表达,为进一步研究hTEM8的相互作用蛋白及其在肿瘤血管形成过程中的机制奠定实验基础。方法:以质粒pDsRed-Express-C1和重组质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-hTEM8/Fc为模板,PCR扩增RFP和hTEM8-N基因片段,先后插入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)中,构建重组表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-hTEM8-N-RFP,转染HEK293F细胞,通过荧光显微镜观察融合蛋白在转染细胞中的的表达,并用G418对转染的细胞进行加压筛选,Western blot检测hTEM8-N-RFP融合蛋白在转染细胞中的表达。结果:DNA测序、酶切鉴定的结果显示,表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-hTEM8-N-RFP构建成功,且序列正确。转染后经荧光显微镜观察到HEK293F细胞中有红色荧光,经加压筛选单克隆后,在荧光显微镜下观察到稳定表达红色荧光的细胞株,Western blot检测到融合蛋白hTEM8-N-RFP在真核细胞HEK293F中获得表达。结论:成功构建了pcDNA3.1(+)-hTEM8-N-RFP真核表达载体,并在HEK293F细胞中表达,为后期研究hTEM8的相互作用蛋白和其生理功能奠定了良好的基础。     

人酪氨酸蛋白激酶Lyn的真核表达、纯化及鉴定

[目的]构建含人酪氨酸蛋白激酶Lyn基因的载体并进行真核表达、纯化和研究其对细胞增殖的影响。[方法]提取人Hela细胞总RNA,用RT-PCR方法获得Lyn基因并克隆至pcDNA3.1(-)载体。经双酶切、PCR和测序方法鉴定后,将重组质粒瞬时转染HEK 293T细胞表达目的蛋白,应用组氨酸标签镍离子螯合磁珠纯化融合蛋白,通过Western Blot检测蛋白的表达及纯化,并用CCK-8法检测过表达Lyn后细胞增殖能力的变化。[结果]成功构建真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1(-)-Lyn并进行瞬时表达和蛋白纯化,CCK-8法检测过表达Lyn的HEK 293T细胞的增殖能力显著性下降(P0.01)。[结论]Lyn在HEK 293T细胞中成功瞬时表达及纯化,并可以使细胞的增殖能力受到明显抑制,为稳定表达和深入研究其生物学功能及作用机制奠定基础。     

NIPSNAP3A短发夹RNA腺病毒载体的构建及病毒包装

目的:构建靶向NIPSNAP3A的短发夹RNA(shRNA)腺病毒载体,干扰HEK293A细胞中NIPSNAP3A的表达。方法:设计靶向NIPSNAP3A的shRNA,插入穿梭质粒pENTRY,通过Gateway法获得腺病毒颗粒pAd-NIPSNAP3A-shRNA,转染HEK293A细胞,在细胞内包装获得腺病毒。结果:重组腺病毒载体经酶切鉴定正确,制备的病毒感染效率高,能显著抑制NIPSNP3A蛋白的表达。结论:干扰HEK293A细胞NIPSNAP3A表达的shRNA重组腺病毒载体构建成功。     

重组人骨桥蛋白在哺乳动物细胞中的表达、纯化和活性研究

旨在运用哺乳动物表达载体的瞬时转染技术,转染人类胚胎肾细胞(Human Embryonic Kidney 293E,HEK293E),分泌性表达和纯化带His标签的重组人骨桥蛋白(Recombinant Human Osteopontin,rhOPN),并研究其促结肠癌以及非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖功能。合成和构建OPN融合6×His标签重组蛋白的表达载体pcDNA3.1-OPN,利用聚醚酰亚胺(Polyetherimide,PEI)瞬时转染法将pcDNA3.1-OPN转染到HEK293E细胞中,并用镍亲和层析柱对rhOPN进行纯化。SDS-PAGE电泳和Western Blot被用来检测纯化后的rhOPN蛋白在凝胶上的迁移率和纯度。此外,ELISA方法被用于测定rhOPN与抗OPN抗体间的结合能力,并用CCK-8(Cell Counting Kit-8)方法初步研究rhOPN蛋白对结肠癌及非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖的影响。结果显示,通过将pcDNA3.1-OPN瞬时转染HEK293E细胞,成功表达和纯化出纯度达95%的rhOPN,且rhOPN可以被抗OPN抗体很好的识别。rhOPN被证实在36μg/ml浓度时即可显著促进体外培养的HT29细胞增殖,在20μg/mL时能够促进体外培养的非小细胞肺癌H1299及HCC827细胞增殖。运用哺乳动物细胞瞬时转染技术,在HEK293E细胞中成功表达并纯化出高纯度的rhOPN蛋白,并发现rhOPN可以显著促进结肠癌及非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖,具有良好的生物学活性。     

磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3真核表达载体的构建及在细胞中的表达

构建载体表达人磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3(Glypican-3,GPC3)蛋白,用以获得抗GPC3单克隆抗体。用PCR技术扩增GPC3基因,利用酶切位点将该序列插入p3XFLAG-CMV-14载体,构建p CMV-gpc3表达载体。通过脂质体将该载体转染至HEK293细胞中,利用Western blot技术检测最终结果。收集稳定表达的细胞,破碎,通过亲和层析柱,获得纯度较高的GPC3蛋白。成功构建p CMV-gpc3真核表达载体,转染至HEK293细胞后,经G418筛选获得稳定表达的单克隆细胞系;Western blot分析结果表明目的蛋白高效表达。     

伪狂犬病毒的gE蛋白胞外区真核表达以及单克隆抗体制备

旨在构建gE基因胞外区真核表达载体,在HEK293F细胞中表达并纯化得到稳定的可溶性蛋白,并通过杂交瘤筛选获得表达gE蛋白的特异性单克隆抗体。生物信息学方法分析gE基因序列,构建gE胞外区真核表达载体pcDNA3.4-gE-6×His和pcDNA3.4-gE-m Fc,通过瞬时转染的方法在HEK293F细胞中进行表达并进一步纯化。通过Western blot和SDS-PAGE鉴定和比较gE-6×His和gE-mFc融合蛋白表达情况。利用伪狂犬灭活全病毒免疫小鼠,电融合获得杂交瘤融合细胞,通过gE-mFc蛋白和IFA筛选出稳定且特异性结合gE蛋白的阳性杂交瘤细胞株。结果表明,成功构建pcDNA3.4-gE-6×His和pcDNA3.4-gE-mFc表达载体,表达纯化得到gE-6×His和gE-mFc可溶性蛋白。比较发现gE-6×His蛋白表达量低,稳定性差。而gE-mFc蛋白表达量高,稳定性好,一次性纯化后纯度可达85%。进一步利用gE-mFc筛选获得9株稳定性和特异性高的阳性杂交瘤细胞株。首次利用哺乳动物细胞表达系统表达并获得稳定的可溶性gE蛋白,并利用其筛选获得g E特异性单克隆杂交瘤细胞株。     

结核分枝杆菌38kD蛋白真核表达载体的构建及其在HEK293T细胞中的分泌性表达

目的:构建含结核分枝杆菌38kD蛋白基因的真核表达载体并转染HEK293T细胞,高效表达分泌性38kD蛋白。方法:设计合成的结核分枝杆菌38kD基因被克隆到T载体,然后亚克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.0,经酶切鉴定正确后,PEI转染法导入293T细胞,换不含血清的DMEM培养基培养3 d后收集细胞及上清,采用Western印迹检测38kD蛋白的表达。结果:酶切结果显示,获得正确的含38kD基因的重组表达载体;Western印迹结果显示表达载体导入293T细胞中后能在细胞及上清中检测到38kD蛋白表达。结论:构建了含重组结核分枝杆菌38kD蛋白基因的真核表达载体pcDNA3.0-38kD,该载体可在哺乳动物细胞HEK293T中高效分泌性表达38kD蛋白,为结核病诊断试剂盒研发奠定了基础。     

DDR2结构域与人IgG Fc融合载体的构建、表达与蛋白纯化

目的:构建DDR2与人IgG Fc融合的分泌型真核表达载体,验证其表达,纯化具有生物活性的分泌型蛋白。方法:分析DDR2蛋白质结构功能域,设计载体构建策略;扩增DDR2胞外结构域片段,将其克隆至Psec Tag2B载体(带有人IgG Fc标签)中,在293T细胞验证其表达;用Protein G纯化柱纯化蛋白。结果:DDR2胞外结构域DS/Fc融合载体测序正确,转染293T细胞中后可成功分泌到细胞上清中,进一步用亲和层析法纯化得到高浓度蛋白。结论:重组载体特异性分泌DDR2胞外区蛋白,引入的Link序列是稳定分泌蛋白构象的基础,融合了人IgG Fc序列,可以作为DDR2配体拮抗剂靶向抑制DDR2与其天然配体的相互作用,对临床研究有重要作用。     

人Cuedc2真核表达载体的构建及其在HEK293细胞中的表达

目的:构建人Cuedc2的真核表达载体,并进行体外验证。方法:提取人卵巢癌细胞总RNA,通过RT-PCR的方法其反转录为cDNA;以之为模板,利用PCR获得Cuedc2的编码区,纯化后克隆入pcDNA3.1myc-his(-),利用菌落PCR及DNA测序进行鉴定。最后,采用瞬时转染的方法,将所构建的重组CUEDC2真核表达载体通过脂质体转染HEK293细胞,48h后通过western blot检测Cuedc2蛋白的表达。结果:Cuedc2编码区cDNA正确地插入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1myc-his(-)中,western blot检测证实其在HEK293细胞中表达,而空载体转染的细胞为阴性,表明所构建的pcDNA3.1myc-his(-)-Cuedc2能够在体外有效表达。结论:本研究成功地克隆了人Cuedc2 cDNA,构建了重组真核表达载体,并在HEK293细胞中有效表达,为进一步研究人Cuedc2的功能及其与肿瘤的关系奠定了实验基础。     

Trehalose and trehalose-hydrolyzing enzyme in the haemolymph of Locusta migratoria infected with Metarhizium anisopliae strain CQMa102

Topical application of the Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum specialist strain CQMa 102 to the locust Locusta migratoria manilensis results in changes of the concentrations of trehalose and glucose in the haemolymph. Micrographs of the locust haemolymph shows Metarhizium anisopliae can effectivly penetrate the external skeleton of locust and after 2 days infection, the hyphae body will appear in the haemolymph of infected insects. The time in decrease of trehalose concentration coincided with that in increase of trehalose-hydrolysing enzyme activity in the haemolymph of the fungus-infected insects. Overlay gel analysis indicated there was considerably more trehalose-hydrolysing activity in the haemolymph of locusts infected by fungus than in controls. A comparable isoform was identified in in vitro culture of the fungus, suggesting a fungal origin for the in vivo enzyme. Haemolymph trehalose decreased significantly during mycosis of locusts by M. anisopliae. All these results suggested that this fungus may take advantage of competing nutrient utilization against the insect by its trehalose-hydrolyzing enzyme secretion. It may provide fundamental knowledge for fungal pathogenesis.     

Molecular and microscopical detection of aster yellows phytoplasma associated with infected parsnip

Typical phytoplasma yellows symptoms were observed in parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) plants grown around Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Examination of ultrathin sections of leaf midribs by electron microscopy revealed numerous phytoplasma bodies localized in the phloem cells. DNA extracted from the infected leaves was amplified with a 16S rDNA universal primer pair P1/P6 giving the expected PCR product of 1.5 kb. The phytoplasma was confirmed as a member of the aster yellows (AY) group by amplification with the specific primer pair R16(1)/F1/R1 that was designed on the basis of AY phytoplasma 16S rDNA sequences. In the nested PCR assays, the expected DNA fragment of 1.1 kb was amplified with this specific primer set. Similar restriction patterns were found for the 1.1 kb PCR products of the phytoplasma isolated from parsnip and an AY phytoplasma control after digestion with restriction endonucleases AluI, HhaI, KpnI and RsaI. This is the first reported observation of aster yellows in parsnip in Canada.     

IGS sequence variation,group-I introns and the complete nuclear ribosomal DNA of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium: excellent tools for isolate detection and phylogenetic analysis

The complete nuclear rDNA gene complex of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae isolate ME1 is 8118bp long and contains the 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNA genes as well as the ITS and IGS regions. Variation in the ITS of isolates of M. anisopliae var. anisopliae and one each of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, Metarhizium flavoviride var. flavoviride, and Metarhizium flavoviride var. minus, clustered 39 out of 40 of M. anisopliae var. anisopliae isolates in one clade. Nucleotide sequence variation in the IGS among 21 of M. anisopliae var. anisopliae isolates showing IGS length variation sorted them into three strongly supported clades, which were weakly correlated with insect hosts and were not correlated with geographic location. Two group-I introns, Ma-int4 and Ma-int5, were discovered in the 18S and the 3(') end of the 28S, in M. anisopliae var. anisopliae isolates ITALY-12 and IMBST 9601. The insertion sites and sub-group of these introns correlated with their closest relatives, as judged by phylogenetic analysis of intron nucleotide sequence.     

The effect of culture conditions on the mycelial growth and luminescence of naturally bioluminescent fungi

A unique oligonucleotide pair, GOCC56:GOCC427, was designed that correctly primed specific amplification of a approximately 370-bp sequence spanning the ITS and 5.8S rDNA regions of Glomus occultum and Glomus brasilianum. In addition, this primer pair successfully detected G. occultum and G. brasilianum DNA in nested PCR using a primary PCR product amplified from highly diluted extracts of colonized corn (Zea mays) roots using modified ITS1:ITS4 primers. A second primer pair, GBRAS86:GBRAS388, primed specific amplification of a approximately 200-bp sequence spanning the ITS and 5.8S rDNA regions present only in G. brasilianum and Glomus strain GR582. Combined use of both primer pairs provides the means to detect and differentiate two ancient endomycorrhizal species, G. occultum and G. brasilianum, undetectable by standard root staining procedures. Sequence analysis showed that the purported G. occultum strain GR582 is likely a strain of G. brasilianum.     

The immune response of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria during mycosis of the entomopathogenic fungus,Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum

Topical application of Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum to the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria resulted in changes in the biochemistry and antimicrobial defenses of the haemolymph. M. anisopliae var acridum colonized the host haemolymph from day two post application. The haemocytes did not attach to, phagocytose or nodulate elements of the fungus. However, the presence of the fungus appeared to stimulate hemocyte aggregation over the first few days of mycosis though the number of aggregates declined subsequently. The total hemocyte count increased two days after application, indicating an overall stimulation of the immune system, but declined to a value below that for uninoculated controls by day four. The differential haemocyte count showed that the initial increase in total haemocyte count was primarily due to a larger number of coagulocytes. After day two consistent declines in cell number were observed for all haemocyte classes in mycosed insects. The activity of the enzyme, phenoloxidase, decreased during the course of infection. However, the converse was true for prophenoloxidase. Lysozyme levels were significantly smaller in infected than control locusts. There was a significant correlation between lysozyme and PO activities when data from mycosed and control insects were combined. The total protein content of the haemolymph decreased during the course of infection.     

Detection of aster yellows phytoplasma in false flax based on PCR and RFLP

False flax (Camelina sativa L.) plants were found to be infected with a yellows-type disease caused by a phytoplasma in experimental plots at the Edmonton Research station. Alberta, Canada. Typical phytoplasmas were detected in the phloem cells in ultrathin sections from leaf midrib tissues examined by electron microscopy. These observations were supported by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using two primer pairs, R16 F2n/R2 and R16(1)F1/R1, derived from phytoplasma rDNA sequences. Aster yellows (AY) and potato witches'-broom (PWB) phytoplasma DNA samples served as controls and were used to study group relatedness. In a direct PCR assay, DNA amplification with universal primer pair R16F2n/R2 gave the expected PCR products of 1.2 kb. Based on a nested-PCR assay using the latter PCR products as templates, and a specific primer pair, R16(1)F1/R1, designed on the basis of AY phytoplasma rDNA sequences, a PCR product of 1.1 kb was obtained from each phytoplasma-infected false flax and AY sample, but not from PWB phytoplasma and healthy controls. DNA amplification with specific primer pair R16(1)F1/R1 and restriction fragment length polymorphism indicated the presence of AY phytoplasma in the infected false flax sample. This is the first reported characterization of AY phytoplasma in false flax.     

Acid phosphatases of Metarhizium anisopliae during infection of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta

Three acid phosphatase (AcP) isozymes, pI 8.1, 8.0 and 7.8, were isolated, purified and partially characterised from optimised cultures of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. The enzymes had similar molecular masses (approximately 44.0 kDa), and could degrade sugar phosphates found in the haemolymph of a host insect, the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. The AcP activity in haemolymph of mycosed insects increased significantly over controls, and some new isozymes were present. The infection-related isoforms were similar in molecular mass and pI to some of the in vitro AcP isozymes of M. anisopliae. Results of dot blot and Western blot analyses using anti-AcP antibodies suggested that at least one Metarhizium phosphatase isoform was present in haemolymph of infected caterpillars. Antibodies did not cross-react with immune (chemically stimulated) or non-immune haemolymph from Manduca sexta. Consistent with the appearance of highly active fungal phosphatase in caterpillar blood, free phosphate concentration increased dramatically during the late stages of infection to a level two to five times that of controls. Phosphate was limiting to growth of the fungus at the concentration found in control haemolymph and supplementation of phosphate significantly increased fungal growth in vitro in haemolymph. These results suggest that Metarhizium AcP may play a key role in providing phosphorus for fungal growth at the expense of the insect.     

Aster Yellows Phytoplasma Identified in Scentless Chamomile by Microscopical Examinations and Molecular Characterization

Scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforata Mérat) plants were commonly found infected with a yellows-type disease caused by phytoplasma in several fields in Alberta, Canada. Typical phytoplasmas were detected in the phloem cells in ultrathin sections from leaf, stem, root and flower petiole tissues examined by electron microscopy. Application of 4′6-diamidino-2-phenylindole- 2HCl (DAPI) staining techniques confirmed the presence of the phytoplasma in these tissues. These observations were supported by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, using two primer pairs, P1/P6 and R16(1)F1/R1, derived from phytoplasma rDNA sequences. Aster yellows and potato witches′-broom (PWB) DNA phytoplasma samples served as positive controls and were used to study group relatedness. In a direct PCR assay, DNA amplification with universal primer pair P1/P6 gave the expected PCR products of 1.5 kb. Based on a nested-PCR assay using the latter PCR products, as templates, and a specific primer pair R16(1)F1/R1 designed on the basis of AY phytoplasma rDNA sequences, a PCR product of 1.1 kb was obtained from each phytoplasma-infected chamomile and AY samples but not from PWB phytoplasma and healthy chamomile controls. DNA amplification with specific primer pair R16(1)F1/R1 and restriction fragment length polymorphism indicated the presence of AY phytoplasma in the infected scentless chamomile sample.     

Identification of an extracellular acid trehalase and its gene involved in fungal pathogenesis of Metarizium anisopliae

Trehalose is the main sugar in the haemolymph of insects and is a key nutrient source for an insect pathogenic fungus. Secretion of trehalose-hydrolysing enzymes may be a prerequisite for successful exploitation of this resource by the pathogen. An acid trehalase [EC 3.2.1.28] was purified to homogeneity from a culture of a locust-specific pathogen, Metarhizium anisopliae, and its properties were characterized. The gene (ATM1) of this acid trehalase was also isolated. The pure enzyme can efficiently hydrolyze haemolymph trehalose into glucose in vitro. The new acid trehalase appearing in the haemolymph of Locusta migratoria infected with M. anisopliae had the same pI and substrate specificity as the purified fungal acid trehalase, and the concentration of trehalose in the haemolymph decreased sharply after infection. RT-PCR also revealed the ATM1 gene's expression in the haemolymph of the infected insects. Our results indicated that the acid trehalase may serve as an "energy scavenger" and deplete blood trehalose during fungal pathogenesis.