华北山区干草地生境中耕作和放牧对网蛱蝶保育的作用

研究对象是中国河北省赤城县闫家坪村的两种共存网蛱蝶—大网蛱蝶和金堇蛱蝶, 这两种网蛱蝶以不同的集合种群类型续存. 在此区域内, 适宜网蛱蝶生存的栖息地斑块是干草地. 在这里主要的人为干扰是放牧和耕作. 研究结果表明: 斑块内是否嵌有耕地和在斑块内放牧对金堇蛱蝶的斑块占据性以及种群密度有交互作用, 金堇蛱蝶在内部嵌有耕地并且适度放牧的斑块上的占据性和种群密度最高. 斑块内是否嵌有耕地对两种网蛱蝶的斑块占据性都有显著影响, 两种网蛱蝶都喜欢占据内部嵌有耕地的斑块. 斑块内是否嵌有耕地对金堇蛱蝶的种群密度有显著影响, 而对大网蛱蝶种群密度没有影响. 但是两种网蛱蝶在田垄间的幼虫组的比例有逐年增加的趋势. 两种网蛱蝶都是在适度放牧的斑块内有最高的占据性和种群密度. 结果说明在该类型山区的小规模的耕种和适度放牧对蝴蝶的保育是有利的. 斑块内是否嵌有耕地和在斑块内放牧对两种网蛱蝶有不同的影响. 因此, 在对有人为活动的山区进行保育规划时, 要综合考虑其利弊以及不同物种的异同.     

栖息地质量对两种网蛱蝶集合种群结构和分布的影响

在河北省赤城县研究了栖息地质量对大网蛱蝶Melitaea phoebe和金堇蛱蝶Euphydryas aurinia两种网蛱蝶集合种群结构和分布的影响。这两种网蛱蝶在约10 km_²的区域内共存,成虫期的蜜源植物几乎相同,大网蛱蝶的发生峰期比金堇蛱蝶晚约一个月,两者只有不到一周左右的时间重叠。大网蛱蝶和金堇蛱蝶幼虫的寄主植物分别是: 祁州漏芦（菊科）和华北蓝盆花（川续断科）。蜜源植物的丰度与两种网蛱蝶的局域种群大小呈正相关;祁州漏芦的密度对大网蛱蝶的局域种群大小影响很大,金堇蛱蝶的局域种群大小则与其寄主植物华北蓝盆花的高度正相关;斑块内平均植被高度与两种网蛱蝶的局域种群大小均呈正相关,植物多样性、植物均匀性和植被盖度均与金堇蛱蝶的局域种群大小负相关,与大网蛱蝶的关系不大。同时分析了其他因子如斑块的坡向、坡度等的影响。主要结论是：1）幼虫寄主植物的不同和成蝶飞行峰期的分离允许两种网蛱蝶在这样一个小的斑块区域内共存;2）蜜源是重要的限制因子,并且受气候随机性的影响很大,蜜源的波动可以很好地解释网蛱蝶集合种群在年度间的动态变化;3）大网蛱蝶和金堇蛱蝶的飞行、食物搜寻能力的不同以及各自寄主植物的生物学特性、空间分布的不同决定了它们具有不同的集合种群结构： 金堇蛱蝶是经典的集合种群,大网蛱蝶是源-汇集合种群;4）斑块质量和昆虫行为共同决定了两种网蛱蝶的集合种群结构和分布。     

通过网蛱蝶的例证研究试论集合种群的理论和方法

空间生态学 (Spatial Ecology) 近来引起了生态学界的广泛注目。集合种群 (又译作异质种群)生态学的理论和方法是它的重要组成内容。有关的文章在近二三年急剧增加。本文试图通过Hanski等人对网蛱蝶的研究,了解其所采用的研究途径,得到了什么样的数据,如何进行分析,最后得到了什么结果,并结合我们对网蛱蝶进行研究的一些体会,试图分析集合种群的理论和方法的实际内涵、特色及应用前景。     

两种组建稻纵卷叶螟种群生命表方法的比较

本文从1987～1988年在江苏句容,1988年在广东阳江海陵对稻纵卷叶螟自然种群采用系统调查法和分段接虫法比较了各组分的种群控制指数(Index of Population Control,IPC),初步的结果认为分段接虫法对捕食作用的估计明显偏大。在稻纵卷叶螟自然种群数量动态研究中拟采用系统调查法辅以天敌排除法测定自然存活率组建生命表为好。     

醉香含笑和金叶含笑幼苗期的动态生命表

本文运用动态生命表研究方法,观察和分析了南京地区苗圃露地栽培的醉香含笑(Michelia macclurei Dandy)和金叶含笑(M. foveolata Merr. ex Dandy)的幼苗生长动态.结果显示,2种含笑幼苗的早期生长阶段存活率下降快、死亡率和致死力高,醉香含笑和金叶含笑前3个统计时段的死亡率分别高达42.9%和51.3%.其存活曲线属Deevey Ⅲ型,表明幼苗早期个体死亡率较高,此阶段是种苗繁育管理的关键时期.幼苗期动态生命表的研究结果可以为醉香含笑和金叶含笑田间育苗养护管理措施的制定提供科学依据.     

江豚生命表和种群动态的研究

根据江豚长江种群、黄海种群和南海种群的年龄鉴定数据,编制了３个种群的静态生命表,绘制了各种群的存活曲线、死亡曲线和死亡率曲线,计算了各种群的内禀增长能力。３个种群的存活曲线均为Ｃ型（Ｏｄｕｍ,１９８３）,但南海种群和黄海种群的陡度更大。各种群的０～２龄,以及黄海江豚和南海江豚的２～４龄是死亡高峰期。死亡率曲线在各种群中呈现一定的波动。各种群的性比与１∶１没有显著性差异。３个种群的Ｒ０和λ均小于１,ｒｍ均小于０,表明它们的数量有减少的趋势,需加强对它们的保护。     

圈养大熊猫生命表及种群动态研究

大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca为我国特有濒危物种。圈养大熊猫是大熊猫保护的一项重要策略,国家林业局公布的全国第四次大熊猫调查结果显示,大熊猫的繁育保护工作取得可喜成绩,圈养种群规模快速发展。为评估圈养大熊猫种群的发展与圈养种群的未来增长趋势的关系,通过对大熊猫国际谱系(2015)内990只圈养大熊猫基本信息进行分析,统计各年内存活超过100 d的个体数量并绘制其存活曲线;编制圈养大熊猫种群的生命表,绘制死亡曲线及存活曲线,计算其内禀增长能力。结果显示:自2005年之后,每年存活的圈养大熊猫个体数量均超过20只,个别年份超过30只,2013年和2015年则超过40只;圈养大熊猫的寿命期望值较长,2~25岁死亡率低,绝大多数圈养个体都能活到生理年龄,在生理寿命上特征稳定;净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率分别为2.248 4、0.062 3和1.064 3,说明圈养大熊猫种群目前仍存在发展上升的空间,种群结构整体上相对稳定。     

圈养川金丝猴生命表和种群动态研究

川金丝猴Rhinopithecus roxellana是我国特有的濒危物种。通过对全世界785只圈养川金丝猴的年龄分布、繁殖率、性比进行统计分析,编制圈养川金丝猴种群的生命表,绘制死亡曲线及存活曲线,计算川金丝猴的内禀增长能力。结果显示：圈养川金丝猴的寿命期望值较长,死亡率低,种群数量波动小,具有相对稳定的生态学特征;净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率分别为2.674 6、0.095 28/年和1.100 0,说明圈养川金丝猴种群目前仍存在上升的空间,种群结构整体上相对稳定。     

不同寄主植物上灰飞虱种群生命表的比较

为比较不同寄主植物上灰飞虱种群发展趋势,通过室内实验,组建了灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus Fallèn在武育粳3号、盐稻8号、徐稻3号、Ⅱ优084、Ⅱ优42、扬麦12、稗草和千金子这8种寄主植物上的实验种群生命表;通过田间调查,比较了粳稻武运粳7号和籼稻Ⅱ优084上灰飞虱自然种群发生动态。不同寄主植物上灰飞虱实验种群生命表的比较结果表明,灰飞虱的若虫发育历期在稗草上最短,其次为扬麦12和粳稻上,而在杂交籼稻Ⅱ优084、Ⅱ优42和杂草千金子上的发育历期长达近30 d;灰飞虱在稗草上的种群趋势指数亦最高,为45.57,其次为粳稻品种盐稻8号（39.36）、徐稻3号（34.54）和武育粳3号(31.70)上,其中盐稻8号与稗草上无显著差异;杂交稻Ⅱ优084和Ⅱ优42上灰飞虱的种群趋势指数显著低于粳稻上的;而灰飞虱在千金子上的种群趋势指数最低,仅为11.04。大田调查则表明,一定时期粳稻武运粳7号上灰飞虱种群个体数量显著高于籼稻Ⅱ优084上。研究表明灰飞虱的适宜寄主植物依次为稗草、粳稻品种和小麦。     

穿龙薯蓣种群生命表的研究

通过对吉林省三岔子林业局的野生穿龙薯蓣(Dioscorea nipponica)年龄结构的调查,编制出了其野生种群的静态生命表。结果表明:3~15年间,死亡率非常低。而15年之后,特别是25年之后的死亡率明显升高;年龄结构,在30年之前,各龄级的株数基本符合正态分布规律,而30年之后却偏离了这个规律,表现为各龄级的株数成直线减少;生命期望值在30年之后明显增大。这充分表明了该地区穿龙薯蓣的种群正趋于衰退,该物种日趋濒危。     

Effect of cultivating croplands and grazing in arid grassland habitats on the conservation of melitaeine butterflies in a mountainous area in Northern China

In the study area (Yanjiaping Village, Hebei Province, China), grazing extensity varies at different locations, small and discontinuous croplands are imbedded in some arid grassland, which are habitats for the melitaeine butterflies, Euphydryas aurinia and Melitaea phoebe. These two species of butterfilies coexist in this area, in which grazing and cultivation are the main disturbances. Grazing and cultivation have a reciprocal effect on E. aurinia, rather than M. phoebe. We observed that E. aurinia preferred to occupy patches with moderate grazing and imbedded with small and discontinuous croplands, where E. aurinia also has high population density. The percentage of E. aurinia larval groups in the ribbings was significantly higher than that of M. phoebe, whereas larvae of both species tended to increase in recent years. Our data also showed that the population density and the patch occupancy rate of both E. aurinia and M. phoebe were the highest under moderate grazing. It indicates that cultivation of small and discontinuous croplands within the patch has a significant effect on the population density of both species of melitaeine butterflies. Thus, to artificially create or maintain semi-natural habitats, complemented by moderate grazing, might be an ecological strategy to conserve melitaeine butterflies effectively. Considering the distinct impacts of cultivation and grazing on the population distribution and dynamics of the two different species, human disturbance in the mountainous area might be strategically involved in proposing conservation plans for the target species in the future.     

两种共存网蛱蝶的卵块特征及其雌性成虫对产卵地的选择

对同一网络斑块中金堇蛱蝶(Euphydryas aurinia)和大网蛱蝶(Meiltaea phoebe)雌性成虫的产卵地进行了调查,以确定影响它们斑块质量的因素.结果表明,2种网蛱蝶雌性成虫均选择体积大的寄主植物、周围植被高度低、开放的区域产卵,它们的卵块主要分布在温暖向阳的坡面.金堇蛱蝶的卵块距离农田边缘为3.55±0.33 m (n=246),且集中分布在＜3 m区域内;大网蛱蝶卵块距离农田边缘为7.34±1.53 m (n=25),但在＜3 m区域内的数量少.研究表明,由于这2种网蛱蝶雌性成虫对产卵地要求的特异性,评价它们斑块质量以及对其制定保护管理措施时均应有所不同.     

转基因棉田棉蚜种群动态及相关影响因子分析

以3个转基因棉花品种和2个对照棉花品种为研究材料,在棉花苗期组建了棉蚜连续3个世代的自然种群生命表。结果表明：3个转基因棉花品种田棉蚜的种群趋势指数在第1代和第2代均高于对照,第3代则略低于对照;从连续3个世代的棉蚜种群累积增长趋势指数分析,转基因棉“国抗22”上的种群累积增长指数为5.40,比对照“泗棉3号”上的高1.21%,转基因棉“苏抗103”和“中抗310”上的种群累积增长指数较对照“苏棉12”上的也分别增加49.54%和65.79%。比较各作用因子的控制指数,发现3个转基因棉花品种田寄生性天敌的控制指数大多数小于各自的对照棉田,而天敌捕食等其他一些作用因子的控制指数在常规对照棉田与转基因棉花品种间差异不大。     

Behaviour of a specialist parasitoid, Cotesia melitaearum: from individual behaviour to metapopulation processes

Abstract. 1. Foraging behaviour and movement within and among host patches of the specialist parasitoid wasp Cotesia melitaearum (Braconidae) attacking the larvae of Melitaea cinxia (Nymphalidae) were studied in the field and in the laboratory.
2. In the field, female wasps aggregated in large host groups in the autumn and caused positive spatial density-dependent parasitism in the field. Wasps stayed longer with groups of pre-diapause caterpillars than with post-diapause caterpillars, but attacked them less frequently.
3. In the laboratory, wasps attacked larger larvae more readily than smaller larvae. Also in the laboratory, wasps exposed to larvae outside their protective webs showed differences in the rates at which they attacked larvae fed different diets, implicating host plant-derived chemicals as proximate cues for foraging wasps.
4. Mark–recapture studies indicated that there was a low rate of successful movement of wasps among groups of young larvae within a habitat patch in the autumn and no successful movement of wasps across non-habitat. In contrast, wasps moved frequently among groups of late-instar caterpillars in the spring.
5. Host caterpillars of different ages responded very differently to wasp attacks. Pre-diapause larvae remained in groups and used collective head-jerking behaviour to defend themselves, whereas post-diapause larvae dispersed away from the group immediately after being attacked.
6. Population and metapopulation level dynamics of the host–parasitoid interaction are discussed in light of these observations of the behaviour of individual wasps.     

Genetic differentiation within metapopulations of Euphydryas aurinia and Melitaea phoebe in China

We analyzed genetic differentiation within metapopulations of two species of checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia and Melitaea phoebe, in China. To generate genetic information, we used a new molecular technique, DALP – direct amplified length polymorphism. AMOVA results showed that most of the variation occurred among individuals within local populations of both E. aurinia and M. phoebe. However, while there was differentiation among local population in E. aurinia (P < 0.001), there was no subdivision in metapopulation of M. phoebe (P = 0.210). This is consistent with the behavior of M. phoebe adults being more dispersive than E. aurinia. Within the M. phoebe metapopulation, three neighboring patches were always occupied during the observation period (1998–2000). In addition, the number of individuals in these three populations accounted for the majority of M. phoebe larvae, and hence we conclude that the M. phoebe metapopulation might exist as a source-sink metapopulation. On the other hand, the E. aurinia metapopulation is an example of a classical metapopulation. Therefore, the conservation management of these two species should reflect these differences.