小麦×长穗偃麦草的受精和早期胚胎发育

用石蜡切片法,对小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）和长穗偃麦草（Ｅｌｙｔｒｉｇｉａｅｌｏｎｇａｔａ）杂交的受精和早期胚胎发育进行了观察。结果表明,长穗偃麦草花粉在小麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊。观察的１７０个小麦子房中,１７６５％发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳;９４１％发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;４７１％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚;总受精率为３１７７％;成胚率为２７０６％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子。为小麦与长穗偃麦草远缘杂交提供了细胞胚胎学证据。     

小麦x长穗偃麦草的受精和早期胚胎发育

用石蜡切片法,对小麦(Triticum aestivum)和长穗偃麦草(Elytrigia elongata)杂交的受精和早期胚胎发育进行了观察。结果表明,长穗偃麦草花粉在小麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长人花柱和胚囊。 观察的170个小麦子房中,17.65％发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳;9.41％发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;4.71％。发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚;总受精率为31.77％;成胚率为27.06％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子。为小麦与长穗偃麦草远缘杂交提供了细胞胚胎学证据。     

普通小麦与鸭茅状摩擦禾的远缘杂交 Ⅲ受精和早期胚胎的发育

用石蜡制片法和整体解剖法,对小麦品种Ｆｕｋｕｈｏ经鸭茅状摩擦禾花粉授粉后不同时间固定的子房样品进行了细胞胚胎学观察。结果表明,观察的１６８个授粉后１２０小时（５天）以内的小麦子房中有３２１％、０６％和２６２％分别发生了卵细胞单受精、极核单受精和卵细胞、极核双受精现象。发生卵细胞受精、极核受精和总受精频率分别为５８３％、２６８％和５８９％。对１１６个授粉后９天的小麦子房进行整体解剖,检测到有５００％的子房有幼胚。报道了小麦与鸭茅状摩擦禾杂交的受精过程和早期胚胎发育的情况。为小麦与鸭茅状摩擦禾杂交提供了高频率受精和胚形成的细胞胚胎学证据。     

硬粒小麦与珍珠栗远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育

对硬粒小麦(Triticum durum Desf.)和珍珠栗(Pennisetum glaucum syn.P. americanum)远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了研究。对授粉后的192个硬粒小麦子房进行制片观察,7.81％发生双受精,具胚和胚乳,但胚乳发育往往落后于胚的发育;3.13％只发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;1.04％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚。总受精率为11.98％,成胚率为10.94％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子。     

小麦与赖草远缘杂交的受精和胚胎发育

对小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）和赖草（Ｌｅｙｍ ｕｓｓｅｃａｌｉｎｕｓＴｚｒｅｌ．）杂交的受精和胚胎发育进行了观察．赖草花粉在小麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊,在检查过的３１９个小麦子房中,６２个（１９．４４％ ）发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳,但胚乳的发育往往落后于胚的发育;４９个（１５．３６％ ）发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;７个（２．１９％ ）发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚．小麦×赖草虽然总受精率可高达３６．９９％ ,然而由于胚乳的缺乏或发育不完全,致使最后结实率很低．从１５０朵授过赖草花粉的小麦颖花中,只得到１粒种子．表明利用胚培养技术对杂种胚进行早期离体培养,可望提高杂种植株的获得率     

四倍体大燕麦与六倍体裸燕麦的受精作用和胚胎发育

用石蜡切片法,对四倍体大燕麦(Avena magna L.)和六倍体裸燕麦(Avena nuda L.)杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了观察。结果表明,六倍体裸燕麦花粉在四倍体大燕麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊。观察的168个四倍体大燕麦子房中,238%发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳;179%发生了单卵受精,只产生胚乳而无胚;总受精率为536%;成胚率为417%。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子。为四倍体大燕麦和六倍体裸燕麦杂交提供了细胞胚胎学证据。     

硬粒小麦与珍珠栗远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育

对硬粒小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｎｄｕｒｕｍＤｅｓｆ．）和珍珠栗（Ｐｅｎｎｉｓｅｔｕｍｇｌａｕｃｕｍｓｙｎ．Ｐ．ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｕｍ）远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了研究。对授粉后的１９２个硬粒小麦子房进行制片观察,７．８１％发生双受精,具胚和胚乳,但胚乳发育往往落后于胚的发育;３．１３％只发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;１．０４％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚。总受精率为１１．９８％,成胚率为１０．９４％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子     

多胚水稻品系SB—1的细胞胚胎学研究：助细胞无配子生殖

对多胚水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）品系ＳＢ－１ 自然群体中单倍体来源进行的细胞胚胎学研究表明,卵器中的一个或两个助细胞能在受精之前发育成胚,其发生率分别为观察子房数的２．２４％ 和１．７５％ 。在１ 个助细胞提前发育成胚的胚囊中观察到双受精作用。在开花后３—８ ｄ的颖果中观察到１．６２％ 的与合子胚迥异的异位瘦长单胚和０．８１％ 的有胚无胚乳子房,根据胚所处的位置认为其来源于助细胞无配子生殖。此外,还观察到极少数的中央细胞未经受精自发产生胚乳的现象。讨论了ＳＢ－１中发生的无配子生殖的意义     

中国春及其ph2b突变体与秦岭黑麦杂种胚胎发育的比较研究

对普通小麦中国春(CS)及其突变体(CSph2b)与秦岭黑麦远缘杂交的受精过程及其杂种早期胚胎发育进行了研究.结果显示,大部分秦岭黑麦花粉能在CS及CSph2b小麦柱头上萌发,花粉管可顺利伸入花柱和胚囊;CS和CSph2b已授粉子房中,分别有80.12%和84.80%完成双受精过程而形成正常胚及胚乳,也有小部分仅有卵核受精或极核受精而只形成胚或胚乳,两者总受精率分别为86.74%和88.89%,成胚率分别为83.73%和87.14%.表明中国春及其突变体CSph2b与秦岭黑麦的可杂交性都很高,并且CSph2b略高于CS.     

通过和玉米杂交诱导硬粒小麦单倍体

硬粒小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ｄｕｒｕｍ Ｄｅｓｆ．）ＤＲ１４７授以超甜玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍ ａｙｓ Ｌ．） ｓｓ ７７００的花粉后,在８３．４％ 的柱头上观察到花粉萌发及花粉管长入胚囊,有９．９％ 的子房发生了卵细胞的单受精,１．９％ 的子房发生了中央细胞的单受精,３２．７％ 的子房发生了双受精。尽管双受精后可同时形成胚和胚乳,但胚乳往往发育迟缓,甚至败育。硬粒小麦×玉米形成的杂合子核型高度不稳定,在最初的几次细胞分裂中,来自父本玉米的染色体逐步被排除,最后形成硬粒小麦单倍体胚。在授以玉米花粉４ ｈ 后用１００ ｐｐｍ ２,４－Ｄ溶液浸蘸硬粒小麦穗部,可以有效地促进幼胚在缺乏胚乳或胚乳败育情况下的生长和发育。授粉９—１３ ｄ 后由５３３个硬粒小麦子房解剖出２５个胚,得胚率为４．７％ 。通过幼胚拯救获得１１棵正常植株,植株获得率为２．１％ 。根尖细胞染色体计数表明,它们为单倍体（２ｎ＝ ２ｘ＝ １４）。     

Fertilization and Embryo Development in Hybridization Between Wheat and Leymus

Observations were made of the fertilization and embryo development in intergeneric cross between Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring and Leyrnus secalinus Tzrel. The pollen germination of Leymus secalinus appeared normal on the stigma of Triticum aestivum and the pollen tubes grew into the style and entered the embryo sacs. Double and simple fertilization were observed in the pollinated florets. Of the 319 ovaries examed 62 (19.44%) had double fertilization and had embryo and endosperm, but endosperm development was slower than that of the embryos, 49 (15.36%) had only embryo and 7 (2.19%) had only endosperm. The total percentage of fertilization was as high as 36.99%. However, only I seed was obtained from 150 wheat ftorets pollinated with Leymus secalinus. This was obviously due to the absence or poor development of the endosperm. It may be suggested that the potential of increasing the frequency of hybrid plant obtainment was great in the cross between wheat and leymus, if embryo culture technique is employed at the early stage of hybrid embryo development.     

四倍体大燕麦与六倍体裸燕麦的受精作用和胚胎发育

用石蜡切片法,对四倍体大燕麦（Avena magna L.）和六倍体裸燕麦（Avena nuda L.）杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了观察。结果表明,六倍体裸燕麦花偻在四倍体大燕麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊,观察的168个四倍体大燕麦子房中,2.38%发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳;1.79%发生了单卵受精,只产生胚乳而无胚;总受精率为5.36%;成胚率为4.17%。由于胚乳的缺管或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子,为四倍体大燕麦和六倍体裸燕麦杂交提供了细胞胚胎学证据。     

Studies on Fertilization and Embryogenesis of Red Vinespinach (Basella rubra L.)

This paper presents detailed report on the process of fertilization and the develop- ment of embryo and endosperm of Basella rubra L. The results obtained are summarized as follows: About 4–6 hours after anthesis a great deal pollen grains germinated on the stig- ma; 6–11 hours, the pollen tube passed through the style; 11–16 hours, the pollen tube reached the ovary cavity. About 16–18 hours, one sperm nucleus entered into the egg and the other one entered into the secondary nucleus. In most cases, after 16–24 hours the double fertilization had completed. After 2–8 days, two-celled proembryo was first shown. Finally, the proembryo gave rise to multicellular globular embryo proper. The development of the embryo of Basella rubra L. conforms to the Asterad type. Whether the Asterad type had a high frequency needs further to be studied. Although the fertilization of the sperm nucleus with the secondary nucleus began later, the fusion of two sexual nuclei and the development of the endosperm proceeded often quickly. After 20 hours, the free nuclei period began, and after 2–4 days the free nuclei of endosperm were rapidly formed. The endosperm of Basella rubra L. is a nuclear type. And at the time When the seed had ripened the endosperm tissues were all absorbed by the developing embryo. The author observed that there are different distributions of the vegetative nucleus and two sperms in the pollen tube, and that two sperms entered a egg or secondary nucleus. The changes of the starch accumulated and distributed et al. in the floral organs are also studied and discussed.     

Naked Oat×Maize Hybridization

There is a certain frequency of fertilization and embryo productivity in naked oat (Avena nuda L. ) × maize (Zea mays L. ) crosses. The maize pollen readily germinated on the naked oat stigma and more than one pollen tubes grew into the style in about 68% of florets. In a sample of 163 florets fixed after pollination, 5 (3.07%) had only an embryo, 3 (1.84%) had only an endosperm and 10 (6.13%) had both. Overall, 9 haploid and 3 diploid naked oat plants were obtained from 12 seeds which formed following application of maize pollen to about 2200 emasculated naked oat florets. Preliminary studies indicated that elimination of the maize chromosomes occurred early in the embryo and endosperm development. This method gives a new approach for obtaining haplo!d naked oat.     

小麦A，B和D基因组同源DNA序列在进化过程中的演变研究

选取已定位的大麦1H染色体的STS标记NWG913为引物,在普通小麦（Tritium aestivum L.）及其4个可能的起源种乌拉尔图小麦（T.urartu T.)、栽培一粒小麦（T.monococcum.L)栽培二粒小麦（T.dicoccum S.）、方穗山羊草（Ae.squarrosa L.)上特异性扩增。扩增产物克隆测序后对其进行序列分析,由序列差异的程度来确定这几个物种之间的亲缘关系。实验结果表明,普通小麦（Tritium aestivum L.)的A基因组此段序列与乌拉尔图小麦（T.urartu T.)、栽培一粒小麦（T.monococcum L.)、栽培二粒小麦（T.dicoccum S.)A基因组此段序列完全相同;普通小麦的D基因组此段序列与方穗山羊草（Ae.squarrosa L.)也完全相同;普通小麦的B基因组此段序列和栽培二粒小麦B基因组此段序列有0．61％的差异。研究结果一方面对现有的普通小麦A、B、D基因组起源和进化理论给予了分子水平上的证明,同时也揭示了同一物种不同的基因组化进化速度存在差异。