Evolutionary dynamics of leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinases and related genes in plants:A phylogenomic approach

Leucine‐rich repeat(LRR) receptor‐like kinases(RLKs), evolutionarily related LRR receptor‐like proteins(RLPs) and receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinases(RLCKs) have important roles in plant signaling, and their gene subfamilies are large with a complicated history of gene duplication and loss. In three pairs of closely related lineages, including Arabidopsis thaliana and A. lyrata(Arabidopsis), Lotus japonicus,and Medicago truncatula(Legumes), Oryza sativa ssp. japonica,and O. sativa ssp. indica(Rice), we find that LRR RLKs comprise the largest group of these LRR‐related subfamilies, while the related RLCKs represent the smallest group. In addition,comparison of orthologs indicates a high frequency of reciprocal gene loss of the LRR RLK/LRR RLP/RLCK subfamilies.Furthermore, pairwise comparisons show that reciprocal gene loss is often associated with lineage‐specific duplication(s) in the alternative lineage. Last, analysis of genes in A. thaliana involved in development revealed that most are highly conserved orthologs without species‐specific duplication in the two Arabidopsis species and originated from older Arabidopsis‐specific or rosid‐specific duplications. We discuss potential pitfalls related to functional prediction for genes that have undergone frequent turnover(duplications, losses, and domain architecture changes), and conclude that prediction based on phylogenetic relationships will likely outperform that based on sequence similarity alone.     

Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of a green-revertible albino gene gra（t） in rice

Green-revertible albino is a novel type of chlorophyll deficiency in rice （Oryza sativa L.）, which is helpful for further research in chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development to illuminate their molecular mechanism. In the previous study, we had reported a single recessive gene, gra（t）, controlling this trait on the long arm of chromosome 2. In this paper, we mapped the gra（t） gene using 1,936 recessive individuals with albino phenotype in the F2 population derived from the cross between themo-photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile （T/PGMS） line Pei＇ai 64S and the spontaneous mutant Qiufeng M. Eventually, it was located to a confined region of 42.4 kb flanked by two microsatellite markers RM2-97 and RM13553. Based on the annotation results of RiceGAAS system, 11 open reading frames （ORFs） were predicted in this region. Among them, ORF6 was the most possible gene related to chloroplast development, which encoded the chloroplast protein synthesis elongation factor Tu in rice. Therefore, we designated it as the candidate gene of gra（t）. Sequence analysis indicated that only one base substitution C to T occurred in the coding region, which caused a missense mutation （Thr to Ile） in gra（t） mutant. These results are very valuable for further study on gra（t） gene.     

Structural analysis of DMD gene and its clinical application in Chinese.Ⅰ. Bgl Ⅱ exon-containing fragment,RFLP and carrier detection

INTRoDUCTIONDuchenneandBeckermusculardystrophy(DMD,BMD)areX-linkedrecessivedisorders,affectingabout1in33OOlivebornmales[1].ThegenehasbeenlocatedatXp21byidentificationofunusualpatientswithcytogeneticallyvisibledeletionofXp21l2]orbalancedX:autosometranslocation[3].SubsequentlinkagestudiesusingrandomlyclonedDNAprobesfromthisregionconfirmedthelocalizationofthegenetoXp21[4-5].DeletionsoftheDMDgenein17%ofindividualswithDuchennemusculardystrophy(DMD)werefirstdetectedwiththesingle-copyD…