吉林省新纪录东方蝙蝠Vespertilio sinensis (Peters, 1880)的回声定位声波特征与分析

通过对吉林省长春市采集到的11只蝙蝠标本的外形、头骨、牙齿和阴茎骨进行测量与对照,鉴定为东方蝙蝠(Vespertilio sinensis),是吉林省翼手目新纪录.用实时录音的超声波仪录制其正常飞行状态下的回声定位声波.结果表明,东方蝙蝠发出短的、宽带的、多谐波的陡坡调频型回声定位声波,能量主要集中在第1谐波.起始频率为83.66±2.08 kHz,峰频为34.54±0.88 kHz,终止频率为24.78±0.41 kHz,带宽为58.84±2.10 kHz,声脉冲持续时间和声脉冲间隔分别为2.63±0.27 ms和61.67±7.5 ms.     

东方蝙蝠在交通噪声环境中的回声定位行为

环境噪声会降低动物声信号可探测性,是动物声信号进化的压力。为了避免人工噪声干扰,多数脊椎动物调整其叫声的频谱-时间结构,如采用延长叫声持续时间、提高频率和增加强度等策略。本研究选择回声定位声波频率范围与交通噪声频率范围相互重叠的东方蝙蝠(Vespertilio sinensis)为研究对象,在自然条件下开展实验,研究交通噪声对蝙蝠回声定位声波的影响。本实验选择交通噪声强度存在差异的两个样点,分别录制东方蝙蝠的回声定位声波,分析其结构参数。在交通噪声强度较高的样点,东方蝙蝠回声定位声波的持续时间、斜率均未显著改变,但起始频率、主频、终止频率及带宽均显著提高。结果表明,东方蝙蝠的回声定位行为在交通噪声干扰下具有明显的可塑性。     

广东省蝙蝠新纪录种——大墓蝠

1984年9月24日在广东连州采集到2只蝙蝠(1♀,1♂),体型大,头体长分别为92.0mm,85.0mm,前臂长73.2mm,73.0mm,颅全长24.68mm,23.97mm;尾端有少量长毛;脑颅比较狭窄。经与国内已采集的黑髯墓蝠Taphozous melanopogon标本及已报道的同类蝙蝠特征相比较,鉴定该蝙蝠标本为鞘尾蝠科的大墓蝠Taphozous theobaldi Dobson,1872,为广东省蝙蝠新纪录种。     

广东省南岭新纪录种中管鼻蝠的形态测量、核型及超声波数据

2009年9月在广东省南岭采集到5只森林型蝙蝠,其鼻孔突出成短管状,背部毛棕褐色,前臂长34.3～36.8mm;核型为2n=44,FN=50.经鉴定为蝙蝠科管鼻蝠亚科的中管鼻蝠(Murina huttonii),为广东省翼手类分布新纪录.用蝙蝠超声波接收器(Anabat Ⅱ)录制并分析其回声定位声波,为FM型.中管鼻蝠...     

狐蝠科3种蝙蝠舌长度及结构比较

为探讨旧大陆食果和食蜜蝙蝠的食性类型不同是否造成其取食器官舌长度及结构的差异,本研究以2种食果蝙蝠犬蝠(Cynopterus sphinx)和棕果蝠(Rousettus leschenaultii)以及1种食蜜蝙蝠长舌果蝠(Eonycteris spelaea)为研究对象,比较了这3个物种间舌的差异.犬蝠、棕果蝠和长舌果蝠伸入直径为2 cm试管的最大舌长度L1(包括伸入试管的吻部和吻部以外的舌长)分别为(29.19±0.52)mm、(35.05±0.82) mm、(49.34±1.64) mm;伸出吻端外部的舌长L3分别为(16.25±0.53)mm、(19.25±0.79) mm、(31.88 ± 1.56) mm;与体重转换后的最大舌长度,即转换L1分别为(8.57±0.17) mm/g1/3、(7.90 ±0.27) mm/g1/3、(12.41 ±0.40) mm/g1/3;与体重转换后的伸出吻端外部的舌长,即转换L3分别为(4.77±0.16) mm/g1/3、(4.34±0.22) mm/g1/3、(8.01 ±0.38) mm/g1/3;与体重转换后的解剖舌长分别为(5.56 ±0.16) mm/g1/3、(5.35 ±0.14) mm/g1/3、(6.65±0.38)mm/g1/3.此5个参数种间比较均差异显著,食蜜类的长舌果蝠的5个参数均显著长于食果类犬蝠和棕果蝠的相应参数.通过比较3种蝙蝠的舌结构发现,长舌果蝠的舌尖尖细且具有毛刷状丝状乳头结构,舌面及两侧凹槽较多;犬蝠和棕果蝠的舌尖钝圆,舌面乳头和凹槽较少而平缓.本文结果表明,旧大陆食蜜蝙蝠与食果蝙蝠在舌长度和舌结构上存在明显差异,可能与捕食行为的差异有关.     

海南岛发现长舌果蝠

2019年7月于海南岛儋州市石花水洞网捕到1只蝙蝠,形态特征、头骨特征及线粒体Cyt b基因序列鉴定证实其为长舌果蝠(Eonycteris spelaea),该物种为海南岛蝙蝠分布新记录种。其主要鉴别特征为:中等体型,前臂长69.6 mm;第二指无爪;有一短尾,尾长12.9 mm,明显突出于股膜之后;肛腺发达;头骨较大,头骨和吻部相对较长,颅全长35.2 mm,吻长11.4 mm。本文报道了海南岛长舌果蝠的外部形态、头骨特征以及基于Cyt b基因序列的系统发育树结果,并与该物种已报道的数据进行了比较。     

入宅蝙蝠的驱赶策略研究

除两极外,蝙蝠在世界各地广泛分布。随着人类活动范围不断扩大,与其接触的风险随之加大,例如蝙蝠飞入人类住宅现象时有发生,但目前缺少对此冲突解决方案的研究。本研究于2021年5至7月在吉林省长春市四家乡采集东方蝙蝠（Vespertilio sinensis）样本,随后将样本放入废弃住宅,将人为驱赶、灯光、噪音3种干扰因素自由组合,设置8种干扰模式,分别为无干扰、仅灯光干扰、灯光加人为驱赶、仅人为驱赶、仅噪音干扰、人为驱赶加噪音干扰、灯光加噪音干扰、人为驱赶加灯光加噪音干扰,每种模式进行7次实验,每次实验放入1只蝙蝠个体并记录其飞出废弃住宅所用时间。结果显示,仅灯光干扰实验中蝙蝠未飞出住宅,其中,使用50 W灯源时2.00 h无飞行行为,使用20 W灯源时超过30.00 min未飞出;多重比较分析结果显示,在无干扰模式中飞出用时最短,平均（5.14 ± 2.41）min;灯光加人为驱赶干扰模式中飞出用时最长,平均（22.71 ± 2.06）min;仅人为驱赶、仅噪音干扰、人为驱赶加噪音干扰、灯光加噪音干扰、人为驱赶加灯光加噪音干扰模式飞出用时无显著差异（P > 0.05）,平均（12.60 ± 6.15）min。上述结果表明,不设置任何干扰是使蝙蝠飞出住宅最有效的解决方案。此结论为人类与蝙蝠相处方式的发展提供科学依据和理论基础。     

三种旧大陆狐蝠科蝙蝠舌长度及结构比较

为探讨旧大陆食果和食蜜蝙蝠的食性类型不同是否造成其取食器官舌长度及结构的差异,本研究以2种食果蝙蝠犬蝠（Cynopterus sphinx）和棕果蝠（Rousettus leschenaultii）以及1种食蜜蝙蝠长舌果蝠（Eonycteris spelaea）为研究对象,比较了这3个物种间舌的差异。犬蝠、棕果蝠和长舌果蝠伸入直径为2 cm试管的最大舌长度L1（包括伸入试管的吻部和吻部以外的舌长）,分别为（29.19?0.52）mm、（35.05?0.82）mm、（49.34?1.64）mm;伸出吻端外部的舌长L3分别为（16.25?0.53）mm、（19.25?0.79）mm、（31.88?1.56）mm;与体重转换后的最大舌长度,即转换L1分别为（8.57?0.17）mm/3√g、（7.90?0.27）mm/3√g、（12.41?0.40）mm/3√g;与体重转换后的伸出吻端外部的舌长,即转换L3分别为（4.77?0.16）mm/3√g、（4.34?0.22）mm/3√g、（8.01?0.38）mm/3√g;与体重转换后的解剖舌长分别为（5.56?0.16）mm/3√g、（5.35?0.14）mm/3√g、（6.65?0.38）mm/3√g。此5个参数种间比较均差异显著,食蜜类的长舌果蝠的5个参数均显著长于食果类犬蝠和棕果蝠的。通过比较3种蝙蝠的舌结构发现,长舌果蝠的舌尖尖细且具有毛刷状丝状乳头结构,舌面及两侧凹槽较多;犬蝠和棕果蝠的舌尖钝圆,舌面乳头和凹槽较少而平缓。本文结果表明,旧大陆食蜜蝙蝠与食果蝙蝠在舌长度和舌结构上存在明显差异,可能与捕食行为上的差异有关。     

陕西省发现大足鼠耳蝠

2011年8月22日,在陕西省宝鸡市太白县的铁龙洞(33°43'38.8″N,107°26'37.9″E,海拔1 250 m)获得2号蝙蝠标本,雄性,体型较大,前臂长约58 mm,后足长几与胫长相当,约20 mm,经鉴定为大足鼠耳蝠(Myotis ricketti),属陕西省翼手类新纪录,标本保存于陕西省动物研究所标本室。本文对该蝙蝠标本的特征和相关测量数据进行了报道,并对其分布和保护现状进行了探讨。     

江西省翼手目一新纪录——无尾蹄蝠

2012年2月在江西井冈山自然保护区采集到3只体型较小的蝙蝠,主要特征为:前臂长37.80～39.35mm,颅全长18.16～18.41mm;耳壳半透明呈圆形漏斗状;无尾椎骨,股间膜内凹呈"∧"形;背毛基部黑褐色,毛尖赤褐色,翼膜浅褐色。根据其特征鉴定为无尾蹄蝠Coelopsfrithi,江西省首次采集、记录到该种蝙蝠,属该省翼手目新纪录,并首次描述了该种阴茎骨形态。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.