絮凝活性产紫青霉EL-02的分离鉴定及其絮凝活性初探

【目的】分离鉴定有絮凝活性真菌,同时对其絮凝活性进行初步研究。【方法】采用梯度稀释、平板划线、18SrDNA检测等方法分离鉴定絮凝活性菌株。通过高速离心、超声破碎、乙醇沉淀、定性试验等方法确定絮凝活性物质性质。【结果】从渤海湾海岸土壤样品中分离筛选出一株有较高絮凝活性的真菌,经鉴定为产紫青霉(Penicillium purpurogenum),命名为产紫青霉EL-02(P.purpurogenum EL-02)。超声破碎试验证实其絮凝活性主要存在于发酵上清液。根据絮凝活性曲线,确定4d为积累絮凝活性产物的最佳发酵时间。乙醇沉淀法获得该菌株絮凝活性物质。经鉴定该菌株所产絮凝活性物质为糖类,且其活性在pH2-11,温度-70℃-100℃范围内保持稳定。【结论】分离筛选到一株有絮凝活性的产紫青霉EL-02,经鉴定其产生糖类絮凝活性物质。     

碳源对产紫青霉产菊粉酶的影响

试验不同碳源对产紫青霉菊粉酶生产情况的影响。结果表明,果糖、菊糖、菊芋浸汁作为碳源是菊粉酶生产较理想的诱导因子,但过量的果糖会产生阻遏。经菊糖作为主要碳源和唯一碳源筛选的菌株产酶能力可提高6－7倍。同时在发酵前期加入易利用的碳源培养菌体,后期利用菊糖诱导酶的产生,可使酶产量提高2倍。     

致病疫霉拮抗菌株YR-7 的分离鉴定及其活性物质

【目的】从黄河边的农田土壤中分离筛选拮抗致病疫霉的粘细菌,鉴定目标菌株,分析其发酵上清液的稳定性及对马铃薯晚疫病菌的抑制效果,为活性物质分离鉴定及抗马铃薯晚疫病菌生物农药的研发奠定基础。【方法】采用兔粪诱导法分离菌株,通过平板对峙法筛选对马铃薯晚疫病菌有拮抗作用的粘细菌,通过形态特征、生理生化特征以及16S r RNA基因序列分析对菌株进行鉴定。采用称重法测定菌株生长曲线,通过平皿法测定菌株不同生长时期发酵上清液对致病疫霉的菌丝生长抑制率和浓缩发酵上清液的稳定性。通过马铃薯离体叶片涂布浓缩发酵上清液和接种病原菌孢子悬浮液法,测定该菌株对马铃薯晚疫病的防病作用。【结果】从土壤样品中共分离获得7株粘细菌,其中4株拮抗致病疫霉,拮抗效果最强的为YR-7菌株,菌丝的生长抑制率为96%,该菌株被鉴定为Myxococcus xanthus。培养7 d后,菌株发酵上清液对致病疫霉的抑制活性趋于稳定。浓缩发酵上清液经30-50°C处理后,对致病疫霉菌丝的生长抑制率可达50.90%,高于50°C时抑菌活性逐渐下降,90°C处理后菌丝的生长抑制率仍可达25.45%。浓缩发酵上清液在p H 4.0-9.0条件下比较稳定,保持40.21%以上菌丝的生长抑制率,当p H4.0或p H9.0时,抗菌活性显著降低。活性物质不能被蛋白酶降解,其抗菌活性不受紫外线、自然光照射的影响。对马铃薯离体叶片的生防效果检测表明,YR-7的浓缩发酵上清液处理组叶片相对病斑面积仅为0.35%,对照组的相对病斑面积高达68.19%。【结论】粘细菌菌株YR-7可以产生抗马铃薯晚疫病菌的次生代谢产物,抗菌活性物质具有较好的稳定性,可以有效抑制致病疫霉侵染马铃薯叶片,具有开发成抗马铃薯晚疫病生物农药的潜在价值。     

海绵共生真菌产黄青霉LS16抗菌活性物质的分离及结构鉴定

海洋真菌能够产生大量活性独特的次级代谢产物。为了探明海绵共生真菌产黄青霉LS16发酵液中抗副溶血弧菌Vibrio parahemolyticus的活性物质,本实验对副溶血弧菌Vibrio parahemolyticus的抑菌活性进行跟踪,采用VLC（vacuum liquid chromatography）、Sephadex LH-20柱层析、薄层层析和高效液相色谱等技术,从海绵共生真菌LS16乙酸乙酯发酵液中分离纯化得到5个化合物。进一步实验证明,化合物2具有抗副溶血弧菌Vibrio parahemolyticus活性。根据该化合物的波谱数据（¹H NMR、¹³C NMR）对其化学结构进行鉴定,确定其分子式为C₁₅H₁₅NO₃,为生物碱类化合物。     

产紫青霉中β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶的诱导表达

针对产紫青霉(Penicillium purpurogenum)Li-3发酵生产β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶存在的碳代谢阻遏现象,研究β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶的高效诱导表达策略。在发酵条件优化的基础上,建立了新的产酶诱导工艺:葡萄糖的初始质量浓度5 g/L,在葡萄糖耗尽时加入20%诱导剂(10 g/L GL+1.2%Tween80)进行诱导,每24 h添加1次诱导剂,诱导72 h后立即转到40℃摇床发酵48 h。采用该工艺进行发酵,菌体出现了"二次生长"现象,比酶活从647.99 U/mL提高至2 356 U/mL,提高了近3倍。     

白木香内生真菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌活性

从白木香Aquilaria sinensis（Lour．）Gilg木质部的树脂形成部位和健康部位中共分离获得42株内生真菌,经初步鉴定,产孢的33株分属于3目4科7属,其余未产孢的9株暂归为无孢菌群。采用杯碟法和MTT法分别测定了各菌株的发酵上清液对3种病原菌的体外抑菌活性和2种肿瘤细胞的体外细胞毒活性。结果表明,白木香木质部健康部位内生真菌以枝顶孢霉属为优势属,而树脂形成部位的内生真菌种类比健康部位要多,且以青霉属为优势属。其中26株至少能抑制一种指示菌,占总数的61．9％;7株对指示瘤株具有细胞毒活性,占总数的16．7％。抑菌活性菌株主要分布在枝顶孢霉属和青霉属。枝顶孢霉属菌株抑菌活性较强,其抗菌活性成分值得进一步研究。     

南方红豆杉内生真菌的分离鉴定及其细胞毒活性研究

采用平板培养法对采自广东省的南方红豆杉进行内生真菌的分离,并通过形态学和分子生物学方法进行分类鉴定;共分离鉴定内生真菌22株,主要为刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum)、球座菌属(Guignardia)、座腔菌属(Botryosphaeria)、节菱孢属(Arthrinium)、炭角菌属(Xylaria)、毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)、交链孢属(Alternaria)、拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis)、长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)等属。还采用MTT法测定了这些内生真菌发酵粗提物的细胞毒活性,活性研究发现有6个菌株的粗提物在作用浓度为100μg/mL时,对至少1种受试肿瘤细胞株的抑制率在50%以上,其中菌株A223和A240对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的抑制率在90%以上。表明南方红豆杉内生真菌多样性丰富,有些菌株具有良好的细胞毒活性,值得进一步深入研究。     

异孢耳霉的分离和鉴定

本文报道了1987年冬季在南平地区分离的一个腐生耳霉新纪录——异孢耳霉(Conidiobolus incongruus),分生孢子梗无色,不分叉,6—10×50—130μm,分生孢子无色,多数球形,少数亚球形至椭圆形,13—33×16—35μm,易萌发,多数形成菌丝体,少数可形成次生分生孢子或三生分生孢子,弹射在水琼脂上的分生孢子常能迅速产生小分生孢子。接合孢子球形,淡黄色,光滑,直径18—29μm,壁厚2.5—5μm。     

远志内生真菌分离鉴定及活性筛选

从两个不同生长时期野生远志中分离内生真菌菌株88株,隶属于28个属,研究了各菌株对3种指示菌的拮抗作用。结果表明,远志不同生长时期不同部位的内生真菌数量、分布、种群存在差异,其优势属为Alternaria Nees。茎中内生真菌种类较多。88株内生真菌中有73株菌至少能拮抗1种指示菌,占总菌数的83.0%。4株抗性较强的菌株分别隶属于Trichothecium Link、Cephalosporium Corda、Alternaria Nees、Dactuliophora C.L.等。     

Purpurides B and C,Two New Sesquiterpene Esters from the Aciduric Fungus Penicillium purpurogenum JS03‐21

Purpurides B and C ( 1 and 2 , resp.), two new sesquiterpene alcohol esters generated from a drimane‐type sesquiterpenoid lactone and an amino acid, together with two known analogs, berkedrimane B ( 3 ) and purpuride ( 4 ), were isolated from the aciduric fungus Penicillium purpurogenum JS03‐21. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction, and application of Marfey's method. Compounds 1 – 4 showed modest antifungal activities against Candida albicans with MIC values in the range of 1.2–3.3 μM . Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate antimicrobial activities against Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC values in the range of 1.2–2.6 μM .     

Electrophoretic karyotype of the filamentous fungus Penicillium purpurogenum and chromosomal location of several xylanolytic genes

The electrophoretic karyotype of the filamentous fungus Penicillium purpurogenum has been resolved. Using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis, five chromosomal bands were separated, with estimated sizes of 7.1, 5.2, 3.7, 2.9 and 2.3 Mbp, giving a total genome size of 21.2 Mbp. To our knowledge, this is the smallest Penicillium genome determined so far. By Southern blots and using homologous probes, the chromosomal location of five xylanolytic genes from P. purpurogenum was determined: axeI (acetyl xylan esterase I), xynB (endoxylanase B) and abf1 (arabinofuranosidase 1) in chromosome I, xynA (endoxylanase A) in chromosome II, and axeII (acetyl xylan esterase II) in chromosome III. This is the first study where the location of xylanase genes in a Penicillium genome has been established.     

大豆连作障碍研究Ⅰ．大豆连作土壤紫青霉菌的毒素作用研究

研究分析了大豆连作、轮作土壤微生物区系,发现连作大豆根际土壤真菌富集,以其优势真菌回接大豆．紫青霉菌（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍｐｕｒｐｕｒｏｇｅｎｕｍ）能强烈抑制大豆生长发育．在实验室条件下分离获得该菌产生的毒素粗结晶,５μｇ·ｍｌ－１水培液中即可观察到大豆根系受害,根毛很少生长;３０μｇ·ｍｌ－１水培液中大豆主根褐变严重,侧根几乎不再生长;２００μｇ·ｍｌ－１导致一些大豆品种幼苗在２周内死亡这些结果表明,连作大豆土壤中该菌的大量存在及其产生的毒素是大豆连作障碍产生的主要因素．     

产紫青霉突变菌株Li-3-9的发酵条件优化及红色素安全性评价

本实验对前期研究得到的具有高产红色素能力的产紫青霉突变菌株Penicillium purpurogenum Li-3-9的发酵条件进行优化的同时作出了对红色素的安全性评价。在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken试验设计优化了蔗糖浓度、酵母膏浓度和装液量对红色素色价的影响;并且研究了P. purpurogenum Li-3-9产生的红色素对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性效应。结果表明,最佳发酵条件为：蔗糖40g/L、酵母膏4g/L、装液量为45mL、接种量4%、培养温度32℃、初始pH值6.9、培养时间168h、摇床转速150r/min,红色素色价最高达到了11.4U/mL。通过计算斑马鱼胚胎致死率、心率、畸形率及孵化率可知,该色素无致死毒性,并且对斑马鱼胚胎发育具有一定的促进作用。     

Medium pH, carbon and nitrogen concentrations modulate the phosphate solubilization efficiency of Penicillium purpurogenum through organic acid production

Aims: To study phosphate solubilization in Penicillium purpurogenum as function of medium pH, and carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Methods and Results: Tricalcium phosphate (CP) solubilization efficiency of P. purpurogenum was evaluated at acid or alkaline pH using different C and N sources. Glucose‐ and (NH₄)₂SO₄‐based media showed the highest P solubilization values followed by fructose. P. purpurogenum solubilizing ability was higher in cultures grown at pH 6·5 than cultures at pH 8·5. Organic acids were detected in both alkaline and neutral media, but the relative percentages of each organic acid differed. Highest P release coincided with the highest organic acids production peak, especially gluconic acid. When P. purpurogenum grew in alkaline media, the nature and concentration of organic acids changed at different N and C concentrations. A factorial categorical experimental design showed that the highest P‐solubilizing activity, coinciding with the highest organic acid production, corresponded to the highest C concentration and lowest N concentration. Conclusions: The results described in the present study show that medium pH and carbon and nitrogen concentrations modulate the P solubilization efficiency of P. purpurogenum through the production of organic acids and particularly that of gluconic acid. In the P solubilization optimization studies, glucose and (NH₄)₂SO₄ as C and N sources allowed a higher solubilization efficiency at high pH. Significance and Impact of the Study: This organism is a potentially proficient soil inoculant, especially in P‐poor alkaline soils where other P solubilizers fail to release soluble P. Further work is necessary to elucidate whether these results can be extrapolated to natural soil ecosystems, where different pH values are present. Penicillium purpurogenum could be used to develop a bioprocess for the manufacture of phosphatic fertilizer with phosphate calcium minerals.     

吸水链霉菌BS-112产生的抗真菌活性物质的分离纯化与结构鉴别

【目的】分离纯化吸水链霉菌(Streptomyces hygroscopicus)BS-112产生的抗真菌活性物质,究明各活性组分的结构,测定其对黄曲霉的抑制作用,为该菌株及其产生的抗真菌活性物质的应用提供依据。【方法】通过大孔吸附树脂柱层析、硅胶柱层析及制备HPLC等方法,对该菌株产生的抗真菌活性物质进行分离纯化;利用质谱(MS)和核磁共振谱(NMR)解析各活性组分的结构;采用微量液体稀释法测定各活性组分对黄曲霉的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MFC)。【结果】从BS-112菌株发酵液中分离获得4个抗真菌活性组分,利用波谱技术确定其结构分别为Tetrins A和B、Tetramycins A和B。96孔板法测得这4个化合物对黄曲霉的MIC分别为3.13μg/mL、12.56μg/mL、1.56μg/mL、6.25μg/mL,MFC分别为6.25μg/mL、25.0μg/mL、3.13μg/mL、12.56μg/mL。【结论】BS-112菌株产生的抗真菌活性物质由Tetrins A和B、Ttramycins A和B 4个化合物组成,它们对黄曲霉均具有良好的抑制作用。     

Optimization of phytase production by Penicillium purpurogenum GE1 under solid state fermentation by using Box–Behnken design

Phytase production by Penicillium purpurogenum GE1 isolated from soil around bean root nodules was investigated by solid state fermentation (SSF) using mixed substrates consisted of corn cob and corn bran. The SSF conditions were optimized by using one-variable–at-a-time strategy. The optimum conditions for phytase production were at 27 °C, pH 8 and 66% moisture content. The study of different carbon and nitrogen sources revealed that glucose and peptone registered the highest enzyme productivity (92 ± 5.6 U/g ds, 125 ± 4.9 U/g ds). Among different surfactants, maximum phytase productivity was observed with Tween 80 at 0.001 concentrations (170 ± 4.2 U/g ds). A Box–Behnken design was employed to investigate the optimization of the most significant variables affecting the enzyme production. Maximal phytase production was detected after the addition of (g/5 g ds): 0.75 glucose, 0.375 peptone and 0, 01 tween 80. This result represented an improvement in phytase production of 2.6 folds when compared to that previously obtained using the basal medium under the same cultivation conditions. The generated model was found to be very adequate for phytase production (90% accuracy) as the experimental value was 444 ± 3.5 U/g ds compared to 401 U/g ds for the predicted value. In brief, the production of phytase using corn cob and corn bran is a novel and cheap way for the production of this important enzyme and opens a new way for researchers to discover and explore this arena.     

Extraction of natural red colorants from the fermented broth of Penicillium purpurogenum using aqueous two‐phase polymer systems

Safety concerns related to the increasing and widespread application of synthetic coloring agents have increased the demand for natural colorants. Fungi have been employed in the production of novel and safer colorants. In order to obtain the colorants from fermented broth, suitable extraction systems must be developed. Aqueous two‐phase polymer systems (ATPPS) offer a favorable chemical environment and provide a promising alternative for extracting and solubilizing these molecules. The aim of this study was to investigate the partitioning of red colorants from the fermented broth of Penicillium purpurogenum using an ATPPS composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and sodium polyacrylate (NaPA). Red colorants partitioned preferentially to the top (PEG‐rich phase). In systems composed of PEG 6,000 g/mol/NaPA 8,000 g/mol, optimum colorant partition coefficient (K_C) was obtained in the presence of NaCl 0.1 M (K_C = 10.30) while the PEG 10,000 g/mol/NaPA 8,000 g/mol system in the presence of Na₂SO₄ 0.5 M showed the highest K_C (14.78). For both polymers, the mass balance (%MB) and yield in the PEG phase (%η_TOP) were close to 100 and 79%, respectively. The protein selectivity in all conditions evaluated ranged from 2.0–3.0, which shows a suitable separation of the red colorants and proteins present in the fermented broth. The results suggest that the partitioning of the red colorants is dependent on both the PEG molecular size and salt type. Furthermore, the results obtained support the potential application of ATPPS as the first step of a purification process to recover colorants from fermented broth of microorganisms. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:1295–1304, 2015     

Penicimutanin C,a New Alkaloidal Compound,Isolated from a Neomycin‐Resistant Mutant 3‐f‐31of Penicillium purpurogenum G59

Penicimutanin C, a new alkaloidal compound, was isolated from the neomycin‐resistant mutant strain 3‐f‐31 of the marine‐derived fungus, Penicillium purpurogenum G59, together with four known compounds. The structure of penicimutanin C, including the absolute configuration, was determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The absolute configuration of penicimutanin A was also re‐confirmed by Marfey's and chiral HPLC analyses of the hydrolyzed products. Penicimutanins C and A inhibited the proliferation of five human cancer cell lines to some extent. Penicimutanin C is the third dimer of diketopiperazine and penicimutanolone, which are only produced by mutants of P. purpurogenum G59 isolated to date, and it showed cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. The neomycin‐resistant screening strategy has been previously successfully used to discover new compounds by activating silent metabolites in fungi, and the present results provide an additional example of the effectiveness of this method.