GA3和IAA对慈竹综纤维和叶绿素含量动态积累的调控效应

以慈竹为材料,研究不同浓度和配比的GA₃和IAA对综纤维和叶绿素含量动态积累的调控效应,为纸浆用竹的遗传改良研究提供理论依据。研究结果表明, GA₃和IAA处理对慈竹综纤维动态积累调控作用具有差异。处理前30 d内,GA₃50IAA200处理慈竹综纤维积累强度高于GA₃200IAA50处理,40~50 d时,则反之。GA₃和IAA处理的综纤维最终水平明显高于空白对照,差异达极显著水平。GA₃和IAA处理能提高慈竹叶绿素含量,GA₃200IAA50处理慈竹叶绿素含量高于GA₃50IAA200处理。相关分析结果表明,叶绿素含量与综纤维含量间呈不显著正相关关系。     

基于转录组测序的慈竹笋木质素基因筛选及其表达分析

慈竹（Bambusa emeiensis）纤维素含量丰富,是较好的造纸原料,但竹茎中木质素影响着制浆生产及纸浆质量。目前,对慈竹木质素生物合成机制所知甚少,这限制了遗传调控竹木质素的研究。本文以拟南芥、水稻等植物的已知木质素基因作为查询序列,通过BLASTp和系统进化分析,从10、50、100和150 cm慈竹笋转录组数据中筛选到351个木质素生物合成相关Unigenes,包括51个LAC,37个4CL、26个PAL、34个CCR和25个CAD相关转录子,其数量高于其他已报道的竹类植物。转录丰度和定量基因表达分析发现16个木质素基因,包括2个PAL、5个CCR、3个4CL、2个CADH2和4个LAC,随着笋发育而表达上调,表明其可能与发育性木质素积累相关。     

平阴玫瑰花芽分化期叶片内源激素的变化

对平阴玫瑰花芽分化期叶片甲醇提取物进行IAA、ZR、GA₃、ABA的分离、纯化和测定。结果发现,所测的几种激素均表现出明显的变化规律,其中IAA和GA₃在花芽分化期含量逐渐下降,且在分化临界期出现一低峰,而ZR和ABA则完全相反。同时经比较分析得出ABA/GA₃, ABA/IAA,ZR/GA₃,ZR/IAA也表现明显的变化规律,即比值总体趋势是逐渐提高,且均在分化临界期含量出现一飞跃,显然ABA/GA3,ABA/IAA,ZR/GA₃,ZR/IAA在平阴玫瑰的花芽分化过程中起着重要的调控作用,由此推测,增加植物体内的ABA、ZR的含量或降低IAA、GA₃的含量,都可以促进玫瑰的花芽分化;反之则抑制其花芽分化。     

兰州百合鳞茎发育及低温解除休眠过程中内源激素的变化

以兰州百合为试材,研究了鳞茎发育过程中以及2、6、10℃条件下保湿贮藏101 d内母鳞茎与新鳞茎中内源激素的变化。结果表明：鳞茎发育过程中内源ABA含量以及母鳞茎的GA₃与ZR含量增加,而内源IAA含量以及新鳞茎的GA₃与ZR含量下降。低温贮藏期间,母鳞茎与新鳞茎的GA₃、IAA含量均有升高过程,而ABA含量呈下降趋势;新鳞茎的ZR含量呈下降趋势,母鳞茎的ZR含量也有升高过程。低温处理初期的34 d内,内源激素变化最为显著。不同贮藏温度相比较,ABA含量差异不大,GA₃含量随温度升高而下降。在富含淀粉的新鳞茎中,GA₃和ABA表现出极显著的负相关关系,而在淀粉含量较低的母鳞茎中GA₃和ABA无相关性。通径分析结果表明,母鳞茎与新鳞茎的物质代谢机制不同,母鳞茎的物质变化受内源GA₃的调控,新鳞茎主要是ABA作用的结果。     

春萝卜抽薹过程中内源激素含量变化分析

采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定了春萝卜抽薹过程中顶端生长点处嫩叶的赤霉素(GA₄)、生长素(IAA)、细胞分裂素(iPA)和脱落酸(ABA)等含量的变化情况。研究结果表明,在萝卜抽薹过程中,GA₄含量在现蕾点存在明显的峰值,表明GA₄与现蕾抽薹密切相关,起着主导作用;内源ABA含量变化与GA₄变化趋势基本一致;与GA₄和ABA含量相比,抽薹过程中叶片IAA含量相对较低;iPA含量在现蕾期逐步增加,至抽薹中后期出现一高峰值。研究发现iPA/ABA值增大,GA₄/iPA和GA₄/IAA值变小有利于花芽分化后萝卜植株抽薹开花,表明内源激素之间的平衡对萝卜抽薹开花也起着重要作用。     

大气二氧化碳浓度升高对银杏叶片内源激素的影响

采用开顶箱系统,研究了银杏叶片内源激素脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)和赤霉素(GA₃)对大气CO₂浓度升高(环境CO₂浓度+350 μmol·mol^-1,EC)的响应.结果表明,EC处理能使ABA含量降低,与对照(CK)相比, ABA含量最大降低63.0%(处理后120 d).EC处理使叶片IAA和ZR含量增加,而且随着处理时间的延长,差异均达显著水平;IAA含量在处理后100 d为CK的2倍,ZR含量在处理后80 d时为CK的2.5倍.EC处理使叶片GA₃峰值提前出现. (IAA+GA₃+ZR)/ABA比值随着银杏的生长逐渐降低,在处理后期(处理后40～120 d)明显高于CK,表明大气CO₂浓度升高可促进银杏的生长发育.     

氮钾对慈竹纤维素和木质素动态积累的调控效应

以慈竹为材料,通过施用不同比例的氮、钾肥,研究其对慈竹木质素和纤维素分布和动态积累的调控效应,为慈竹优质栽培提供理论依据。研究结果表明,氮钾肥处理并没有改变木质素和纤维素动态积累趋势,不同处理的慈竹木质素的动态积累呈先上升后下降的趋势,而纤维素的动态积累呈上升的趋势;慈竹不同部位木质素和纤维素的分布呈下部＞中部＞上部的趋势。施用氮、钾肥可以降低慈竹木质素含量,降低幅度为1.05%~3.97%,提高纤维素含量,提高幅度为1.25%～3.36%。N、K肥和时间对慈竹木质素和纤维素含量总变异的贡献都是N×K＞N＞TIME＞K＞N×K×TIME＞N×TIME＞K×TIME。慈竹纤维素和木质素含量之间呈不明显的正相关关系（r=0.020 4）。     

3种C3木本植物绿色组织C4酶活性、色素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的比较

对3种C₃木本植物丁香（Syringa meyeri）、杨树（Populus alba）、落叶松（Larix gmelinii）叶片和树枝绿色组织相关指标分析发现：3种植物叶片Chl.a+b含量均显著高于树枝,但是树枝较叶片Chl.a/b比值差异不明显（丁香、落叶松）（p>0.05）或显著高（杨树）(p<0.05)。单位叶绿素内各酶活性显示,丁香树枝PEPC、PEPCK、PPDK、NADP-ME、NADP-MDH酶活性分别是叶片的2.4、4.1、3.2、4.5和1.9倍;杨树树枝分别是叶片的2.1、15、6.3、6.3和2.8;落叶松树枝分别是叶片的6.8、6.3、4.3、4和5.5倍,而单位鲜重内各酶活性显示出的树枝与叶片的差异均小于单位叶绿素的相应结果。种间比较发现,杨树叶片和树枝5种酶活性均显著高于丁香和落叶松。树枝绿色组织内C₄酶活性普遍高于相应叶片的事实说明,木质化绿色组织内可能存在C₄酶相关的生化过程。丁香与落叶松树枝的电子传递速率、PSⅡ效率大于叶片,杨树叶片的相应值大于树枝,相关分析表明,这种高的C₄酶活性并没有显著影响叶绿素荧光参数（p>0.05）,显示出树枝绿色组织和C₃植物叶片内C₄酶对光合影响的复杂性。     

Na2CO3胁迫下星星草幼苗活性氧及保护酶活性的变化

对低浓度Na₂CO₃胁迫下星星草幼苗相对电导率、O^-₂产生速率、H₂O₂含量以及保护酶CAT、SOD和POD活性的研究结果表明,低盐胁迫1 d后,星星草幼苗细胞膜的通透性、O^-₂产生速率、H₂O₂含量及保护酶活性都随着盐胁迫的加剧而升高,其具体的变化规律与盐胁迫强度和幼苗细胞膜的受损伤程度密切相关,但相关关系的性质上具有差异。     

濒危植物桃儿七种子休眠特性的研究

桃儿七种子在自然条件下具有休眠期长、萌发不良的生理特性,为了探讨和研究桃儿七种子的休眠特性,利用分离胚培养、生物鉴定法、GA₃浸种、以及综合利用GA₃和低温层积处理等方法。结果表明：种皮和胚乳的限制以及生理后熟是引起桃儿七种子休眠的主要原因,用400 mg·L^-1的GA₃溶液浸种24 h或低温层积后用GA₃处理均能在一定程度上解除休眠促进萌发,其中以低温层积90 d后用500 mg·L^-1的GA₃浸种36 h效果最好,发芽率和发芽势分别达到81.11%和50.00%。     

The Role of Auxin and Gibberellin in Controlling Lignin Formation in Primary Phloem Fibers and in Xylem of Coleus blumei Stems

The hypothesis that auxin (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA₃) control the formation of lignin is confirmed for the primary phloem fibers and for the secondary xylem in the stem of Coleus blumel Benth. Indoleacetic acid alone, or a combination of high IAA/low GA₃ (w/w), induced short phloem fibers with thick secondary walls, that contained lignin rich in syringyl units (high ratio of syringyl/guaiacyl). On the other hand, a combination of high GA₃/low IAA (w/w), which promoted the differentiation of long phloem fibers with thin walls, decreased the relative content of the syringyl units (low syringyl/guaiacyl ratio). In the secondary xylem, these hormonal treatments yielded only slight changes in the noncondensed monomeric guaiacyl units, confirming the relative stability of the guaiacyl lignification pattern in this tissue. In the xylem, indoleacetic acid alone, or a combination of high IAA/low GA₃ induced lignin poor in syringyl units (low syringyl/guaiacyl ratio). A combination of high GA₃/low IAA promoted a relatively slight increase in syringyl yield, indicating greater responsiveness of the syringyl lignification pattern to growth regulators. The possible functional and technological significance of our results is discussed.     

Levels of {beta}-Glucan and Lignin in Elongating Internodes of Deepwater Rice

Partial submergence or treatment with either ethylene or gibberellicacid (GA₃ induces rapid growth in deepwater rice (Oryza sativaL.). We correlated the synthesis of two cell wall componentswith two phases of internodal elongation, namely (13,14)-ß-glucanformation with cell elongation and lignification with differentiationof the secondary cell wall and cessation of growth. The contentof ß-glucan was highest in the zone of cell elongationin internodes of air-grown plants and plants that were inducedto grow rapidly by submergence. In the intercalary meristemand in the differentiation zone of the internode, ß-glucanlevels were ca. 70% lower than in the zone of cell elongation.The outer cell layers, enriched in epidermis, contained moreß-glucan in submerged, rapidly growing internodesthan in air-grown, control internodes. The ß-glucancontent of the inner, parenchymal tissue was unaffected or slightlylowered by submergence. The epidermis appears to be the growth-limitingstructure of rapidly growing rice internodes. We hypothesizethat elevated levels of ß-glucan contribute to elongationgrowth by increasing the extensibility of the cell wall. Lignificationwas monitored by measuring the content of lignin and the activitiesof two enzymes of the lignin biosynthetic pathway, coniferylalcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), in growing and non-growing regions of the internode.Using submerged whole plants and GA₃-treated excised stem segments,we showed that lignin content and CAD activity were up to sixfoldlower in newly formed internodal tissue of rapidly growing ricethan in slowly growing tissue. No differences were observedin parts of the internode that had been formed prior to inductionof growth. PAL activity was reduced throughout the internodeof submerged plants. We conclude that lignification is one ofthe processes that is suppressed to permit rapid growth. ¹ This work was supported by the National Science Foundationthrough grants No. DCB-8718873 and DCB-9103747 and by the Departmentof Energy through grant No. DE-FGO2-90ER20021. M.S. was therecipient of a fellowship from the Max Kade Foundation.     

Actinomycin D Inhibits the GA3-Induced Elongation of Azuki Bean Epicotyls and the Reorientation of Cortical Microtubules

Actinomycin D inhibited the elongation of epicotyl segmentsfrom azuki bean seedlings that was induced by simultaneous treatmentwith IAA and GA₃. The drug also inhibited the elongation ofthe segments that was caused by IAA alone when it was appliedtogether with IAA. When the segments were pretreated with GA₃and then incubated with IAA, GA₃ promoted the elongation causedby IAA and brought about a predominance of transverse corticalmicrotubules (MTs) in the epidermal cells of the segments. Thechange in the arrangement of MTs caused by pretreatment withGA₃ was evident 1 h after the start of subsequent incubationwith IAA when the effect of pretreatment with GA₃ on the elongationhad not yet become apparent. Pretreatment with GA₃ did not causeany change in the arrangement of MTs when GA₃-pretreated segmentswere not incubated subsequently with IAA. Although actinomycinD applied before treatment with IAA did not inhibit the IAA-inducedelongation, the drug diminished the promotion of the elongationcaused by pretreatment with GA₃ and prevented GA₃ from bringingabout a predominance of transverse MTs when the drug was appliedduring the pretreatment with GA₃. GA₃-induced synthesis of mRNA seems to be involved in the promotionby GA₃ of IAA-induced elongation and in the GA₃-induced rearrangementof cortical MTs. (Received June 15, 1993; Accepted August 16, 1993)     

西瓜嫁接体发育中木质素合成及代谢相关酶活性的变化

研究了西瓜/葫芦嫁接体发育过程中砧木和接穗部分木质素含量及其代谢相关酶的活性变化.结果表明,嫁接体发育过程中木质素生物合成加快,砧木及接穗部分的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解胺酶(PAL)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)等的活性均明显高于对照,接穗和砧木中POD活性在15 d内持续升高,H2O2含量和CAT活性于嫁接后9~12 d出现高峰,砧木中PAL于9 d时有活性高峰而接穗一直保持较高活性而没有活性高峰,木质素含量和CAD活性持续增长,葫芦砧木木质素的代谢水平高于西瓜接穗.     

Cinnamic Acid Increases Lignin Production and Inhibits Soybean Root Growth

Cinnamic acid is a known allelochemical that affects seed germination and plant root growth and therefore influences several metabolic processes. In the present work, we evaluated its effects on growth, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) oxidase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) activities and lignin monomer composition in soybean (Glycine max) roots. The results revealed that exogenously applied cinnamic acid inhibited root growth and increased IAA oxidase and C4H activities. The allelochemical increased the total lignin content, thus altering the sum and ratios of the p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) lignin monomers. When applied alone or with cinnamic acid, piperonylic acid (PIP, a quasi-irreversible inhibitor of C4H) reduced C4H activity, lignin and the H, G, S monomer content compared to the cinnamic acid treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that exogenously applied cinnamic acid can be channeled into the phenylpropanoid pathway via the C4H reaction, resulting in an increase in H lignin. In conjunction with enhanced IAA oxidase activity, these metabolic responses lead to the stiffening of the cell wall and are followed by a reduction in soybean root growth.     

Gibberellin-colchicine interaction in elongation of azuki bean epicotyl sections

In azuki bean (Azukia angularis = Vigna angularis) epicotylsections, gibberellin A₃ (GA₃) enhanced the growth promotingeffect of indoleacetic acid (IAA), but showed no growth effectwhen applied alone. Sections showed practically no cell division.The promoting effect of GA₃ on section growth seems to be dueto its promoting effect on cell elongation. The diameters of sections treated with IAA increased, but thediameters of sections treated with GA₃ together with IAA remainedconstant. GA₃ seems to suppress cell expansion in a directiontransverse to the cell axis. Colchicine at a concentration with no inhibiting effect on IAA-inducedelongation almost completely reversed the effect of GA₃ On the basis of these results, the participation of wall microtubulesin GA₃-induced elongation is discussed. (Received October 22, 1971; )     

Auxin-gibberellin relationships in their effects on hypocotyl elongation of light-grown cucumber seedlings II. Effect of GA3-pretreatment on IAA-induced elongation

IAA-induced growth of light-grown cucumber hypocotyl sectionsis markedly enhanced by GA₃-pretreatment of the sections; thereis a distinct synergism between IAA and GA₃. Water pretreatmentalso enhances IAA-induced growth. On the other hand, IAA-pretreatedsections showed practically no further growth in response topost treatment with GA₃. The enhancing effect of GA₃ is obtainedwith only 30 min pretreatment, the maximum effect occuring with2 hr pretreatment. Pretreatment longer than 8 hr is less effective.This enhancing effect of GA₃ can be observed soon after posttreatment with IAA. The response of GA₃-pretreated sectionsto IAA is greater in pretreatment with higher concentrationsof GA₃, and higher degrees of synergism between IAA and GA₃are obtained at IAA concentrations less than 10^-4 M. This synergisticinteraction between GA₃ and IAA is more marked in aged hypocotylsections than in young sections. From these results we concludedthat gibberellin sensitizes hypocotyl cells to the subsequenteffect of auxin on cell elongation. (Received October 6, 1973; )     

Effects of Abscisic Acid on Phenolic Content and Lignin Biosynthesis in Tobacco Tissue Culture

A significant depression of callus growth resulted from low concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) added to the medium recommended by Linsmaier and Skoog. Low concentrations also decreased the chlorogenic acid and lignin content of the callus, and generally decreased amounts of scopolin and scopoletin in the tissue. Gibberellic acid (GA₃) stimulated callus growth in a low concentration (0.1 mg/1) and inhibited growth at a high concentration (10.0 mg/1). Both levels of GA₃ increased scopoletin accumulation in tobacco callus. A high concentration of GA₃ increased the accumulation of scopolin and chlorogenic acids, whereas a low concentration decreased the amounts of these two phenolic compounds. In comparison with the control, lignin synthesis was stimulated by a low GA₃ concentration, but a high GA₃ concentration did not have a significant effect. Both low and high concentrations of GA₃ overcame ABA inhibition of growth and lignin synthesis, and partially reversed ABA inhibition of scopoletin production. However, GA₃ did not reverse the inhibitory effect of ABA on scopolin production. The low concentration of GA₃ overcame the inhibition of chlorogenic acid production resulting from a 0.01 mg/1 concentration of ABA, but this was the only reversal of chlorogenic acid inhibition resulting from addition of GA₃ to the medium.