表达环糊精葡基转移酶基因的重组大肠杆菌发酵条件的研究

表达β-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的工程菌E.coli BL21(DE3)在含有不同浓度葡萄糖的LB培养基中进行发酵时,0.2%的葡萄糖浓度使酶活提高2.7倍,0.75%的乳糖诱导时的表达量与1mmol/LIPTG诱导时相当。选择卡那霉素、乳糖、Triton-X、甘氨酸的终浓度这四个因素,分别考察三个水平,由L9正交试验确定影响发酵酶活各因素的最佳浓度,即卡那霉素10μg/mL、乳糖0.75%、Triton-X0.5%、甘氨酸1.0%。     

β-环糊精葡基转移酶的纯化方法及酶学性质的研究

β-环糊精葡基转移酶的粗酶液应用酚酞分光光度法测得该酶的环化活性为11.79U/mL。该粗酶液先经过淀粉-酒精沉淀或淀粉-硫酸铵沉淀初步纯化,然后经Sephacryl S-100凝胶层析后,比活力分别提高了16、21、50倍,由原来的11.44U/mg蛋白质增加到572.67U/mg蛋白质,回收率分别为72.4%、66.4%、40.9%,经SDS-PAGE电泳显示为单一的蛋白带,酶的分子量约为70kDa。酶学性质研究表明该酶的最适pH和最适温度分别为6.0和60℃,在pH6.0~10.0范围内,55℃以下保温30min基本保持稳定。纯化后的β-环糊精葡基转移酶的环化活性每克相当于35727U。     

重组β-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶生产β-环糊精的工艺条件优化

将来自于Bacillus circulans 251的β-CGTase编码基因克隆到表达载体pET-20b(+),转化Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)。经酶活检测培养基上清中的β-CGTase酶活为20 U/mL。对酶转化淀粉生成β-环糊精的反应条件进行了优化,结果表明,当底物马铃薯淀粉浓度15%,反应初始pH5.5,温度30℃,加酶量10 U/g干淀粉,环己烷浓度2.5%-5%(V/V),转化周期24 h,β-环糊精转化率达到最高值75.3%,是国内外报道的酶法生产β-环糊精的最高水平。     

嗜碱性芽孢杆菌N—227环状糊精葡基转移酶基因在枯草杆菌中的整合表达

大多数枯草杆菌载体在表达外源基因时会出现分离或结构不稳定,而将目的基因整合至染色体上的基因整合方法,近年来得到人们的普遍关注。通过构建一套整合载体,将β－环状糊精葡基转移酶基因随机整合至枯草杆菌１Ａ２８９的染色体上,从表达氯霉素抗性及β－ＣＧＴａｓｅ阳性株中选得菌株Ｂｓ２,其氯霉素抗性为５γ／ｍｌ,β－ＣＧＴａｓｅ酶活为２６６μ／ｍｌ。后又经多次整合及更高浓度氯霉素抗性的选择,获得一株Ｂｓ１６－７     

利用重组大肠杆菌生产α-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶

将来源于软化类芽孢杆菌（Paenibacillus macerans）的α-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶（α-CGT）基因插入含pelB信号肽的质粒pET-20b（＋）中,构建了表达载体pET-20b（＋）／cgt,并将其转化表达宿主E.coli BL21（DE3）。对重组菌E．coli BL21／pET-cgt进行摇瓶发酵条件的优化,确定了其胞外表达α-CGT酶的最适条件：葡萄糖8g/L,乳糖0．5g/L,蛋白胨12g/L,酵母膏24g/L,K2HPO472mmol／L,KH2PO417mmol／L,CaCl2 2．5mmol／L;初始pH为7．0,诱导温度为25℃。在该条件下培养90h后最终α-CGT酶的胞外比活达到22．1u／mL,与来源菌Pmacerans所产天然酶比活相比提高了42倍,实现了α-CGT酶的高效生产。将基因工程菌在上述条件下于3L发酵罐中发酵,90h后胞外酶比活达到22．6U／mL,证实了工业化放大的可能性。     

地衣芽孢杆菌α—淀粉酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的诱导表达

采用PCR技术扩增了sacB基因的启动子-信号序列,并将扩增的序列重组进含地衣芽孢杆菌α-淀粉酶基因的质粒载体上构建了含α-淀粉酶基因的分泌型表达载体pSA60。将pSA60转化枯草芽孢杆菌QB1098后,α-淀粉酶基因在sacB基因启动子-信号序列的调控和蔗糖的诱导下获得表达,表达产物分泌至胞外。     

重组α-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶表达条件的优化及其产物专一性的分析

将来源于Bacillus sp 602 -1的α-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(ot-CGT)基因(cgt)插入到表达载体PQE30中,构建重组质粒PQE30/cgt,成功转化宿主菌E coli M15后,得到重组菌株E coli M15 (PQE30/cgt).在IPTG的诱导下得到酶表达的最适条件:TB培养基,0.01 mmol/L IPTG,诱导温度16℃,胞内酶比活力最高可达5 209 U/mL;加入IPTG 24 h后,添加甘氨酸和甘露醇会促使酶向胞外分泌.酶蛋白自诱导表达的适宜条件为在TB培养基中添加乳糖3.0 g/L,葡萄糖1.2 g/L,16℃培养96 h,酶比活力达到8 635 U/mL,明显高于IPTG诱导的效果.通过SDSPAGE验证了上述结论.酶催化转化实验表明:重组酶转化质量分数为1％可溶淀粉24h后,α-环糊精(α-CD)转化率可达38.2％,α和β的峰面积比约为3.4:1,α-CD具有较高的专一性,因此该重组α-CGT酶具有较好的工业化应用前景.     

芽孢杆菌β-甘露聚糖酶基因的克隆及表达

从新疆极端干燥环境土壤样品中筛选到具有高β-甘露聚糖酶活性的芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.MX).运用PCR技术从该菌基因组中克隆得到β-甘露聚糖酶基因,连接到表达载体pET-28a上.在大肠杆菌BL21中高效表达的基因产物经亲和层析纯化,SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分析显示该蛋白的相对分子质量为41 kD.酶学性质分析表明该酶在25～95℃,pH3.0～9.6范围内均具有酶活.最适作用温度55℃和pH值5.0,酶比活力为4 572 U/mg.在最适pH 5.0,高温85℃和95℃分别处理10min后,该酶相对酶活力仍保持51%和34%,显示β-甘露聚糖酶具有较好的耐酸性和热稳定性.     

麦芽糖诱导软化芽孢杆菌α-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶在枯草杆菌中的表达

通过PCR扩增软化芽孢杆菌α-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶基因,将基因片段克隆到大肠杆菌-枯草杆菌穿梭载体pGJ103中,转化枯草杆菌WB600得基因工程菌进行外源表达。在1.5%的麦芽糖初始发酵培养基上摇瓶培养,48 h后重组枯草杆菌产酶活性为6.1U/ml。通过单因素分析和响应面分析对重组枯草杆菌产CGT酶摇瓶发酵条件进行优化。分析得到培养基关键组分麦芽糖,玉米淀粉和酵母粉三者最佳浓度分别为:15.5g/L,13g/L和20g/L。在此条件下,摇瓶培养36h后α-CGT酶活性为17.6U/ml,5L罐分批发酵30h后酶活达到20U/ml (水解活性为1.4×10⁴ IU/ml)。     

Molecular cloning and expression of cellulase genes of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain N-4 in Escherichia coli.

The genes for cellulases of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain N-4 were cloned in Escherichia coli with pBR322. Plasmids pNK1 and pNK2 were isolated from the transformants producing carboxymethyl cellulase, and the carboxymethyl cellulase genes cloned were in 2.0- and 2.8-kilobase-pair HindIII fragments, respectively. On the DNA level, the pNK1 fragment had a different restriction map from that of the pNK2 fragment, but the genomic hybridization experiments showed partial homology among these fragments. A total of 74 and 34% of the enzyme activities were observed in the periplasmic space of E. coli carrying the plasmids pNK1 and pNK2 , respectively. The carboxymethyl cellulase thus produced had broad pH activity curves (pH of 5 to 10.9) and was stable up to 75 degrees C.     

Molecular cloning and expression of the xylanase gene of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain C-125 in Escherichia coli.

The gene for xylanase A of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain C-125 was cloned in Escherichia coli with pBR322. The plasmid pCX311 contained 2.6- and 2.0-kilobase-pair HindIII fragments. The characteristics of the purified pCX311-encoded xylanase were the same as those of purified xylanase A from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain C-125.     

Molecular cloning of an endoglucanase gene from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. and its expression in Escherichia coli

One of the cellulase genes from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain N-4 was cloned in pBR322. A recombinant plasmid, pYBC107, expressing carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) was isolated, and the size of the cloned HindIII fragment was found to be 5.5 kilobases. The restriction map of pYBC107 showed a different pattern from those of pNKI and pNKII (N. Sashihara, T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi, J. Bacteriol. 158:503-506, 1984). When the HindIII fragment from pYBC107 was subcloned into pYEJ001, there was a 3.8-fold increase in CMCase activity over that observed with pYBC107. Plasmid pYBC108 constructed by treatment of pYBC107 with HindIII and EcoRI expressed the CMCase activity, although to a limited extent. To verify the originality of cloned pYBC107 from Bacillus sp., we analyzed the restriction digest by Southern blotting.     

Molecular cloning of an endoglucanase gene from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. and its expression in Escherichia coli.

One of the cellulase genes from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain N-4 was cloned in pBR322. A recombinant plasmid, pYBC107, expressing carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) was isolated, and the size of the cloned HindIII fragment was found to be 5.5 kilobases. The restriction map of pYBC107 showed a different pattern from those of pNKI and pNKII (N. Sashihara, T. Kudo, and K. Horikoshi, J. Bacteriol. 158:503-506, 1984). When the HindIII fragment from pYBC107 was subcloned into pYEJ001, there was a 3.8-fold increase in CMCase activity over that observed with pYBC107. Plasmid pYBC108 constructed by treatment of pYBC107 with HindIII and EcoRI expressed the CMCase activity, although to a limited extent. To verify the originality of cloned pYBC107 from Bacillus sp., we analyzed the restriction digest by Southern blotting.     

A cellulase gene from a new alkalophilic Bacillus sp. (strain N186-1). Its cloning,nucleotide sequence and expression in Escherichia coli

 Several alkalophilic Bacillus spp. strains were selected for their capacity to produce alkaline cellulases. Culture supernatants of these strains showed optimal cellulase activities between pH 8 and 9 and they were stable from pH 6 to pH 12. A cellulase gene (celB1) from the alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain N186-1 was cloned in Escherichia coli using polymerase chain reaction techniques. The cloned gene was present in a 2.539-bp HindIII fragment and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The coding sequence showed an open-reading frame encoding 389 amino acids. The amino acid sequence, deduced from the nucleotide sequence, permitted us to include it in family 5 (or A) of the glycosyl hydrolases. The complete open-reading frame of celB1 was cloned in the plasmid pET-11d and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3), in which a protein of 39 kDa was obtained in the cytoplasm; however, no endoglucanase activity was detected. A second construction in pET-12a allowed the production of a 39-kDa protein located in the periplasmic space of E. coli that had endoglucanase activity. The protein produced has optimal activity at pH 7 and 50°C and it retains more than 70% of its activity after incubation for 1 h at pH 12. Received: 27 December 1995/Received revision: 14 March 1996/Accepted: 25 March 1996     

Secretion of heterologous cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase of Bacillus sp. E1 from Escherichia coli

Summary To characterize the molecular properties of CGTase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. E1 (BCGTE1), a genomic clone for a CGTase was isolated. Expression of recombinant BCGTE1 in E. coli was analyzed by immunoblotting. It showed that the nascent recombinant BCGTE1 expressed was 87 kDa but it was processed into the mature enzyme of 81 kDa. With the process it was secreted predominantly into the culture medium via periplasmic space. This feature is different from other Bacillus CGTases expressed in E. coli, which were present mostly in the periplasmic space.     

A gene encoding for an alpha-amylase from thermophilic Bacillus sp. strain TS-23 and its expression in Escherichia coli

An alpha-amylase gene from Bacillus sp. strain TS-23 was cloned and expressed by using its own promoter on the recombinant plasmid pTS917 in Escherichia coli. A cell fractionation experiment revealed that approximately 60% of the amylase activity was in the periplasmic space. Analysis and activity staining of the concentrated supernatant fraction by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed an apparent protein band with a mol. wt of approximately 65,000. The amylase gene (amyA) consisted of an open reading frame of 1,845 bp encoding a protein of 613 amino acids with a calculated mol. wt of 69,543. The predicted amino acid sequence showed high homology with Bacillus species, E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium alpha-amylases. Deletion of 96 amino acids from the C-terminal portion of the amylase did not result in the loss of amylolytic activity. The truncated amylase, deletion of the first 50 amino acids from the N-terminus, was overexpressed in E. coli system and refolded to yield an activable enzyme.     

Nucleotide sequences of two cellulase genes from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain N-4 and their strong homology.

Two genes for cellulases of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain N-4 (ATCC 21833) have been sequenced. From the DNA sequences the cellulases encoded in the plasmids pNK1 and pNK2 consist of 488 and 409 amino acids, respectively. The DNA and protein sequences of the pNK1-encoded cellulase are related to those of the pNK2-encoded cellulase. The pNK2-encoded cellulase lacks the direct repeat sequence of a stretch of 60 amino acids near the C-terminal end of the pNK1-encoded cellulase. The duplication of the cellulase genes and the formation of the direct repeat in the pNK1-encoded cellulase occurred at almost the same time.     

Nucleotide sequence of the gene for an alkaline endoglucanase from an alkalophilic Bacillus and its expression in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.

The gene for an alkaline endoglucanase from the alkalophilic Bacillus sp. KSM-64 was cloned into the HindIII site of pBR322 and expressed in Escherichia coli HB101. The nucleotide sequence of a 4.1-kb region of the HindIII insert had two open reading frames, ORF-1 and ORF-2. The protein deduced from ORF-1 was composed of 244 amino acids with an M(r) of 27,865. Subcloning analysis proved that the alkaline endoglucanase was encoded by ORF-2 (822 amino acids with an M(r) of 91,040). Upstream from ORF-2, there were three consensus like sequences of the sigma A-type promoter of Bacillus subtilis, a putative Shine-Dalgarno sequence (AGGAGGT), and a catabolite repression operator-like sequence (TGTAAGCGGTTAACC). The HindIII insert was subcloned into a shuttle vector, pHY300PLK, and the encoded alkaline endoglucanase gene was highly expressed both in E. coli and B. subtilis. One of the three promoter-like sequences in ORF-2 could be suitable for high levels of enzyme expression in both host organisms.     

Overexpression of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase gene from Brevibacillus brevis in Escherichia coli by control of temperature and mannitol concentration

Expression of Brevibacillus brevis CD162 cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) gene using pET22b(+) vector in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) resulted in the formation of inactive inclusion bodies under the usual induction conditions. However, by lowering the induction temperature to 30°C and/or adding 0.5 M mannitol as an osmolyte, the formation of insoluble aggregates was prevented and about a 34-fold increase (8.51 U ml^–1) in biologically active soluble form was achieved after 6 h induction. The active CGTase enzyme was estimated to comprise as much as 24% of the total soluble proteins. In addition, other polyols such as glycerol, erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, and arabitol showed similar effects with mannitol on the production of active CGTase enzyme.