脱钙方法与脱钙液的选择及应用

骨 ,含有骨质的肿瘤及钙化组织和骨髓穿刺组织 ,均需经脱钙处理 ,钙盐被溶解 ,组织变软后才能制作切片。脱钙方法和脱钙液的选择与骨组织切片的制作质量有着密切的联系。1 骨的成分与结构骨是由粘多糖和一些蛋白纤维构成骨样组织及沉积于其中的无机盐所组成 ,无机盐以羟基磷灰石结晶的形式存在 ,其中绝大部分是磷酸钙和碳酸钙。2 脱钙机理脱钙是应用化学或物理化学的方法将骨组织成分中的钙盐与胶原纤维分离 ,弃去钙盐 ,保留完整的胶原纤维成分。无论使用何种方法和脱钙液都是为了清除骨组织中的钙盐。脱钙时间若太短 ,有钙盐沉着 ,组织切…     

牙齿切片鉴别兽类年龄方法的改进

以牛、羊的下门齿根尖部,藏羚下门齿和野牛前臼齿为材料,使用加盐酸的AFAA液作脱钙液,缩短了脱钙时间,摸索出一套简单的鉴定兽类年龄的方法,用以鉴定野牛和藏羚的年龄。     

骨组织的脱钙及其免疫组织化学技术的探讨

骨组织的免疫组织化学染色 (ＩＨＣＳ)技术不同于普通石蜡切片常用的ＩＨＣＳ技术 ,有许多特殊性。为了提高骨组织ＩＨＣＳ的质量 ,本文根据骨组织及其ＩＨＣＳ技术的特点 ,对影响ＩＨＣＳ质量的几个问题进行了探讨。免疫组织化学染色 (Ｉｍｍｕｎｏｈｉｓｔｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｔａｉｎｉｎｇ,ＩＨＣＳ)技术是用已知的标记的特异性抗体或抗原对组织内相应抗原或抗体进行定性、定位或定量检测 ,经组织化学反应 ,使标记于特异性抗体的酶、金属及荧光素等呈现出某种颜色 ,并借助于光镜、荧光显微镜及电子显微镜等观察所显示的颜色和变化 ,从…     

两种脱钙法植被鼠尾病理切片的比较

目的探讨制作大鼠尾巴标本石蜡切片的方法。方法采用盐酸脱钙液运用两种脱钙方法制作大鼠尾巴标本石蜡切片。结果两种方法制作的石蜡切片完整、无破碎,HE染色观察组织结构细胞形态完整,核浆分明,红蓝适度。结论两种方法都能制作理想大鼠尾巴标本石蜡切片,可保证病理诊断质量。     

脱钙对鼠颅骨标本中肥大细胞组织化学与免疫组织化学染色的影响

目的:探讨脱钙对鼠颅骨标本中肥大细胞组织化学与免疫组织化学染色影响.方法:用不同脱钙液处理小鼠颅骨标本,组织切片后进行苏木素一伊红染色、甲苯胺蓝染色、醛品红染色以及免疫组织化学染色.结果:经过不同脱钙液处理后的颅骨组织切片组织结构保存完好,肥大细胞的组织化学染色(甲苯胺蓝和醛品红染色),及肥大细胞中胰蛋白酶的免疫组织化学染色清晰.结论:不同脱钙液(8%盐酸脱钙液、EDTA脱钙液、混合酸脱钙液)处理不影响鼻腔粘膜中肥大细胞的组织化学和免疫组织化学染色.     

人体及动物组织H.E染色石蜡切片法的技术改进

报道人体及动物组织石蜡切片方法的全面革新技术。以组织块的固定、苏木精染色和脱水同时进行为主要技术特征,改进了某些操作细节,获得了良好的效果。     

植入了骨修复材料的小型猪腰椎椎体不脱钙病理组织切片制备方法

摘要 目的：建立植入了骨修复材料小型猪腰椎椎体骨组织标本的不脱钙病理组织切片制备方法。方法：将含骨修复材料的腰椎椎体骨组织标本进行分割暴露组织切面,梯度浓度乙醇脱水后经Technovit 7200 VLC光聚树脂浸润,经黄蓝光共同辐照进行光聚合包埋,借助硬组织病理切磨系统制备含骨修复材料不脱钙病理组织切片。结果：结果显示通过上述方法制备的病理组织切片,经苏木精-伊红（HE）染色及甲苯胺蓝染色后光学显微镜下观察能较好地显示骨的各种组织细胞结构,可清晰的观察到骨小梁的走向及连接情况。结论：研究建立了含骨修复材料骨组织标本病理组织切片制备方法,实现了含骨修复材料不脱钙骨组织病理切片的制备,经病理染色后实现了带植入物的组织学观察,为生物材料及医疗器械动物试验研究提供了新的病理检测手段及组织学评价途径。     

心肌胞内钙瞬变的记录方法——快速二维扫描法与线扫描法

目的:采用共聚焦显微镜快速二维扫描方式和线扫描方式记录心肌胞内钙瞬变,并分析其优缺点。方法:标本为急性分离的SD大鼠心肌单细胞,胞内钙信号由钙指示剂fluo4-AM标记,其变化由共聚显微镜(LSM510META系统)记录。钙瞬变由局部场刺激诱发,刺激器和共聚焦成像系统之间通过触发连接同步工作。结果:快速二维扫描方式可在二维平面上反映全细胞范围内钙瞬变的动态过程,空间信息较全面;特别地,当心肌细胞由于药物或病理状态的改变而出现胞内钙稳态失衡时,快速二维扫描的结果更有利于了解胞内钙变化;其结果可制成动画,真实而直观地再现心肌细胞胞内钙瞬变的动态过程。线扫描方式的时间分辨率较高,也有一定的空间分辨率,可反映钙瞬变的时空特征,并可分析细胞收缩的情况。二种扫描方式所得的结果在实质上是一致的,但各有其侧重点和优缺点,在反映心肌细胞功能状态方面具有互补作用。结论:两种扫描方式所得的结果综合起来更有利于对胞内钙信号变化的特征和意义进行正确解读。     

基于环境DNA技术的梯级水坝对长江上游重要支流鱼类多样性的影响研究——以綦江为例

为了探究梯级水坝对长江上游重要支流中不同鱼类的阻隔效应,利用环境DNA(Environmental DNA, eDNA)技术于2021年5月对綦江9个区段鱼类物种组成与多样性进行了分析,并与传统渔业资源调查的结果进行了比对,探讨了eDNA技术在长江水系鱼类监测中的应用前景。结果显示基于eDNA技术在綦江中共检测到鱼类7目16科49属59种。其中,鲤形目41种,占比69.49%;珍稀特有鱼类12种,占比20.34%。通过传统渔业资源调查方法共监测到鱼类7目17科64属92种。两种调查方法的综合分析结果表明綦江中共有鱼类96种,其中55种为共同调查到的鱼类,占比57.29%。此外,基于eDNA技术检测到的59种綦江鱼类,按照下游至上游次序呈现如下趋势：(1)不同区段的鱼类物种多样性阶梯式降低;(2)各采样点与全流域间的鱼类物种相似性阶梯式降低;(3)喜流水鱼类与喜静缓流鱼类物种数之间的比值,以及洄游性鱼类的物种数量及其所占比例逐渐减小;(4)各区段底层鱼类的物种数量百分比逐渐减小,而中上层和中下层鱼类的物种数量百分比逐渐增大。研究表明水坝的长期阻隔对綦江中鱼类物种组成和多样性产生了较大影响,且梯级水坝造成的影响较单个水坝更加严重;梯级水坝对喜流水、洄游性鱼类以及底层鱼类(包括多种长江上游珍稀特有鱼类)有较明显的阻隔效应。在现有研究基础和背景条件下,认为如果用于物种注释的本地数据库已充分完善,将eDNA技术应用于长江水系的鱼类监测总体可行;否则,在监测过程中应将eDNA技术与传统渔业资源调查方法进行适当结合,进而有效提高调查结果的全面性与可信度。     

Function and structure in the paired fins of scorpaeniform fishes

Synopsis The paired fins of the basic, ancestral type of free-swimming acanthopterygian teleost serve primarily in guiding the forward course of movement and in maneuvering within the water column. In various scorpaeniform fishes the paired fins have taken on a number of other functions associated with a bottom-living mode of life. Among these are: defense against predation, probing for food items, propping the forward part of the body away from the bottom, progressing over it, digging into it, and the development of a suction disc for attachment to it. The relationship between these developments and paired-fin structure is the subject of the paper.     

Evolution of motor innervation to vertebrate fins and limbs

The evolution and diversification of vertebrate behaviors associated with locomotion depend highly on the functional transformation of paired appendages. Although the evolution of fins into limbs has long been a focus of interest to scientists, the evolution of neural control during this transition has not received much attention. Recent studies have provided significant progress in the understanding of the genetic and developmental bases of the evolution of fin/limb motor circuitry in vertebrates. Here we compare the organization of the motor neurons in the spinal cord of various vertebrates. We also discuss recent advances in our understanding of these events and how they can provide a mechanistic explanation for the evolution of fin/limb motor circuitry in vertebrates.     

大黄鱼仔稚鱼脊柱、胸鳍及尾鳍骨骼系统的发育观察

研究采用二重染色法对3-28日龄人工培育的大黄鱼Larimichthys crocea(Richardson)仔稚鱼的部分骨骼系统的发育进行观察。结果显示,仔鱼的脊索从6日龄(平均全长MTL3.9mm)开始分节,8-10日龄髓弓、脉弓先后开始发育,14日龄(MTL7.5mm)脊椎骨、髓棘、脉棘均已形成,至28日龄(MTL19.5mm)已发生骨化;大黄鱼仔鱼孵化时,胸鳍的上匙骨、匙骨、后匙骨、支鳍骨原基已形成,27日龄(MTL19.0mm)稚鱼具5块支鳍骨,鳍条发育完整;尾鳍发育以8日龄仔鱼脊索后端腹部2块尾下骨的形成开始,至14日龄仔鱼尾鳍已初具雏形,尾杆骨、尾上骨和尾下骨均发育完全,21日龄稚鱼尾下骨排列成弧状,第三与第四块尾下骨之间的缝隙增大,把尾鳍鳍条分为上下两部分,鳍条分节明显,28日龄稚鱼尾鳍尾杆骨及鳍条发生钙化。     

Laminin alpha5 is essential for the formation of the zebrafish fins

The vertebrate fin fold, the presumptive evolutionary antecedent of the paired fins, consists of two layers of epidermal cells extending dorsally and ventrally over the trunk and tail of the embryo, facilitating swimming during the embryonic and larval stages. Development of the fin fold requires dramatic changes in cell shape and adhesion during early development, but the proteins involved in this process are completely unknown. In a screen of mutants defective in fin fold morphogenesis, we identified a mutant with a severe fin fold defect, which also displays malformed pectoral fins. We find that the cause of the defect is a non-sense mutation in the zebrafish lama5 gene that truncates laminin α5 before the C-terminal laminin LG domains, thereby preventing laminin α5 from interacting with its cell surface receptors. Laminin is mislocalized in this mutant, as are the membrane-associated proteins, actin and β-catenin, that normally form foci within the fin fold. Ultrastructural analysis revealed severe morphological abnormalities and defects in cell-cell adhesion within the epidermis of the developing fin fold at 36 hpf, resulting in an epidermal sheet that can not extend away from the body. Examining the pectoral fins, we find that the lama5 mutant is the first zebrafish mutant identified in which the pectoral fins fail to make the transition from an apical epidermal ridge to an apical fold, a transformation that is essential for pectoral fin morphogenesis. We propose that laminin α5, which is concentrated at the distal ends of the fins, organizes the distal cells of the fin fold and pectoral fins in order to promote the morphogenesis of the epidermis. The lama5 mutant provides novel insight into the role of laminins in the zebrafish epidermis, and the molecular mechanisms driving fin formation in vertebrates.     

白鲟年龄鉴定及其生长的初步研究

以齿骨和胸鳍条为年龄鉴定材料,通过其骨磨片比较研究,结果显示用胸鳍条鉴定白鲟的年龄较为可靠。所收集的６６尾白鲟样品中,根据胸鳍条鉴定年龄,幼鲟８尾,１－３龄。成鱼５８尾中,雄鱼３３尾,最低６龄,最高１１龄,多数个体为８－９龄。雌鱼２５尾,最低７龄,最高１７龄,多数为１０－１２。白鲟生长速度快,特别在第一年其长度生长最为突出。当年１０月份的幼鱼全长达５３－６１ｃｍ,１龄鱼平均全长７５ｃｍ。推算结果表明雌雄鱼在性成熟前生长无明显差异,性成熟后,雌鱼的长度及重量均大于相同年龄雄鱼。采用ＶＢＧＦ描述白鲟全长及体重的增长。     

Comparison of ageing methods and growth rates for largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides Lacépède,from northern latitudes

Synopsis Ages determined by counts of apparent annuli on scales, sagittae, vertebrae, pectoral fin ray and dorsal fin spine cross sections of largemouth bass from northern populations, which are older and slower growing fish than in the southern parts of its native range, were compared to establish the accuracy of each method. Linear regression techniques indicated strong agreement (r> 0.9) among ages assigned from the examination of scales, sagittae, and vertebrae. The pattern of growth zones on pectoral fin ray and dorsal fm spine cross sections proved too variable for accurate age determination. Limited data suggest that ages greater than 7+ assigned from scales were more likely to underestimate true ages than the other body parts used, although none of these methods gave satisfactory results. Examination of scales from recovered tagged fish, and the similarity between back-calculated lengths of fish through age 7+ to annulus I and observed lengths of juvenile largemouth bass near the end of their first growing season, support the validity of ages determined from scales. Despite a very limited amount of habitat suitable for largemouth bass and severe climatic conditions, growth of this species in Tadenac Lake was similar to growth in other waters north of the Great Lakes. Differences in physical characteristics among these waters does not appear to influence growth rates of largemouth bass, but probably affects production and biomass.     

A comparison of pectoral fin contact behaviour for three distinct dolphin populations

Tactile exchanges involving the pectoral fin have been documented in a variety of dolphin species. Several functions (e.g., social, hygienic) have been offered as possible explanations for when and why dolphins exchange pectoral fin contacts. In this study, we compared pectoral fin contact between dolphin dyads from three distinct dolphin populations: two groups of wild dolphins; Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) from The Bahamas and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) from around Mikura Island, Japan; and one group of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) residing at the Roatan Institute for Marine Sciences, Anthony's Key Resort. A number of similarities were observed between the captive and wild groups, including; rates of pectoral fin contact, which dolphin initiated contact, posture preference, and same-sex rubbing partner preference. Unlike their wild counterparts, however, dolphins in the captive study group engaged in petting and rubbing at equal rates, females were more likely to contact males, males assumed the various rubbing roles more frequently than females, and calves and juveniles were more likely to be involved in pectoral fin contact exchanges. These results suggest that some aspects of pectoral fin contact behaviour might be common to many dolphin species, whereas other aspects could be species specific, or could be the result of differing environmental and social conditions.