多因素影响下的大学校园绿地访问行为对情绪的调节作用研究

基于对北京3所高校的在校大学生（n=609）的调查数据,通过相关分析发现校园绿地访问行为对大学生的情绪具有调节作用,并主要体现在对积极情绪的调节;通过多元线性回归分析发现,在控制了“人口学特征”“潜在动机”“环境认知”“环境特征”的基础上,绿地访问行为仍然对积极情绪的提升具有促进作用（⊿R2=0.023）;校园绿地访问行为受多重因素影响,其中“潜在动机”最主要,对访问频率、访问平均时长、活动类型都有较高影响,此外“环境特征”对访问频率影响较大,而访问时长和活动类型则受“人口学特征”影响较多;基于上述结论,对以促进健康为导向的大学校园绿地规划设计提出了建议。     

负性情绪调节的效率:中国文化背景下认知重评与表达抑制的对比

本研究探讨了中国人采用表达抑制和认知重评调节负性情绪的时间动态特征.被试采用自由观看、表达抑制和认知重评策略观看情绪图片,观看图片的同时采集事件相关电位活动(ERP).结果表明,被试在两种策略下自我报告的负性情绪水平有相似的降低.此外,表达抑制相比认知重评条件在额中央区诱发了更大的P3成分(340~480 ms).更重要的是,相比自由观看条件,表达抑制条件下在800~1000 ms,1000~1200 ms,1200~1400 ms及1400~1600 ms时间窗内晚期正电位(LPP)波幅均出现显著下降.相反,在认知重评条件下,除了在1400~1600 ms时间窗内LPP波幅相比自由观看显著降低;在其他时间窗口内认知重评与自由观看条件均没有显著差异.LPP波幅与负性情绪的评分存在正相关,而P3波幅预测了自我报告的表达抑制水平.这些结果提示,对中国被试而言,表达抑制比认知重评能更快地降低负性情绪唤起水平,但同时也消耗了更多的认知资源.     

梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)生理与个体用水策略对降水改变的响应

随着全球变化的加剧,降水改变正导致荒漠生态系统中植物用水策略的适应性变化;对降水变化响应的种间差异性影响着荒漠植物群落组成。研究将生理生态与个体形态尺度相结合,调查中亚荒漠关键种梭梭Haloxylon ammodendron对降水变化导致的自然生境中水分条件改变的响应与适应。实验于2005年生长期开展,在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原始盐生旱生荒漠中设置3个降水梯度（自然、双倍和无降水）;观测并比较不同降水条件下光合作用、蒸腾作用、叶水势、水分利用效率、地上生物量累积和根系分布的变化。结果表明,梭梭主要利用降水形成的浅层土壤水维持生存;有效的形态调节和较强的气孔控制是其维持光合能力以及适应降水变化的主要机制;降水增多对其产生正效应,预示着梭梭可能在未来种间竞争和群落演替中占有优势。     

梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)生理与个体用水策略对降水改变的响应

随着全球变化的加剧,降水改变正导致荒漠生态系统中植物用水策略的适应性变化;对降水变化响应的种间差异性影响着荒漠植物群落组成。研究将生理生态与个体形态尺度相结合,调查中亚荒漠关键种梭梭Haloxylon ammodendron对降水变化导致的自然生境中水分条件改变的响应与适应。实验于2005年生长期开展,在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原始盐生旱生荒漠中设置3个降水梯度（自然、双倍和无降水）;观测并比较不同降水条件下光合作用、蒸腾作用、叶水势、水分利用效率、地上生物量累积和根系分布的变化。结果表明,梭梭主要利用降水形成的浅层土壤水维持生存;有效的形态调节和较强的气孔控制是其维持光合能力以及适应降水变化的主要机制;降水增多对其产生正效应,预示着梭梭可能在未来种间竞争和群落演替中占有优势。     

鲢幼鱼在不同水流速度下的暴发-滑行行为策略

在水温（18±1）℃的条件下,以全长（11.70±0.57）cm的鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）幼鱼为研究对象,测定其不同流速（16.5、22.0、27.5、33.0、38.5、44.0、49.5和55.0 cm/s）下的持续游泳时间、调头百分比和暴发-滑行运动数据。结果表明,鲢的平均持续游泳时间先随流速的增加而减小,后随流速的增加而增加。当流速33.0 cm/s时,平均持续时间最短为118.6min,其中各组试验鱼的最大可持续游泳时间均可达到200min。调头百分比随流速的增加迅速减小,当流速≥44.0 cm/s时,不再出现调头行为。暴发-滑行游泳的平均暴发时间随流速的增加呈上升趋势（y=0.03x+2.64,R2=0.92,P<0.05）。平均对地暴发距离均在30-45 cm,没有显著性差异（P>0.05）,平均绝对暴发距离存在极显著性差异,且随流速的增加而增加（y=4.98x-5.63,R2=0.98,P<0.001）。平均对地暴发速度没有显著性差异（平均对地平均速度和最大速度分别在9-12 cm/s、12-16 cm/s,P>0.05）。平均绝对暴发速度与水流速度之间存在线性正相关关系（平均绝对平均暴发速度:y=0.98x+10.74,R2=1.00,P<0.001;平均绝对最大暴发速度:y=1.02x+13.75,R2=0.99,P<0.001）。研究表明鲢在不同的流速下采取的暴发-滑行行为策略不同。     

Baseline and Strategic Effects behind Mindful Emotion Regulation: Behavioral and Physiological Investigation

One of the consequences of extensive mindfulness practice is a reduction of anxiety and depression, but also a capacity to regulate negative emotions. In this study, we explored four key questions concerning mindfulness training: (1) What are the processes by which mindfulness regulates our emotions? (2) Can mindfulness be applied to social emotions? (3) Does mindfulness training affect emotionally driven behavior towards others? (4) Does mindfulness alter physiological reactivity? To address these questions, we tested, in two experiments, the ability of mindfulness meditators to regulate interpersonal emotions (Experiment 1) and interactive behaviors (Experiment 2) as compared to naïve controls. To better understand the mechanisms by which mindfulness regulates emotions, we asked participants to apply two strategies: a cognitive strategy (mentalizing, a form of reappraisal focused on the intentions of others) and an experiential strategy derived from mindfulness principles (mindful detachment). Both groups were able to regulate interpersonal emotions by means of cognitive (mentalizing) and experiential (mindful detachment) strategies. In Experiment 1, a simple effect of meditation, independent from the implementation of the strategies, resulted in reduced emotional and physiological reactivity, as well as in increased pleasantness for meditators when compared to controls, providing evidence of baseline regulation. In Experiment 2, one visible effect of the strategy was that meditators outperformed controls in the experiential (mindful detachment) but not in the cognitive (mentalize) strategy, showing stronger modulation of their interactive behavior (less punishments) and providing evidence of a strategic behavioral regulation. Based on these results, we suggest that mindfulness can influence interpersonal emotional reactions through an experiential mechanism, both at a baseline level and a strategic level, thereby altering the subjective and physiological perception of emotions, but also biasing interactive social behavior.     

The Regulation of Induced Depression during a Frustrating Situation: Benefits of Expressive Suppression in Chinese Individuals

Background

Studies from European-American cultures consistently reported that expressive suppression was associated with worse emotional consequence (e.g. depression) in comparison with acceptance. However, this conclusion may not apply to Chinese, as suppressing emotional displays to maintain relational harmony is culturally valued in East Asian countries. Thus, the present study examined the effects of suppression and acceptance on the depressive mood induced by a frustrating task in a Chinese sample.

Method

Sixty-four subjects were randomly assigned to one of three instructions: suppression, acceptance or no-regulation during a frustrating arithmetic task. The experience of depressive emotion and skin conductance response (SCR) were recorded during pre-frustration baseline, frustration induction and post-frustration recovery phases, respectively.

Results

Compared with the control and acceptance instructions, suppression instruction was associated with decreased depressive experiences and smaller SCR activity during frustration. There were no significant differences between acceptance and control groups in both subjective depression and SCR activity during frustration. Moreover, the suppression group showed a better emotional recovery after the frustrating task, in comparison with the acceptance and control groups. Correlation analyses verified that SCR reactivity was a reliable index of experienced depression during the frustration.

Conclusions

Expressive suppression is effective in reducing depressive experiences and depression-related physiological activity (SCR) when Chinese people are involved. By contrast, the acceptance of depressive emotion in Chinese people does not produce a similar regulation effect. These findings suggest that cultural context should be considered in understanding the emotional consequences of suppression and acceptance strategies.     

花衰老过程中的生理生化变化及对花衰老的调节(综述)

本文概述花衰老过程中的多种生理生化变化以及各种影响因素的调节作用。     

Risk Acceptance in the Furniture Sector: Analysis of Acceptance Level and Relevant Influence Factors

ABSTRACT

Risk acceptance has been broadly discussed in relation to hazardous risk activities and/or technologies. A better understanding of risk acceptance in occupational settings is also important; however, studies on this topic are scarce. It seems important to understand the level of risk that stakeholders consider sufficiently low, how stakeholders form their opinion about risk, and why they adopt a certain attitude toward risk. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to examine risk acceptance in regard to occupational accidents in furniture industries. The safety climate analysis was conducted through the application of the Safety Climate in Wood Industries questionnaire. Judgments about risk acceptance, trust, risk perception, benefit perception, emotions, and moral values were measured. Several models were tested to explain occupational risk acceptance. The results showed that the level of risk acceptance decreased as the risk level increased. High-risk and death scenarios were assessed as unacceptable. Risk perception, emotions, and trust had an important influence on risk acceptance. Safety climate was correlated with risk acceptance and other variables that influence risk acceptance. These results are important for the risk assessment process in terms of defining risk acceptance criteria and strategies to reduce risks.     

The Effects of Hypoxia on Three Sympatric Shark Species: Physiological and Behavioral Responses

Behavioral and physiological responses to hypoxia were examined in three sympatric species of sharks: bonnethead shark Sphyrna tiburo, blacknose shark, Carcharhinus acronotus, and Florida smoothhound shark, Mustelus norrisi, using closed system respirometry. Sharks were exposed to normoxic and three levels of hypoxic conditions. Under normoxic conditions (5.5–6.4mg l^–1), shark routine swimming speed averaged 25.5 and 31.0cm s^–1 for obligate ram-ventilating S. tiburo and C. acronotus respectively, and 25.0cm s^–1 for buccal-ventilating M. norrisi. Routine oxygen consumption averaged about 234.6 mg O₂kg^–1h^–1 for S. tiburo, 437.2mg O₂kg^–1h^–1 for C. acronotus, and 161.4mg O₂ kg^–1 h^–1 for M. norrisi. For ram-ventilating sharks, mouth gape averaged 1.0cm whereas M. norrisi gillbeats averaged 56.0 beats min^–1. Swimming speeds, mouth gape, and oxygen consumption rate of S. tiburo and C. acronotus increased to a maximum of 37–39cm s^–1, 2.5–3.0cm and 496 and 599mg O₂ kg^–1 h^–1 under hypoxic conditions (2.5–3.4mg l^–1), respectively. M. norrisi decreased swimming speeds to 16cm s^–1 and oxygen consumption rate remained similar. Results support the hypothesis that obligate ram-ventilating sharks respond to hypoxia by increasing swimming speed and mouth gape while buccal-ventilating smoothhound sharks reduce activity.     

植物甲酸脱氢酶基因的表达调控及其生理功能研究进展

甲酸脱氢酶（FDH）是植物中普遍存在的一种含量丰富的酶。甲酸脱氢酶也是一种NAD依赖的酶,它催化甲酸氧化成二氧化碳的可逆反应。植物FDH是植物一碳代谢的一部分,它在植物响应各种环境胁迫、低氧或缺氧过程中发挥着重要的作用,因此在农学生产上具有很大的应用潜力。最近植物来源的FDH基因克隆和表达调控及其生理学功能等各方面的研究都取得很多重要的进展。综述了近年来植物来源的FDH基因克隆和表达调控及其生理学功能方面的研究进展。     

Expressed Emotion,Human Agency,and Schizophrenia: Toward a New Model for the EE-Relapse Association

Although there is a clear statistical association between expressed emotion (EE) and schizophrenic relapse, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this relationship is underdeveloped. This study tested a theoretical model in which caregivers’ perceptions of their ill relative’s agency underlie the EE-relapse association. To evaluate this model, we completed qualitative and quantitative analyses of narratives provided by individuals caring for a relative with schizophrenia. The results indicate that high-EE caregivers perceive the expression of symptoms as stemming from their ill relative’s agency more frequently than low-EE caregivers. This was true for both high-EE-criticism and high-EE-emotional overinvolvement caregivers. High-EE and low-EE caregivers did not differ in their perceptions of the role of their ill relative’s agency with regard to the control of symptoms. The findings suggest that EE may be a proxy risk factor for caregivers’ perceptions of their ill relative’s agency.

Emotion Socialization and Ethnicity: An Examination of Practices and Outcomes in African American,Asian American,and Latin American Families

The current review paper summarizes the literature on parental emotion socialization in ethnically diverse families in the United States. Models of emotion socialization have been primarily developed using samples of European American parents and children. As such, current categorizations of “adaptive” and “maladaptive” emotion socialization practices may not be applicable to individuals from different ethnic backgrounds. The review examines current models of emotion socialization, with particular attention paid to the demographic breakdown of the studies used to develop these models. Additionally, the review highlights studies examining emotion socialization practices in African American, Asian American, and Latin American families. The review is synthesized with summarizing themes of similarities and differences across ethnic groups, and implications for culturally sensitive research and practice are discussed.     

巴西橡胶树响应低温逆境的生理特征及其调控机制

低温是非传统植胶区巴西橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）种植的重要限制因子。低温能够引起巴西橡胶树细胞结构、原生质胶体特性、水分状况、细胞渗透压、光合作用、呼吸作用、物质代谢和保护酶系统等发生一系列改变,最终影响植株的生长发育。目前已从巴西橡胶树中克隆出一些抗寒相关基因,但是巴西橡胶树响应低温胁迫的调控机制仍不十分清楚。本文综述了巴西橡胶树对低温逆境响应的生理特征及其应答调控机制,以期为深入研究巴西橡胶树抗寒机制提供参考。